基于广域测量系统的功角稳定预测与发电机失步保护的协调控制

针对传统发电机失步保护装置的误动情况,提出了一种基于广域测量系统(WAMS)的发电机失步保护与电网功角稳定的协调控制方法.该方法的稳定判据共包含2个部分:一部分仍采用传统的本地保护装置的信号;另一部分采用基于WAMS的暂态稳定在线预测结果.协调控制部分由一个中心服务器完成,若该中心首先收到保护装置的动作信号,则发出切机命令;若该中心首先收到暂态稳定在线预测结果为稳定的信号,则发出闭锁失步保护装置信号;若该中心首先收到暂态稳定在线预测结果为不稳定的信号,则根据预测的发电机功角轨迹,启动优化切机方案进行紧急控制.以新英格兰节点测试系统的仿真结果为例,证明了该方法的有效性和合理性.     

发电机组非全相解列分析

发电机组非全相运行严重危及到发电机与电网的安全,文章主要分析了单元接线发电机组非全相解列问题,利用对称分量法分析了非全相解列情况下,主变压器高压侧与低压侧的电流相位关系,并利用MATLAB软件进行了仿真分析。     

基于保护元件与PMU数据多源的广域后备保护算法

为了提高广域后备保护的准确性与容错性,提出了一种同时利用传统保护元件和相量测量单元(PMU)数据的广域后备保护算法。将实时获得的广域保护动作加权,得到综合判断值,然后采用高斯函数获得对应的故障概率。同时,根据统计数据,由正序电压幅值、线路两侧正序电流相角差,计算得到PMU数据对应的故障概率,再将两种故障概率加权综合。在理论上定量地分析了广域保护容错的极限位数。在IEEE 14节点系统上的多组案例实验结果表明,该算法对多个保护误动与拒动有较高的容错性,并且能够检测多重故障。     

基于改进支持向量机的绝缘子污秽度在线监测

针对传统绝缘子污秽度监测方法的不足,基于石英棒的光损耗原理,设计了光纤污秽传感器,通过实验测得温度、湿度、光功率衰减百分比与盐密的关系.利用改进的支持向量机对样本进行训练,通过大量数据比对,验证了该改进算法的准确性,较传统模型对数据的拟合度更高.在此基础上研制了污秽度监测终端,能进行温湿度及光功率数据的采集,并将采集的数据发送至后台.开发了输电线路绝缘子污秽度在线监测系统,可实现对采集数据的计算分析,得到实时盐密值及污秽度并绘制曲线图.测试结果表明,该系统实现了绝缘子污秽度的在线监测,为运行人员提供了参考.     

不受电压互感器二次回路两点接地影响的零序方向元件

电压互感器二次回路出现两点接地情况(简称"两点接地")下再发生单相故障,若引起零序方向元件误判,零序电压和故障相电压之间相位差较小,而正常情况下故障零序电压与故障相电压之间的相位差一般较大,文中据此提出了电压互感器二次回路两点接地的实时识别方法.根据两点接地再故障时附加电压分量对各相电压影响的特点,提出用健全相相间电压替代零序电压的零序方向算法.将两点接地的实时识别和零序方向新算法结合形成一种不受两点接地影响的零序方向元件,可有效防止纵联零序保护不正确动作.现场事故录波数据的分析验证了该方法的有效性.     

基于测量波阻抗相位特征的三端混合直流线路纵联保护

线路的后备保护在混合直流输电系统中至关重要,但现有后备保护受分布电容和过渡电阻的影响较大,严重影响保护的可靠性和快速性。为解决上述问题,提出一种基于测量波阻抗相位特征的混合三端直流线路纵联保护方案。通过分析混合直流输电线路区内、外故障时线路两端测量波阻抗的差异性,利用S变换提取单频率的电压、电流初始行波,根据测量波阻抗相位差异构造判据区分区内、外故障。PSCAD 仿真表明,所提保护方案能可靠快速地识别区内外故障,具有较强的耐受过渡电阻的能力,并且不受故障电阻和分布电容的影响,有效提高了线路后备保护的可靠性和快速性。     

双回线路跨线故障及保护动作行为分析

以山西220kV系统某线路的一次实际跨线故障录波数据为基础,分析了同杆双回线路保护安装处的电流电压特征,研究了该线路上4套不同厂家、不同型号常规微机型线路保护的动作行为,提出了同杆并架双回线保护选型应注意的问题。结果表明,异名相跨线故障期间,各端保护可以检测到零序电流,但无零序电压;变化量方向元件可以正确判断方向;采用零序电流(?)_0和负序电流(?)_(2A)构成的稳态量选相元件能正确选相;零序方向元件的动作行为不确定;相间测量阻抗增大、接地测量阻抗减小均不能正确反映故障位置。     

基于CLC调谐半波长输电线路边界特性的纵联保护

当发生线路内部故障时,调谐电路与线路连接处线路侧测点采集的故障电流高频成分丰富;当发生线路外部故障时,线路侧测点采集的电流高频成分较小,借此特性构造一种基于调谐电路边界特性的半波长输电线路边界特性的方向元件。对于调谐电路,利用其无故障模型,将模拟电流波形进行比较匹配,若匹配成功,则说明调谐电路内部无故障,否则调谐电路内部有故障。将方向元件与调谐电路保护结合构成其纵联保护方案,此纵联保护无需双端数据同步。大量RTDS实时数模混合测试表明,该纵联保护方案全线长范围内有效,不受电流互感器饱和的影响,具有较好的鲁棒性。     

具有高阻接地故障辨识能力的和阻抗继电器

为构建应对单相高阻接地故障的后备保护,通过对线路两端测量阻抗信息的整合与分析,发现其测量值之和在区内故障时和区外故障时有较大差别,进而提出一种采集测量阻抗稳态值、判据具有自适应性且专门应对单相高阻接地故障的和阻抗继电器。仿真与分析表明该继电器能够反映高阻接地故障,受系统运行方式变化影响小,能够确保不误动,线路非全相运行时仍可靠工作,对数据同步性要求极低,反映高阻故障能力远优于纵联距离保护和纵联差动保护,能够有效补充现有主保护。     

Applying multi-agent system technology in practice: automated management and analysis of SCADA and digital fault recorder data

This paper reports on the use of multi-agent system technology to automate the management and analysis of SCADA and digital fault recorder (DFR) data. The multi-agent system, entitled Protection Engineering Diagnostic Agents (PEDA), integrates legacy intelligent systems that analyze SCADA and DFR data to provide data management and online diagnostic information to protection engineers. Since November 2004, PEDA agents have been intelligently interpreting and managing data online at a transmission system operator in the U.K. As the results presented in this paper demonstrate, PEDA supports protection engineers by providing access to interpreted power systems data via the corporate intranet within minutes of the data being received. In this paper, the authors discuss their experience of developing a multi-agent system that is robust enough for continual online use within the power industry. The use of existing agent development toolsets and standards is also discussed.     

调度中心SCADA与WAMS实时数据的差异

通过电网调度中心实时数据在线统计,比较了RTU与PMU曲线的相似程度和实时差异,发现在同一物理测点,直采RTU与PMU数据延迟小于1s;RTU与PMU的有功、电流幅值、电压幅值差异小于2％者居多,RTU与PMU的无功差异一般在5％～40％之间。分析显示,在电力系统分析计算中可以直接使用PMU的电流、电压瞬时量和有功量测数据;但应避免直接使用PMU电流、电压的相角信息和有选择地使用PMU的无功量测数据。建议通过定期检定来修正PMU角度补偿参数来提高相量测量的精度。     

An experimental study of lightning overvoltages in wind turbine generation systems using a reduced‐size model

Wind turbine generation systems are built at locations where few tall structures are found nearby so as to obtain good wind conditions, and thus, they are often struck by lightning. To promote wind power generation, lightning‐protection methodologies for such wind turbine generation systems have to be established. This paper presents the result of an experimental study of lightning overvoltages in wind turbine generation systems using a reduced‐size wind turbine model. Overvoltages observed at wavefronts of lightning surges are focused on in this study. In the experiments, lightning strokes to one of the blades and to the nacelle were considered, and voltages and currents at various positions of the wind turbine model were measured. The following points have been deduced from the results: (i) The voltage rise due to the tower footing resistance can cause a significant voltage difference between the tower foot and an incoming conductor led from a distant point. Also, a voltage difference between the bottom of down conductors installed inside the tower and an incoming conductor can be of significance. (ii) The lightning current flowing through the tower body induces voltages in main and control circuits which form loops, and the induced voltages can cause overvoltages and malfunctions. (iii) Traveling‐wave phenomena in a wind turbine generation system for a lightning strike to the tip of a blade and to the nacelle have been clarified from the measured waveforms. This information can be used for developing an EMTP simulation model of wind turbine generation systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(4): 22– 30, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20466     

Relay protection operation for faults on Nyseg's six-phasetransmission line

This paper describes the performance of the protection system used for the first commercially operated six-phase transmission line in the world-New York State Electric & Gas's 93 kV (phase to phase and phase to ground) line from Goudey Station to Oakdale substation (USA) during faults in the winter of 1993. The paper briefly describes the basics of the High-Phase Order Transmission Demonstration Project and the integration of available state of the art microprocessor based relays, with a programmable logic relay (designed for the protection of conventional three-phase systems) in a hierarchical six-phase protection system. The operation of the protection system during two faults on the line in January and February 1993 is reported. The modeling of the six-phase line in a conventional three-phase short circuit study program is also considered and a comparison between the measured and calculated fault currents is presented     

河道一维污染源识别反问题

在污染源下游布设水质在线监测断面并对监测数据进行分析,通过求解河流污染源反问题可以实时反演识别上游污染源信息,从而为污染源的控制和取水口的水质安全保障及预警提供基础信息。针对一维河流,在非恒定水流条件下,提出了以有限差分法作为正问题求解器、Nelder-Mead单纯形算法为优化模型求解器的污染源识别算法(FDM-SIM法);在此基础上,进行了污染源和参数的联合反演尝试。结合两个算例对FDM-SIM法进行了验证,计算结果表明:该方法不仅能够对污染源进行识别,还可实现污染源与水质参数的联合反演。     

继电保护在线状态检修的应用和探讨

为解决传统继电保护检修模式存在的问题和不足,开展了继电保护在线状态检修研究工作。首先通过信息系统在线采集保护设备运行状态数据信息,为继电保护状态评价提供数据支撑。随即建立继电保护设备状态评价和智能决策信息模型,对影响继电保护功能的关键环节进行在线状态评价。然后根据评价的结果开展设备状态检修工作。最后提出了继电保护运行环境温湿度和光纤回路收发信功率状态在线检测的实现方法和状态评价策略。在省级电网的检修实践证明:继电保护在线状态检修能够提高继电保护检修的工作效率和继电保护设备的安全运行水平。     

一种改进滑模观测器的PMSM矢量控制研究

随着智能录波器的推广应用,现有的监测方法无法对继电保护装置采样的暂态数据进行有效监测。为了解决此问题,提高继电保护装置采样回路的在线监视能力,提出了一种基于差值有效值的智能录波器暂态同源比对方法。首先利用突变量查找方法,精确匹配在某一时间段智能录波器和保护装置采集的多个录波文件。然后从录波文件提取暂态数据,运用波形的一致性实现暂态数据对齐。最后根据暂态数据差值有效值的计算,进行数据精确比对,实现采样回路的监测及预警。通过实际电网的验证结果表明,所提出的暂态同源比对技术与实际工程贴合,智能录波器能有效对继电保护装置的采样值进行实时监测及预警,实现采样回路的实时监测,保证了电网的安全稳定运行。     

LCC-FHMMC混合直流输电系统阀侧故障特性及保护策略

送端采用电网换相换流器(LCC)、受端采用半桥与全桥混合型模块化多电平换流器(FHMMC)的LCC-FHMMC混合直流输电系统,在受端发生阀侧单相接地故障时,具有与半桥或全桥型MMC不同的故障特性.分别从交流电源贡献、直流电源贡献以及高低端阀组差异3个角度对阀侧单相接地故障下子模块过电压机理进行了分析.随后,针对FHMMC混合直流输电系统直流侧无直流断路器的特点,提出了一种基于选相型单向晶闸管旁路支路的故障隔离策略,以及适用于LCC-FHMMC混合直流输电系统阀侧单相接地故障的保护策略.最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台搭建了相关模型,通过仿真验证了理论分析的正确性以及所提保护策略的有效性.     

Protection relay system using information network for distribution system with DGs

We propose a new protection scheme for selective and quick disconnection of a fault area in a distribution system, which can be flexibly adopted for a large‐scale introduction of distributed generators (DGs). When a fault occurs, relays provide a binary state signal which is activated if, for instance, the current at the corresponding relay location exceeds a certain value. Although each relay cannot locate the fault point with only its own signal, it can locate the fault by utilizing signals from other relays together with its own signal. Because only a binary state signal is transmitted instead of the actual physical variable such as the magnitude of the fault current, the network traffic is much less than when a conventional protection scheme for a transmission system using an information system is applied to a distribution system. The following are the main results of a simulation on our proposed protection scheme: (1) the proposed protection scheme can successfully disconnect only a fault feeder when the relays use signals provided from the sending end of the fault feeder and all other DGs on the same feeder, (2) in the case of a fault on a DG connected feeder, the DG can be disconnected within 0.06 s. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 30–35, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20232     

基于牵引负荷扰动的在线阻尼监测方法及其应用

牵引负荷具有功率瞬时阶跃冲击的特性,会在接入电网中激发邻近发电机组参与的小幅振荡。利用牵引负荷地理分布广、扰动时间固定的特点,可以实现电网易激发模式阻尼的在线监测。文中首先基于数据采集与监控(SCADA)实测数据分析了牵引负荷阶跃扰动的特点,然后基于单机无穷大系统和多机系统分析了牵引负荷阶跃冲击引发机组自由振荡的机理和主要影响因素,并给出了利用该自由振荡响应进行系统模式阻尼在线监测的实施步骤。最后以实际河南电网为例,进行监测机组选择,通过牵引负荷扰动SCADA实测量和观测机组振荡的相量测量单元(PMU)实测量间的对应和辨识,实现了基于牵引负荷冲击响应在线监测系统模式阻尼。     

基于GPS的高精度时钟在线校频与授时研究

为提高全球定位系统(global position system,GPS)广域授时的精度与稳定度,根据GPS时钟与晶振时钟的不同特性,建立互补时钟的广义回归模型,并利用广义最小二乘法对晶振频率进行估计,算法修正了已有回归模型中因量测值频率漂移而造成的误差,实现了在晶振频率漂移较大或量测值间隔较长时的精确估计,在此基础上生成可与国际协调时间(coordinated universal time,UTC)同步的授时秒脉冲,通过相位补偿算法,校正生成秒脉冲与UTC秒脉冲的相位差,实现精确授时。实验结果验证该算法在使用SBR-LS接收模块与普通有源晶振条件下,授时稳定度和精确度得到大幅提升,在长时间运行中授时误差不超过±25ns,可为广域测量、故障测距等应用提供精确时标,满足电网监控系统在线广域授时要求。