城市居住隔离及其研究进程

阐明了城市居住隔离的概念及内涵,对国外居住隔离研究的发展进程进行了系统梳理,分析了一些具有代表性的国家和地区的居住隔离状况及研究重点,并着重剖析了经济转型时期我国居住隔离研究的背景、现状及理论与现实意义.     

城市居住隔离的模式--兼析上海居住隔离的现状

探讨了居住隔离的物质景观特征和社会经济特征,归纳概括了居住隔离的若干动态模式,并对上海现阶段的居住隔离模式进行了整体上的描述.     

住宅产业化进程中的居住隔离——以上海为例

论述了现阶段我国居住隔离的社会经济背景,并以上海为例,从多层次的住宅供应体系、居住隔离的空间分布、居住隔离的外部表征三方面对其加以考察,重点描述居住隔离的空间特征。最后指出,在住宅产业化进程中,遏制居住隔离现象是我国城市住宅建设的当务之急。     

混合型社区居住隔离问题初探

城市居住空间分异与居住隔离的出现是市场经济发展中不可逾越的阶段,随着市场经济条件下住房分配制度的改革、住宅产业化步伐的推进、住区管理体制的变迁以及城市住宅开发渠道的日益拓宽,各种新型的住区不断涌现,城市社区居住隔离的现象日趋明显。目前,对居住隔离问题展开的研究多侧重于分析宏观层面居住隔离的空间格局、动力机制以及分异模式。虽然也有就一些特定社会空间的实证研究,但都是针对不同类型社区之间的分异探讨,而针对混合型社区居住隔离(居民个体心理层次与社区内部分异)的微观能动及深层次系统研究还比较薄弱。     

美国城市的居住差异现象分析

本文简要回顾了欧美城市居住差异的研究方法,介绍了经济社会地位、家庭状况和种族等决定美国城市居住差异的主要因素的空间形态特征.作者以美国部分城市为例,重点分析了因收入和种族差异形成的居住隔离空间实态和隔离程度.     

城市郊区化中居住隔离研究——以大连市凌水街道地区为例

同一阶层的聚集及不同阶层间的隔离,引发了居住隔离的现象,从而对社会的和谐发展埋下隐患.从最初为解决低收入阶层的住房问题,到目前为满足高收入阶层的居住需求,大连市郊区出现了差距显著的住区,居住隔离问题日益严重.研究通过对凌水街道地区的居住社区及其居民职业结构、收入水平等分析得出其隔离指数,在此基础上提出组合各类住区用地,...     

基于都市发展阶段论的城市居住隔离研究

本文归纳并总结我国居住隔离研究的现状,从研究成果及应用性、研究层面及针对性和规划对策三方面评述居住隔离研究存在的问题,在此基础上引入并剖析都市发展阶段论与居住隔离的内在关联,结合我国城市化特点构建基于都市发展阶段论的居住隔离研究框架,探讨我国居住隔离问题的应对策略,并着重论述框架中各类居住隔离问题的混居措施。     

美国居住隔离及包容性住房政策研究综述：成因、影响及启示

美国的居住隔离现象一直备受学术界的高度关注,是众多学科研究的焦点。深入了解美国居住隔离产生的原因及其变化,对我国的城市发展和政策制定有很好的借鉴作用。本文通过文献综述,剖析了美国居住隔离的成因,总结了其发展变化以及产生的社会影响,并系统介绍了美国包容性住房政策的产生和发展以及对居住隔离的影响。分析认为：（1）导致美国居住隔离的主要因素包括社会经济地位差异、社会偏好和歧视;（2）美国种族居住隔离依旧明显但程度整体呈缓慢下降趋势,居住隔离模式逐渐偏向阶层之间的居住隔离,其尺度也从社区上升到城市;（3）居住隔离加剧了社会不平等,抑制了弱势群体的流动性,最终导致贫困集中和社会矛盾激化;（4）包容性住房政策可以有效提高保障房的供应量,有消除居住隔离、促进社会融合的潜力。在此基础上,本文提出了三点对中国住房政策的启示：大力推行并优化包容性住房政策,促进社会融合;深化户籍改革、扩大住房保障的覆盖面,消除体制化的弊病;住房保障既要“补砖头”又要“补人头”。中国住房政策应吸取美国居住隔离和包容性住房政策的经验和教训,对中国城市发展和社会和谐稳定具有重要意义。     

上海新移民居住、就业和活动空间分异比较研究

实现共同富裕，促进社会各群体的空间融合，是当下中国社会经济发展的重要议题。随着信息技术的发展，居民活动空间的分异问题日益受到关注，但不同类型空间分异的系统研究尚未展开。本文基于上海市2019年手机信令数据，在全市层面上探讨了新移民群体居住、就业和活动3种类型的空间分布格局和特征，并通过相关性分析和地理加权回归等模型探究其空间上的耦合性。结果发现：上海市新移民居住隔离最为严重，其次是就业隔离，而活动隔离相对温和。这3类隔离在空间上呈现显著的正相关关系。研究建议从城市多中心和郊区社区15min生活圈两个维度优化上海的社会空间结构。     

农村就地城市化中居住隔离的研究

我国已经进入快速城市化阶段,农村就地城市化是我国城市化发展的必然趋势,在某种意义上可以说,就地城市化把城乡差异转变成城市居住隔离.国内学者对于这类居住隔离的研究还十分欠缺,如果就地城市化的"双失居民"不能融入城市主流社会,必将成为影响社会稳定和发展的隐患.本文在简述相关概念的基础上,从城市规划的视角,以安置房住区物质景...     

Explaining Ethnic Residential Preferences—The Case of Somalis and Russians in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area

This paper contributes to the discussion on ethnic segregation processes by examining the ethnic residential preferences of two immigrant groups in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area (HMA): Somalis and Russians. The relatively recent increase in ethnic diversity and the active policies aiming for social and ethnic mixing provide an interesting environment for studying the subject in the HMA. Ethnic residential preferences have traditionally been viewed in strong connection with the immigrant's relations to his or her own ethnic community. The case of Somalis and Russians in the HMA indicates that in the ethnically mixed setting, minority–majority relations have a significant role in the formation of ethnic residential preferences. The paper is based on in-depth interviews with the Somali (n = 24) and Russian (n = 26) immigrants, social workers and housing authority personnel (n = 18).     

城市居住空间分异的规划对策研究

以上海不同类型住区的典型调查为基础 ,从规划角度对居住水平差距大、社会阶层分化明显、居住价值取向差异显著等当前城市居住空间分异的现象进行了分析和思考 ,并建议从住区建设与管理模式上进行改进 ,对此提出 :加大住区周边的城市公共设施投入 ,缩小住区外部环境的差异 ;物质环境应与社区文化并重 ,创造出多样化的交往空间 ;对历史保护型住区的更新应注重保护性开发 ,提升其历史价值和使用价值 ;强化住区多层次的综合服务功能 ,健全社会化服务体系。     

Changes in the ethnic composition of neighbourhoods: Analysis of household's response and asymmetric preference structures

Theoretical models of ethnic residential segregation indicate asymmetries in preferences as the key driver of ethnic segregation dynamics. This study uses a pivoted choice experiment to empirically analyse the asymmetric preference structures for ethnic composition of neighbourhoods. We assume that the utilities of various alternative residential locations are dependent on the experienced levels of co‐ethnics or ethnic minorities in the current neighbourhood of residence, where the increases in current ethnic concentrations could be evaluated differently than decreases. Results from a discrete choice model estimated on data from Swiss city of Lugano confirm the existence of asymmetries, showing that individuals tend to be averse to decreases in the share of their co‐nationals, while being indifferent to any increases.     

Straight-line Assimilation in Leaving Home? A Comparison of Turks,Somalis and Danes

The purpose of this paper is to test the evidence for spatial assimilation and straight-line assimilation in the transition of leaving home in Denmark. Based on data from the extensive Danish registers, the paper analyses the home-leaving patterns of Danes, Turkish immigrants, Turkish descendants and Somali immigrants. Two main findings emerged. First, while spatial segregation patterns of home-leavers were clear, inter-generational mobility did take place, supporting the notion of straight-line assimilation. Second, inter-generational effects were identified. While there was no indication that parental socio-economic situation affected the spatial segregation of home-leavers, substantial effects were found for the share of ethnic minorities in the parental neighbourhood: the higher the share of ethnic minorities, the higher the hazard for moving to an ethnic neighbourhood and the lower the hazard for moving to a non-ethnic neighbourhood. Similarity in the patterns of natives and the ethnic minority groups indicates that the processes taking place might be about more than assimilation between generations.     

Natives’ opinions on ethnic residential segregation and neighbourhood diversity in Helsinki,Oslo and Stockholm

Nordic countries rank high on measures indicating tolerant views on immigrants. Yet, ethnic residential segregation is stated as being a major social problem in these countries. Neighbourhood flight and avoidance behaviour among the native born could be a sign of less tolerant views on minorities, but could of course be restricted to native-born residents in areas of high-ethnic concentration. So far, no research in these countries has explicitly focused on the majority population’s view on segregation, and we know little about how native-born residents in different neighbourhood contexts view ethnic segregation or how own residential experience shapes decisions on staying or leaving; this paper aims to help fill this research lacuna. In a survey targeting 9000 native-born residents in three Nordic capital cities—stratified into neighbourhood movers and stayers and into neighbourhoods having different proportions of non-Nordic-born residents—we answer three questions: do native-born respondents prefer a neighbourhood ethnic mix? Do they see ethnic segregation as a problem? Do they prefer lower, current or higher shares of ethnic minorities in their own neighbourhoods?     

欧美城市居住混居的理论、实践与启示

市场经济转型背景下出现的贫富差距带来日益明显的居住空间分化,社会群体空间分异居问题成为当前政府、社会和城市居民普遍关注的焦点议题。居住分化问题在欧美国家普遍存在,而欧美国家近年已经开始倡导采取住房混合战略以实现混居格局。本文从理论和实践两个层次分析了欧美国家城市近年来的居住分化与混居模式,并对其进行了系统评述。     

Social discourse,housing search and residential segregation: the social determinants of recent economic migrants’ residential mobility in Seville

Abstract

Immigrants’ neighbourhood choices are key to understanding today’s dominant socio-territorial dynamics, especially in urban areas. We analysed the factors involved in the housing search at the early stages of the economic migrant influx in Seville, Spain (Andalusia region, Europe’s southern border) and their impact on the development of residential segregation in this city. Using a qualitative methodology approach based on focus groups, unstructured interviews and discourse analysis, the implicit and explicit social determinants that influence economic migrants’ residential behaviours were examined. In line with previous studies, the results highlight the importance of socio-economic determinants and a trend towards self-segregation. Social discourse analysis reveals how the host society’s ethnoracial preferences and prejudices – from the outset of the economic migrant influx – translate into barriers to accessing the housing market, which plays a crucial role in understanding economic migrant residential mobility and its impact on and consequences for the residential segregation process.     

(Re)Viewing Ethnic Residential Segregation in Southern European Cities: Housing and Urban Regimes as Mechanisms of Marginalisation

Housing and residential marginalisation in Southern European cities represents the most critical and controversial of urban conditions for the settlement and inclusion of immigrants. However, these issues are conspicuously under-researched in both the international and Southern European comparative literature. The complexity of ethnic housing hardship and segregation is often de-problematised and misleadingly attributed solely to market mechanisms or inevitable polarisation dynamics. This paper reviews the distinctive features of ethnic residential segregation within wider societal and urban contexts, drawing on an analysis of eight Mediterranean cities with a special focus on the role of housing systems and processes of ethnic and social differentiation. Problems and drivers are reconceptualised within an holistic, comparative framework. It is demonstrated that low levels of ethnic spatial segregation conceal a real problem of social residential marginalisation. This paradox predominantly originates from macro-scale mechanisms of differentiation rooted in the welfare redistributive arrangements and dualist housing systems. It is additionally reinforced by current urban renewal strategies.