Capacity optimization for power storage systems in smart grids

The power storage systems in smart grids can continually supply electric power to avoid large area blackouts during fault repair periods. However, the costs of power storage systems are proportional to their capacity. In this paper, the models of power transmission systems are constructed by using finite capacity Petri nets. A scheme for computing the minimum capacity of power storage systems is proposed by analyzing the property of power transmission system models. This scheme can avoid large area blackouts caused by the incompatibility of system parameters. Moreover, it also proposes a constraint for large area blackout avoidance during fault repair periods. Finally, a case study is presented to verify the proposed scheme. The results show that the scheme can avoid large area blackouts and that the capacity of power storage systems are optimized.     

A transient energy function for power systems including the induction motor model

A construction method for power system transient energy function is studied in the paper, which is simple and universal, and can unify the forms of some current energy functions. A transient energy function including the induction motor model is derived using the method. The unintegrable term is dealt with to get an approximate energy function. Simulations in a 3-bus system and in the WSCC 4-generator system verify the validity of the proposed energy function. The function can be applied to direct transient stability analysis of multi-machine large power systems and provides a tool for analysis of the interaction between the generator angle stability and the load voltage stability. Recommended by Prof. LU Qiang, Member of Editorial Committee of Science in China, Series E: Technological Sciences Supported by the Special Fund of the National Priority Basic Research of China (Grant No. 2004CB217904) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50323002)     

Hamiltonian realization of power system dynamic models and its applications

Power system is a typical energy system. Because Hamiltonian approaches are closely related to the energy of the physical system, they have been widely researched in recent years. The realization of the Hamiltonian structure of the nonlinear dynamic system is the basis for the application of the Hamiltonian methods. However, there have been no systematically investigations on the Hamiltonian realization for different power system dynamic models so far. This paper researches the Hamiltonian realization in power systems dynamics. Starting from the widely used power system dynamic models, the paper reveals the intrinsic Hamiltonian structure of the nonlinear power system dynamics and also proposes approaches to formulate the power system Hamiltonian structure. Furthermore, this paper shows the application of the Hamiltonian structure of the power system dynamics to design non-smooth controller considering the nonlinear ceiling effects from the real physical limits. The general procedure to design controllers via the Hamiltonian structure is also summarized in the paper. The controller design based on the Hamiltonian structure is a completely nonlinear method and there is no linearization during the controller design process. Thus, the nonlinear characteristics of the dynamic system are completely kept and fully utilized. Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50707009 and 50525721), in part by Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University under IRT0515 and in part by Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 20070079014)     

Modeling and simulation for train control system using cellular automata

Train control system plays a key role in railway traffic. Its function is to manage and control the train movement on railway networks. In our previous works, based on the cellular automata (CA) model, we proposed several models and algorithms for simulating the train movement under different control system conditions. However, these models are only suitable for some simple traffic conditions. Some basic factors, which are important for train movement, are not considered. In this paper, we extend these models and algorithms and give a unified formula. Using the proposed method, we analyze and discuss the space-time diagram of railway traffic flow and the trajectories of the train movement. The numerical simulation and analytical results demonstrate that the unified CA model is an effective tool for simulating the train control system. Supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (Grant No. IRT0605), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60634010, 60776829), the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant No. NCET-06-0074) and the Key Project of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 107007)     

On engineering implementation of the digital power system

The narrow definition of the digital power system (DPS) is proposed. The architecture, features and key contents of the DPS are presented, which include intelligent dispatching system, hybrid automatic control system and data sharing platform. The successful construction of the DPS can greatly improve the performances of power system operating and dispatching, which mainly reflect a fundamental increase of the ability of avoiding catastrophes resulting from blackouts of power supply, a significant improvement of economic efficiency of power system operation, and an improvement of decision efficiency of power system developing. The DPS describes a vision of the development of power system and the way to achieve this vision. At the same time, the paper also proposes the principles of the design and implementation of the DPS. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50595411 and 50377018) and the Major State Basic Research Development Program (973 Program) (Grant No. 2004CB217903)     

基于系统SOC理论的直流运行方式及控制参数分析

为了研究直流输电对交直流系统自组织临界性（SOC）的影响,提出包含系统完整动态特性的连锁故障动态仿真模型,计及了紧急控制保护装置及直流系统的概率动作特性.应用该模型对2010年华东电网实际系统进行连锁故障蒙特卡洛仿真,在不同的直流运行方式及控制参数下,计算系统的停电功率-停电概率幂律曲线,分析直流运行方式及控制参数对系统自组织临界性的影响.结果表明,在某些情况下选取合适的直流运行方式及控制参数可以有效防范连锁故障及大停电的发生.     

Composite modeling method in dynamics of planar mechanical system

This paper presents a composite modeling method of the forward dynamics in general planar mechanical system. In the modeling process, the system dynamic model is generated by assembling the model units which are kinematical determinate in planar mechanisms rather than the body/joint units in multi-body system. A state space formulation is employed to model both the unit and system models. The validation and feasibility of the method are illustrated by a case study of a four-bar mechanism. The advantage of this method is that the models are easier to reuse and the system is easier to reconfigure. The formulation reveals the relationship between the topology and dynamics of the planar mechanism to some extent. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50605042) and the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (Grant No. 2006CB705400)     

Advanced EMS and its trial operation in Shanghai power system

To meet the demand of high stability, high quality, and low losses of power systems, the advanced energy management system (AEMS) is established and revealed in this bulletin, which has been put into trial operation in Shanghai power system for almost half a year. The AEMS is novel from all aspects covering idea, theory, method, software, and engineering. The essence of AEMS is exercising the hybrid automatic control theory and technology to realize multi-objective optimal closed-loop control of power systems. Based on an “event-driven” strategy, the AEMS transforms multi-objective optimal control problems into event identification and elimination by defining the unsatisfactory states of a power system as events. This bulletin concisely presents the theory and main advantages of AEMS, as well as its implementation in Shanghai power system. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50595411, 50377018), the 973 Project (Grant No. 2004CB217903) and the Key Project of State Grid Company     

A distributed inverse iteration method for eigenvalue analysis of interconnected power systems

Since China power grids have a hierarchical architecture in operation and management, centralized computation patterns are difficult to meet the demands of small-signal-stability analysis of the bulk interconnected power systems. A distributed eigenvalue algorithm derived from the inverse iteration method is proposed. It can not only obtain eigenvalues and eigenvectors from power system state matrix but also provide participation factors of all generators. In the computing process, the algorithm only requires exchanging data of boundary nodes and a small amount of other information of different regions. Therefore, it is very suitable to be deployed in a WAN (wide area network) based distributed environment. The algorithm has been tested on an IEEE39 system. Recommended by Prof. LU Qiang, Member of Editorial Committee of Science in China, Series E: Technological Sciences Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB217903)     

Dynamic security risk assessment and optimization of power transmission system

The paper presents a practical dynamic security region (PDSR) based dynamic security risk assessment and optimization model for power transmission system. The cost of comprehensive security control and the influence of uncertainties of power injections are considered in the model of dynamic security risk assessment. The transient stability constraints and uncertainties of power injections can be considered easily by PDSR in form of hyper-box. A method to define and classify contingency set is presented, and a risk control optimization model is given which takes total dynamic insecurity risk as the objective function for a dominant contingency set. An optimal solution of dynamic insecurity risk is obtained by optimizing preventive and emergency control cost and contingency set decomposition. The effectiveness of this model has been proved by test results on the New England 10-genarator 39-bus system. Supported by the key research of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50595413) and The National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (Grant No. 2004CB217904)     

A new transient stability margin based on dynamic security region and its applications

A new transient stability margin is proposed based on a new expression of dynamic security region (DSR) which is developed from the existing expression of DSR. Applications of the DSR based transient stability margin to contingency ranking and screening are discussed. Simulations in the 10-machine 39-bus New England system are performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed DSR based transient stability margin. Supported by Chinese National Basic Research Program (Grant No. 2004CB217900), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50525721, 50595411, 50707035) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 20060400518)     

Novel directional comparison protection for distribution lines

For quickly clearing up a fault of distribution lines, which concerned with complex structure and operating modes, a directional comparison protection is necessary. The paper evaluated the traditional directional relay through modeling a typical distribution system and presented a novel negative sequence directional relay and a new directional comparison protection scheme specially designed for distribution systems. In the relay and the protection scheme, a particular negative sequence component has been constructed to solve the problem that there is no negative sequence component in a symmetrical fault case so that they could operate correctly in both asymmetrical fault and symmetrical fault. Extensive EMTP simulation studies proved that the protection schemes are able to provide fast and reliable responses for all fault conditions. In particular, they are able to give correct responses adapting to the change of system operation conditions, including the changing of system configuration, power flow direction, and source and tapped-offload conditions. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50077011 and 50377019) and the National Basic Research Program of China (“973” Project) (Grant No. 2004CB217906)     

A novel method to analyze damping effect of VSC based FACTS

A novel method to analyze the damping effect of the VSC based FACTS (VBF) device is proposed, which is developed on the basis of the well-known equal-area criterion and small-disturbance analysis of power system oscillations. By use of the proposed method, two conclusions are obtained for study of the damping effect of the VBF. The research results clearly show the contribution of the VBF control to the damping of power system oscillations. Simulation results of an example power system are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Supported by the Fund of Best Post-Graduate Students of Southeast University, China, the UK EPSRC Supergen 3 — Energy Storage Consortium, UK, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.50577007 and 50507006), the Power System Stability Study Institute, NARI Group, China, and the State Grid Corporation, China     

Security region based real and reactive power pricing of power system

This paper develops a novel model and an algorithm of security region based real and reactive power pricing of power systems. In the proposed model, the reactive power production cost is represented as the opportunity cost. The static voltage stability region in the cut set power space (CVSR) and the practical dynamic security region (PDSR) in the injection power space are used to represent the constraints of voltage stability and transient stability, so that the consideration of this kind of constraints in the optimization becomes very easy. In the proposed algorithm, a decoupled optimization and iteration method of active power production cost and reactive power production cost is suggested. According to the K-T optimality conditions, the prices of active power and reactive power, and the different components corresponding to the concerned security constraints are derived. The components of spot prices can reflect the influence of different node power injections on each kind of security constraints, so that through the node price all of the participants in power market can be stimulated to take an active part in maintaining the system security. An illustrative example on the New England 10-genetator 39-bus System is used to demonstrate the proposed method. Supported by the key research project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50595413)     

基于神经网络和元件关联分析的电网故障诊断

利用人工神经网络（ＡＮＮ）和元件关联分析进行电力系统故障诊断,提出了一种电 力系统多重复杂故障的诊断方法。该方法采用面向元件的ＡＮＮ模型,将电力系统的元件分 为３类,即线路、变压器和母线,对每类元件都有一个特定的ＡＮＮ处理其报警信息,确定 故障位置。对于同一跳闸区域中面向各个元件的ＡＮＮ的诊断输出,通过定义一个故障指标 函数,根据各元件的故障指标函数值的大小来识别同一跳闸区域内的多重故障。该方法所使 用的ＡＮＮ模型规模小,通用于网络的所有元件,且故障识别的方法简单,适用于大规模电 力系统的故障诊断。     

Risk assessment method of major unsafe hydroelectric project

Based on the characteristics of major unsafe hydroelectric projects and the data from field detection, in situ monitoring, and regular safety inspection, the fundamental principles of operation risk assessment are proposed in this paper. Meanwhile, a three layer hierarchical system is constructed, and an improved analytical hierarchical process combining genetic algorithm and analytical hierarchical process is established, with corresponding program. The operation risk of some unsafe dam was assessed with the principles, method and program presented in this paper and the major factors which would affect the operation of the dam were pointed out. Supported by Key Project of NNSF and Yalongjiang Hydroelectric Development Joint Research Fund (Grant No. 50539110), Science and Technology Support Plan (Grant No. 20006BAC14B03), National Natural Science Foundation Major Project (Grant Nos. 50539010, 50539030) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50579010)     

The design of predictive control with characterized set of initial condition for constrained switched nonlinear system

Stabilization of the constrained switched nonlinear systems is an attractive research subject. Predictive control can handle variable constraints well and make the system stable. Its stability is typically based on an assumption of initial feasibility of the optimization problem; however the set of initial conditions, starting from where a given predictive formulation is guaranteed to be feasible, is not explicitly characterized. In this paper, a hybrid predictive control method is proposed for a class of switched nonlinear systems with input constraints and un-measurable states. The main idea is to design a mixed controller using Lyapunov functions and a state observer, which switches appropriately between a bounded feedback controller and a predictive controller, and to give an explicitly characterized set of initial conditions to stabilize each closed-loop subsystem. For the whole switched nonlinear system, a suitable switched law based on the state estimation is designed to orchestrate the transitions between the consistituent modes and their respective controllers, and to ensure the whole closed-loop system's stability. The simulation results for a chemical process show the validity of the controller proposed in this paper.     

A hybrid-stress solid-shell element for non-linear analysis of piezoelectric structures

This paper presents eight-node solid-shell elements for geometric non-linear analyze of piezoelectric structures. To subdue shear, trapezoidal and thickness locking, the assumed natural strain method and an ad hoc modified generalized laminate stiffness matrix are employed. With the generalized stresses arising from the modified generalized laminate stiffness matrix assumed to be independent from the ones obtained from the displacement, an extended Hellinger-Reissner functional can be derived. By choosing the assumed generalized stresses similar to the assumed stresses of a previous solid element, a hybrid-stress solid-shell element is formulated. The presented finite shell element is able to model arbitrary curved shell structures. Non-linear numerical examples demonstrate the ability of the proposed model to analyze nonlinear piezoelectric devices. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10672111) and the Major Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK2006725)     

NR-PSS (Nonlinear Robust Power System Stabilizer) for large synchronous generators and its large disturbance experiments on real time digital simulator

On the foundation of nonlinear robust control and exact generator model, this paper presents a design principle of NR-PSS (Nonlinear Robust Power System Stabilizer) for multi-machine power system, based on which an industrial NR-PSS equipment is developed. For popularizing it, the proposed parameter setting method of NR-PSS is completely the same as the widely used parameter adjustment rule of PSS. By virtue of real time digital simulator (RTDS), large disturbance experiments are carried out to compare the performances between generator excitation system equipped with NR-PSS and PSS in order to verify the correctness of design theory. The results show that compared with classical PSS, the proposed NR-PSS can dramatically improve the generator damping and attenuate the oscillation much faster, enhance the generator damping and raise both the small signal and large disturbance transient stability transmission power limit remarkably. The NR-PSS equipment with independent intellectual property right has been successfully put into operation on a 300 MW generator in Baishan Hydro Plant of Northeast China Grid more than 10 months. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50525721 and 59837270)     

Employing incomplete complex modes for model updating and damage detection of damped structures

In the study of finite element model updating or damage detection, most papers are devoted to undamped systems. Thus, their objective has been exclusively restricted to the correction of the mass and stiffness matrices. In contrast, this paper performs the model updating and damage detection for damped structures. A theoretical contribution of this paper is to extend the cross-model cross-mode (CMCM) method to simultaneously update the mass, damping and stiffness matrices of a finite element model when only few spatially incomplete, complex-valued modes are available. Numerical studies are conducted for a 30-DOF (degree-of-freedom) cantilever beam with multiple damaged elements, as the measured modes are synthesized from finite element models. The numerical results reveal that applying the CMCM method, together with an iterative Guyan reduction scheme, can yield good damage detection in general. When the measured modes utilized in the CMCM method are corrupted with irregular errors, assessing damage at the location that possesses larger modal strain energy is less sensitive to the corrupted modes. Supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (“863”) (Grant No. 2006AA09Z331), the China National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant No. 50325927), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50739004)