Regulation of intestinal regeneration: new insights

Intestinal regeneration is the process by which intestinal injury penetrating deep to the lamina propria heals. The regenerative process involves epithelial cell migration and proliferation, changes in cellular function, adaptation of subepithelial tissues, and contraction of the injured area. This requires interaction of multiple cell types. While many observations have been made about the process of regeneration, its regulation is not well understood. Previous studies, performed primarily in a serosal patch model, have identified many potential regulatory factors. These include location and size of the injury, other associated injury, e.g., resection, and a variety of agents that influence one or more of the primary processes involved. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), in particular, appears to play a role in many aspects of regeneration. Recent advances in the understanding of intestinal growth regulation have provided new insights into the regulation of intestinal regeneration. Developmental studies in genetically manipulated mice suggest a role for gene products not previously implicated in regeneration. The importance of apoptosis in growth regulation has recently been emphasized. Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions have gained greater appreciation. Finally, it has become clear that immune cells and cytokines are important factors in this process. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) has been implicated as another important regulator of several of the processes involved in intestinal regulation. Improved understanding of the regulation of intestinal regeneration will lead to new therapeutic approaches to stimulate intestinal healing in the clinical setting.     

Striated brush border of intestinal absorptive epithelial cells: Stereological studies on microvillous morphology in different adaptive states

Different regions of small bowel were examined in five groups of rats in three separate experiments. The effects on mucosal morphology of position along the bowel, induced hypoproliferation (due to fasting), and induced hyperproliferation (due to streptozotocin diabetes) were investigated. Intestines fixed by in situ perfusion with buffered glutaraldehyde were sampled by strictly randomised procedures. Pieces of tissue from segments of roughly equal length were processed for electron microscopy and embedded in resin. Complete transverse sections were cut for light microscopy and estimates of villous surface areas were obtained by stereological methods devised for the purpose. Ultrathin sections from random sectors of the same tissue blocks were sampled systematically to obtain micrographs of the villous surface. These were analysed for quantitative information about microvilli (length, diameter, surface area, and number). Structural quantities from individual segments were pooled to provide values for the entire small bowel. Significant regional differences in villous and microvillous dimensions were found in all groups. The numbers of microvilli per bowel were remarkably constant in all control groups. Other variables were estimated reproducibly in rats of the same sex, strain, and average body weight. Effective absorptive surfaces did not show a linear gradient but tended to peak in middle segments. Neither fasting nor induced diabetes altered the mean length, diameter, or packing density of microvilli. However, surfaces due to villi and microvilli altered commensurately during fasting and induced diabetes. Therefore cell number seems to be the key quantity for determining villous and microvillous surface areas. The findings are discussed in the context of kinetic, biochemical, and physiological changes found in different adaptive states.     

基于KPCA的SBR过程监视

序批式反应器生化污水处理系统（SBR）具有复杂的生化反应机理，其固有的严重非线性、持续时间有限、非稳态运行等给其过程监视带来特殊困难。核主元分析（KPCA）方法通过集成算子与非线性核函数计算高维特性空间的主元成分，有效捕捉过程变量中的非线性关系。将KPCA技巧应用到序批式反应器生化污水处理系统，建立了基于KPCA的SBR污水处理过程在线监视策略。在监视暴风雨事件等典型的SBR过程异常状态时，统计指标变化灵敏，诊断及时。与线性PCA相比，显示出更高的过程监视性能。     

IMPROVE THE KINETIC PERFORMANCE OF THE PUMP CONTROLLED CLAMPING UNIT IN PLASTIC INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE WITH ADAPTIVE CONTROL STRATEGY

The kinetic characteristics of the clamping unit of plastic injection molding machine that is controlled by close loop with newly developed double speed variable pump unit are investigated. Considering the wide variation of the cylinder equivalent mass caused by the transmission ratio of clamping unit and the severe instantaneous impact force acted on the cylinder during the mold closing and opening process, an adaptive control principle of parameter and structure is proposed to improve its kinetic performance. The adaptive correlation between the acceleration feedback gain and the variable mass is derived. The pressure differential feedback is introduced to improve the dynamic performance in the case of small inertia and heavy impact load. The adaptation of sum pressure to load is used to reduce the energy loss of the system. The research results are verified by the simulation and experiment. The investigation method and the conclusions are also suitable for the differential cylinder system controlled by the traditional servo pump unit.     

Improved capacity to evaluate changes in intestinal mucosal surface area using mathematical modeling

Quantification of intestinal mucosal growth typically relies on morphometric parameters, commonly villus height, as a surrogate for presumed changes in mucosal surface area (MSA). We hypothesized that using mathematical modeling based on multiple unique measurements would improve discrimination of the effects of interventions on MSA compared to standard measures. To determine the ability of mathematical modeling to resolve differences in MSA, a mouse model with enhanced serotonin (5HT) signaling known to stimulate mucosal growth was used. 5‐HT signaling is potentiated by targeting the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) molecule. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor‐treated wild‐type (WT‐SSRI), SERT‐knockout (SERTKO), and wild‐type C57Bl/6 (WT) mice were used. Distal ileal sections were H&E‐stained. Villus height (VH), width (VW), crypt width (CW), and bowel diameter were used to calculate surface area enlargement factor (SEF) and MSA. VH alone for SERTKO and SSRI was significantly increased compared to WT, without a difference between SERTKO and WT‐SSRI. VW and CW were significantly decreased for both SERTKO and WT‐SSRI compared to WT, and VW for WT‐SSRI was also decreased compared to SERTKO. These changes increased SEF and MSA for SERTKO and WT‐SSRI compared to WT. Additionally, SEF and MSA were significantly increased for WT‐SSRI compared to SERTKO. Mathematical modeling provides a valuable tool for differentiating changes in intestinal MSA. This more comprehensive assessment of surface area does not appear to correlate linearly with standard morphometric measures and represents a more comprehensive method for discriminating between therapies aimed at increasing functional intestinal mucosa.     

神经网络模型参考自适应控制在污水处理中的仿真研究

污水处理厂目前广泛使用序批式活性污泥法处理污水.该方法是一种复杂动态生物反应过程,难以建立准确的数学模型,同时采用常规的PID控制难以达到较好的控制品质.针对以上问题,该文提出了RBF神经网络模型参考自适应控制策略,利用神经网络辨识器对污水处理模型进行辨识,使神经网络控制器不依赖被控对象精确的数学模型.仿真结果表明,该...     

基于遗传算法的事例改写策略在注塑模成本评估CBR系统中的应用研究

注塑模成本评估是一个涉及多方面合作的问题，将基于事例的推理(CBR)技术用于注塑模成本评估过程中。针对成本评估过程中的弱理论性，提出基于遗传算法的事例改写策略。提出了算珐的关键技术，并提出了利用三级模式事例改写模型，构造合适的适配值函数，未解决注塑模成本评估CBR系统事例改写的原理和方法。     

动平衡机用数字跟踪滤波器实现方法研究

电机转子轻量化、高速化的发展，给动平衡机的精度提出了更高的要求。动平衡机的精度主要取决于强背景噪声干扰下小信号的提取能力，要求滤波对信号的变化具有自适应性。提出了数字跟踪窄带滤波方法，实现的自适应跟踪方法简便，消噪效果良好。仿真和应用结果表明，该方法提高了小信号测量的精度和稳定性，减小了平衡机最小可达剩余不平衡量。     

A modified model reference adaptive control with application to MEMS gyroscope

Micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) are increasingly being used in measurement and control problems due to their small size, low cost, and low power consumption. The vibrating gyroscope is a MEMS device that will have a significant impact on stability control systems in the transportation industry. This paper investigates the application of a modified model reference adaptive control for MEMS gyroscope. Using this adaptive control algorithm, an estimation of the angular velocity and the damping and stiffness coefficients in real time is easily computable. Changing the conventional model reference input makes it feasible to utilize a low pass filter to remove unwanted oscillations caused by high adaptation gain. This new adaptive control technique enables quick compensation for large changes in the system dynamics, providing consistent estimation of gyroscope parameters including angular velocity and large robustness to parameter variations and external disturbances. The asymptotic stability of the mentioned adaptive controller is guaranteed using the Lyapunov direct method. Numerical simulation is presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.     

基于IQGA和SR的微弱信号检测方法研究

量子遗传算法(Quantum Genetic Algorithm, QGA)是量子计算与遗传算法相结合的产物,避免了遗传算法的一些缺陷。但QGA的编码方案和演化策略不具备通用性,因此极易陷入局部最优。针对QGA的上述缺陷,提出了一种在量子门更新的过程中,加入量子的交叉和变异操作的改进的QGA（Improved QGA, IQGA）,且适当的改变旋转角的大小,保证收敛速度的同时提高了精度。随机共振（Stochastic Resonance, SR）是常用的微弱信号检测方法之一,将二者相结合,利用IQGA优化SR系统参数,实现SR最优输出的自适应求解。仿真结果表明,改进的量子遗传算法收敛速度快、寻优能力强。将该方法应用于工程实际,亦取得良好的效果。     

Multi-model direct adaptive decoupling control with application to the wind tunnel system

In this paper, a new multi-model direct adaptive decoupling controller is presented for multivariable processes, which includes multiple fixed optimal controllers, one free-running adaptive controller, and one re-initialized adaptive controller. The fixed controllers provide initial control to the process if its model lies in the corresponding region. For each controller selected, the re-initialized adaptive controller uses the values of this particular controller to improve the adaptation speed. This controller may replace the fixed controller at a later stage according to the switching criterion which is to select the best one among all controllers. A free-running adaptive controller is also added to guarantee the overall system stability. Different from the multiple models adaptive control structure proposed in Narendra, Balakrishnan, and Ciliz [Adaptation and learning using multiple models, switching, and tuning. IEEE Control Syst. Mag. 15, 37-51 (1995)], the method not only is applicable to the multi-input multi-output processes but also identifies the decoupling controller parameters directly, which reduces both the computational burden and the chances of a singular matrix during the process of determining controller parameters. Several examples for a wind tunnel process are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method.     

优化的精度控制自适应调节方案

针对非线性不确定系统,研究并优化了基于输入信号参考自适应PID控制方法——在模型参考自适应PID控制的基础上以输入信号为参考代替模型参考对系统进行控制。控制方法是基于李雅普诺夫平衡点稳定定理控制方法的系统稳定性推演的,由于控制方法中引入稳定项后使控制过程带来微分项,控制方法中加入滤波器,通过系统的自适应调节最终使系统趋于稳定状态。同时,在控制中加入PID因子使系统的控制性能趋佳。该方法是基于输入信号为参考的自适应控制,减少了模型参考带来的误差。仿真推演结果显示,被控对象可以有较强的适应能力,趋于实现更优的过程控制效果。文中给出了运用于海洋钻井设备运动补偿装置实例的分析。     

Adaptive Control of Neutralization Process using Neural Networks

Abstract

A neural network (NN) based adaptive interaction technique is proposed for controlling highly nonlinear neutralization processes. In this approach, the controller is decomposed into interconnected subsystems and adaptation occurs during the interactions. This approach is adaptive in structure and doesn't use an explicit model of the process in the design. The NN is used to establish the adaptive interaction technique for the development of a nonlinear pH controller, which calculates the necessary change in a manipulated variable to drive the system to the desired value. By applying this adaptive algorithm, the same adaptation as the back‐propagation algorithm is achieved without the need of backward propagating the error throughout a feedback network. This important property makes it possible to adapt the NN controller directly without a process model. This advantage reduces the computational complexity drastically in comparison to the well known back‐propagation algorithm based adaptive NN system and a model based system. The designed model‐free online adaptive controller was implemented to a laboratory scaled pH process in real time by use of a dSPACE 1104 interfacing card. The responses of pH and acid flow rate show good tracking for both the set point and load changes over the entire nonlinear region.     

基于改进遗传算法的柔性作业车间调度方法研究

针对柔性作业车间调度问题,提出了一种自适应的遗传机制,构造出自适应的适值函数定义方法,设计了相应的自适应选择、交叉和变异3种算子。为了解决同一工序的不同机器的负荷平衡,提出了表征机器加工能力的能力系数。通过轮换方法实现了相同工序不同机器之间的调度。仿真实验结果表明,该调度算法具有可行性。     

不同肠道准备方法在CT小肠造影(CTE)中的应用研究

目的:分析不同肠道准备方法对行CT小肠造影(CTenterography,CTE)患者的应用效果。方法:回顾性分析2020年2月~2021年1月我院收治的小肠病变患者122例临床资料,根据其肠道准备方法进行分组,观察不同肠道准备方法行CTE后的效果;A组43例扫描前16h进食半流质食物,给予番泻叶6g进行导泻,检测前12h禁食,检测前1h每隔15min口服甘露醇;B组40例与A组相同方法进行肠道准备,但将甘露醇更换为饮用水;C组39例检查前6h禁食,检查前1h每隔15min尽量口服饮用水。3组患者口服对比剂10min后进行CTE检查。结果:三组患者造影剂使用量经单因素方差分析显示(P<0.05);其中A、B组明显高于C组(P<0.05)。A、B小肠各肠腔充盈情况得分明显高于C组;A组又明显高于B组(P<0.05)。122例患者中共检出135处病变,根据最终临床诊断结果显示:A组出现10例误诊,B组共出现22例、C组共出现23例;A组诊断准确率明显高于B、C组;B、C组比较(P>0.05)。结论:分次口服甘露醇有助于CTE检查时小肠病变的显示与检出。     

一种新的基于OFDMA的跨层资源分配方法

对OFDMA系统中的跨层资源的分配问题进行研究。提出了一种基于自适应遗传算法的跨层资源分配算法,利用自适应遗传算法综合能力和全局搜索的特点,提高算法的全局搜索能力,很好地解决了跨层资源分配问题。在满足用户之间公平性的前提下,改进算法有效提高了系统频谱利用率及吞吐量,也缩短了用户平均等待时间,提高服务品质。     

Adaptive sensor fault-tolerant control for a class of multi-input multi-output nonlinear systems: Adaptive first-order filter-based dynamic surface control approach

This paper is concerned with the adaptive fault-tolerant control (FTC) problem for a class of multivariable nonlinear systems with external disturbances, modeling errors and time-varying sensor faults. The bias, drift, loss of accuracy and loss of effectiveness faults can be effectively accommodated by this scheme. The dynamic surface control (DSC) technique and adaptive first-order filters are brought together to design an adaptive FTC scheme which can reduce significantly the computational burden and improve further the control performance. The adaptation laws are constructed using novel low-pass filter based modification terms which enable under high learning or modification gains to achieve robust, fast and high-accuracy estimation without incurring undesired high-frequency oscillations. It is proved that all signals in the closed-loop system are uniformly ultimately bounded and the tracking-errors can be made arbitrary close to zero. Simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed FTC method.     

Immunocytochemical demonstrations of cytoplasmic and cell-surface EGF receptors in A431 cells using cryo-ultramicrotomy,surface replication,freeze-etching and label fracture

In this paper we describe the use of a number of complimentary methods to visualize cytoplasmic and cell-surface located epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors in cultured A431 cells. Cryo-ultramicrotomy in combination with immuno-gold labelling will be shown to provide an excellent method in visualizing cytoplasmic located EGF receptors in addition to cell-surface located EGF receptors. An important aspect in this method involves the possible effects of the fixatives on antigenicity. Using radioactive labelled anti EGF receptor antibodies, it was shown that formaldehyde as a fixative had no significant effect on label-efficiency. The density and lateral distribution of EGF receptors at the cell surface has been studied by three methods, i.e. surface replication, freeze etching and label fracture, all methods in conjunction with immuno-gold labelling. These methods allow in principle a quantitation of the surface distribution of the EGF receptors. The surface-replication method involves, however, dehydration and critical-point drying steps, and using radioactive labelled anti EGF receptor antibodies it was shown that in particular OsO₄ fixation and dehydration caused a significant loss of cell-associated antibodies. This disadvantage is overcome by freeze etching and the label-fracture method, and as such these techniques provide the best methods for quantitative analysis of the planar distribution of cell-surface located EGF-receptors.     

神经网络自适应控制的研究进展及展望

关于人工神经网络与自适应结合的研究，近年来已成为智能控制学科的热点之一。自适应具有强鲁棒性，神经网络则具有自学习功能和良好的容错能力，神经网络自适应控制由于较好地结合了二者的优点而具有强大的优势。本文系统地综述了神经网络自适应控制的进展，讨论了神经网络自适应的主要模型和算法，并就其存在的一些问题、应用与发展趋势进行了探讨。