海水鱼优势腐败菌腐败能力分析

研究大黄鱼和大菱鲆无菌鱼块接种优势腐败菌后5℃贮藏中的感官、腐败产物和腐败菌的变化,以生长动力学参数和腐败产物的产量因子(YTVBN/CFU和YTMA/CFU)为指标,探讨两种冷藏海水鱼优势腐败菌希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌的腐败能力。结果表明,大菱鲆鱼块接种腐败希瓦氏菌和恶臭假单胞菌的货架期分别为60,72h,货架期终点时的TVBN含量分别为35.48,37.56mg/100g,腐败菌菌数分别为8.14,8.32lg(CFU/g),产量因子YTVBN/CFU分别为1.86×10-7,1.35×10-7 mg TVBN/CFU。大黄鱼鱼块接种腐败希瓦氏菌和荧光假单胞菌的货架期分别为162,174h,货架期终点时的TVBN含量分别为31.74,39.01mg/100g,腐败菌菌数分别为8.71,8.91lg(CFU/g),产量因子YTVBN/CFU分别为4.49×10-8,3.72×10-8 mg TVBN/CFU。大黄鱼鱼块的货架期比大菱鲆的明显长,接种假单胞菌的两种鱼块的货架期比接种希瓦氏菌的稍长。两种海水鱼低温有氧贮藏优势腐败菌希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌都有很强的腐败能力。     

鱼类腐败菌腐败能力测定方法

通过分析比较接种腐败菌的大黄鱼无菌鱼块和灭菌鱼汁,在贮藏中感官、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base nitrogen,TVBN)、三甲胺(trimethylamine,TMA)和腐败菌的变化,以及腐败菌生长动力学参数和腐败代谢产物的产量因子(YTVBN/CFU 和YTMA/CFU),探讨无菌鱼块和灭菌鱼汁两种腐败能力的测定方法。结果表明：接种腐败希瓦氏菌的无菌鱼块和灭菌鱼汁的货架期分别为162h 和132h,此时的TVBN 含量分别为32.16mg/100g 和29.64mg/100mL,TMA含量为9.31mg/100g 和0.99mg/100mL,腐败希瓦氏菌菌数为8.67 lg(CFU/g)和8.56 lg(CFU/mL),产量因子YTVBN/CFU为2.58 × 10-10mg TVBN/CFU 和1.98 × 10-10mL TVBN/CFU,产量因子YTMA/CFU 为2.12 × 10-10mg TMA/CFU 和1.27× 10-11mL TMA/CFU。TMA 作为接种鱼汁的理化指标是不可靠的,而TVBN 可以作为接种鱼汁的理化指标。接种腐败希瓦氏菌的无菌鱼块和灭菌鱼汁产量因子YTVBN/CFU 的相对误差为23.64%,因此灭菌鱼汁作为腐败菌腐败能力测定方法具有一定的可靠性。     

冷藏鲤鱼和罗非鱼优势腐败菌腐败能力分析

通过分析接种腐败菌的鲤鱼和罗非鱼无菌鱼块贮藏中感官、腐败代谢产物和腐败菌的变化,以腐败菌的生长动力学参数和腐败代谢产物的产量因子(YTVBN/CFU)为指标,探讨冷藏鲤鱼和罗非鱼优势腐败菌假单胞菌和腐败希瓦氏菌的腐败能力。结果表明:接种腐败希瓦氏菌和恶臭假单胞菌的鲤鱼无菌鱼块的货架期分别为132h和162h,此时的TVBN值为27.12mg/100g和22.51mg/100g,腐败希瓦氏菌和恶臭假单胞菌菌数为8.96 lg(CFU/g)和9.07 lg(CFU/g),产量因子YTVBN/CFU为9.28×10-9mg TVBN/CFU和1.81×10-8mg TVBN/CFU。接种荧光假单胞菌和腐败希瓦氏菌的罗非鱼无菌鱼块的货架期分别为132h和144h,此时的TVBN值为23.46mg/100g和24.30mg/100g,荧光假单胞菌和腐败希瓦氏菌菌数为8.83 lg(CFU/g)和9.12 lg(CFU/g),产量因子YTVBN/CFU为1.67×10-8mg TVBN/CFU和9.10×10-9mg TVBN/CFU。结合两种养殖鱼冷藏过程中的菌相变化和腐败菌在腐败过程中的作用,初步得出冷藏罗非鱼和鲤鱼的特定腐败菌是假单胞菌,两种腐败菌都具有较强的腐败能力。     

大黄鱼中复合腐败菌腐败能力的分析

通过分析接种腐败菌的大黄鱼无菌鱼块在贮藏中的感官、腐败代谢产物和腐败菌的变化,以腐败菌生长动力学参数和腐败代谢产物产量因子(YTVB-N/CFU 和YTMA/CFU)为指标,探讨冷藏大黄鱼优势腐败菌(腐败希瓦氏菌、假单胞菌以及这两种菌的复合菌)的腐败能力。结果表明,接种腐败希瓦氏菌、假单胞菌和复合菌的无菌鱼块的货架期分别为168、174、168h,说明接种假单胞菌的货架期较长。腐败希瓦氏菌、假单胞菌和复合菌的YTVB-N/CFU 基本一致,腐败希瓦氏菌的YTMA/CFU 明显大于假单胞菌和复合菌,腐败希瓦氏菌的腐败能力较假单胞菌和复合菌强。假单胞菌对腐败希瓦氏菌的生长有一定的拮抗作用,但仅在较高数量时才有明显作用,腐败希瓦氏菌是有氧冷藏养殖大黄鱼的特定腐败菌。     

冷藏鲢鱼优势腐败菌致腐能力的初步分析

为探究鲢鱼腐败菌(荧光假单胞菌、腐败希瓦氏菌和温和气单胞菌)对冷藏鲢鱼的致腐能力,以接种鲢鱼腐败菌(荧光假单胞菌、腐败希瓦氏菌和温和气单胞菌)的无菌鲢鱼块为研究对象,通过定期测定其在4℃贮藏过程中的感官、TVB-N值、TMA值、电导率等新鲜度指标以及腐败菌的变化情况,并以腐败菌生长动力学参数和腐败代谢产物产量因子(YTVB-N/CFU和YTMA/CFU)为指标,探讨冷藏过程中鲢鱼腐败菌的腐败能力。研究表明,接种3种腐败菌的无菌鱼块腐败速度明显优于无菌对照组;腐败希瓦氏菌的腐败能力最强,荧光假单胞菌的YTMA/CFU较低。3种腐败菌都有一定的腐败能力,但在较高数量时才会出现明显的致腐作用。     

大黄鱼冷藏过程中品质变化及腐败菌的分析及抑菌研究

对大黄鱼4℃冷藏过程中品质变化特征及货架期终点时的优势腐败菌相进行了分析。新鲜大黄鱼菌落总数(TVC)为2.4×103cfu/g,挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)为24.01mg/100g。4℃贮藏6天时,达到了货架期终点,菌落总数为7.1×107cfu/g,挥发性盐基氮为24.92mg/100g。腐败菌主要包括:腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefacens spp.)54.0%,假单胞菌(Pseudomonas spp.)21.0%,黄色杆菌属(flavobacterium spp.)7.1%,产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes spp.)5.6%。腐败希瓦氏菌是优势腐败菌。研究了聚赖氨酸、茶多酚、柠檬酸、双乙酸钠最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最佳抑菌浓度,通过正交实验设计得出了防腐剂最佳配比,结果为:聚赖氨酸0.4g/L,茶多酚5g/L,柠檬酸4g/L。     

气调包装凡纳滨对虾特定腐败菌致腐败能力研究

将气调包装凡纳滨对虾货架终点时筛选、分离、纯化得到的肉杆菌、希瓦氏菌和气单胞菌3种腐败菌,分别接种到杀菌后的新鲜凡纳滨对虾上,研究接菌对虾上的3种腐败菌在4℃气调包装(80%CO2/10%O2/10%N2)贮藏条件下的生长动力学参数及其对凡纳滨对虾的致腐败能力。结果表明,在4℃气调包装条件下,肉杆菌、希瓦氏菌和气单胞菌生长动力学参数延滞时间分别为20.64,128.8 h和106.1 h,最大比生长速率μmax分别为0.02302,0.03002 h-1和0.02198 h-1,最大菌落数分别为7.49,6.87 lg(CFU/g)和6.91 lg(CFU/g)。接种肉杆菌、希瓦氏菌和气单胞菌的凡纳滨对虾感官品质货架期较空白对照组短,分别为176,164 h和167 h。凡纳滨对虾腐败菌致腐败能力的研究结果显示,肉杆菌、希瓦氏菌和气单胞菌的挥发性盐基氮产量因子(YTVB-N/CFU)分别为5.40×10-9,1.03×10-7mg/CFU和4.34×10-8 mg/CFU,三甲胺氮产量因子(YTMA-N/CFU)分别为2.37×10-10,3.95×10-9mg/CFU和1.52×10-9 mg/CFU,表明在冷藏气调包装凡纳滨对虾腐败过程中希瓦氏菌的作用最为明显,其次为气单胞菌,肉杆菌的致腐败能力稍弱。     

不同贮藏温度下低盐腌渍大黄鱼鲜度及细菌菌相变化

为研究低盐腌渍大黄鱼的鲜度变化与其腐败细菌的关系,对低盐腌渍大黄鱼在5、15和25℃下贮藏过程中的感官、总挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)及菌落总数(TVC)进行了测定,并通过MIDI气相色谱法对其细菌菌相进行分析。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,感官评分降低,TVBN、TBA、TVC显著(p0.05)增长,5、15和25℃贮藏下的货架期分别为29、14、4 d。货架期终点时,感官评分、TVBN、TBA和TVC分别为(1.05±0.05)、(29.53±1.03)mg/100 g、(0.40±0.06)mg/100 g和(7.60±0.40)lg(cfu/g)。另一方面,大黄鱼中共分离鉴定出14种细菌,其特定腐败菌因贮藏温度变化而有所差异,在5℃贮藏下为彭氏变形杆菌,在15℃和25℃贮藏下为产气肠杆菌。通过比较,发现特定腐败菌比例与TVBN变化存在极显著相关性(p0.01),而与TBA的相关性并不显著(p0.05),说明肠杆菌科细菌是通过分解氮类并产生挥发性盐基氮从而导致低盐腌渍大黄鱼在贮藏过程中的腐败。     

腐败希瓦氏菌对凡纳滨对虾氨基酸及生物胺含量的影响

以凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,通过分析接种腐败希瓦氏菌的对虾在30℃和4℃贮藏条件下微生物生长情况、感官品质、氨基酸及生物胺含量的变化,比较不同温度下腐败希瓦氏菌生长代谢活性及凡纳滨对虾品质的变化。结果表明,与30℃条件相比,4℃条件下凡纳滨对虾的感官品质下降趋势较缓,且腐胺和尸胺含量都较低,腐败希瓦氏菌在低温下表现出较强的适应能力。在感官不可接受点时,4℃条件下接菌组样品中总氨基酸含量却较30℃条件下的低,分别为(168.25±1.86)mg/g和(174.16±0.89)mg/g,其中以总赖氨酸、总精氨酸和总酪氨酸下降幅度最为显著,同时游离氨基酸含量也明显较低。凡纳滨对虾贮藏期间,腐败希瓦氏菌在对数生长期时,对虾的总赖氨酸含量下降最快。低温虽然能够抑制腐败希瓦氏菌菌落数的增长和生物胺的累积,但是腐败希瓦氏菌在低温环境下生长代谢需要更多的氨基酸,以促进凡纳滨对虾蛋白质和氨基酸的降解,降低对虾的风味和营养品质。     

凡纳滨对虾优势腐败菌鉴定及其致腐能力的初步研究

分析鉴定了凡纳滨对虾0℃与20℃贮藏条件下的菌相组成与优势腐败菌,并对优势腐败菌16SrDNA、生长动力学、致腐能力与菌落数的变化进行了测定。结果表明,0℃与20℃贮藏条件下,对虾优势腐败菌分别是希瓦氏菌(30%)、不动杆菌(16.7%)与希瓦氏菌(46.5%)、发光杆菌(17.7%)。7℃条件下,将一定浓度的希瓦氏菌与不动杆菌菌悬液接种到无菌对虾上,结果显示接种希瓦氏菌的样品其腐败代谢产物产量因子YTVB-N/CFU、YTMA/CFU分别为12.44×10-9、6.193×10-10,而接种不动杆菌的样品其YTVB-N/CFU、YTMA/CFU分别为8.937×10-9、5.548×10-10。结果表明,7℃条件下,希瓦氏菌的致腐能力强于不动杆菌,希瓦氏菌在对虾腐败过程中占主导作用,其分析结果与对虾菌相组成的鉴定结果相一致。     

Understanding spoilage microbial community and spoilage mechanisms in foods of animal origin

The increasing global population has resulted in increased demand for food. Goods quality and safe food is required for healthy living. However, food spoilage has resulted in food insecurity in different regions of the world. Spoilage of food occurs when the quality of food deteriorates from its original organoleptic properties observed at the time of processing. Food spoilage results in huge economic losses to both producers (farmers) and consumers. Factors such as storage temperature, pH, water availability, presence of spoilage microorganisms including bacteria and fungi, initial microbial load (total viable count—TVC), and processing influence the rate of food spoilage. This article reviews the spoilage microbiota and spoilage mechanisms in meat and dairy products and seafood. Understanding food spoilage mechanisms will assist in the development of robust technologies for the prevention of food spoilage and waste.     

Alicyclobacillus spoilage and isolation--a review

Until recently, acidic products such as fruit juice and fruit based products were generally thought to be susceptible to spoilage by yeasts, mycelia fungi and lactic acid bacteria, as the low pH of these products acts as natural control measures against spoilage by most bacteria. Alicyclobacillus seem to be prevalent in fruit based products as they survive the acidic fruit juice environment, even when they are exposed to pasteurisation temperatures during production. In this review the historical background of the discovery of these bacteria is summarised. The bacterial characteristics and the reported spoilage incidences caused by members of this genus are discussed. As the isolation methods for these bacteria are controversial, this review includes a discussion of the various media that have been reported in the literature for the use in the isolation and enumeration of members of the genus Alicyclobacillus.     

Beer spoilage bacteria and hop resistance

For brewing industry, beer spoilage bacteria have been problematic for centuries. They include some lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus lindneri and Pediococcus damnosus, and some Gram-negative bacteria such as Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus, Pectinatus frisingensis and Megasphaera cerevisiae. They can spoil beer by turbidity, acidity and the production of unfavorable smell such as diacetyl or hydrogen sulfide. For the microbiological control, many advanced biotechnological techniques such as immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been applied in place of the conventional and time-consuming method of incubation on culture media. Subsequently, a method is needed to determine whether the detected bacterium is capable of growing in beer or not. In lactic acid bacteria, hop resistance is crucial for their ability to grow in beer. Hop compounds, mainly iso-alpha-acids in beer, have antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. They act as ionophores which dissipate the pH gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane and reduce the proton motive force (pmf). Consequently, the pmf-dependent nutrient uptake is hampered, resulting in cell death. The hop-resistance mechanisms in lactic acid bacteria have been investigated. HorA was found to excrete hop compounds in an ATP-dependent manner from the cell membrane to outer medium. Additionally, increased proton pumping by the membrane bound H(+)-ATPase contributes to hop resistance. To energize such ATP-dependent transporters hop-resistant cells contain larger ATP pools than hop-sensitive cells. Furthermore, a pmf-dependent hop transporter was recently presented. Understanding the hop-resistance mechanisms has enabled the development of rapid methods to discriminate beer spoilage strains from nonspoilers. The horA-PCR method has been applied for bacterial control in breweries. Also, a discrimination method was developed based on ATP pool measurement in lactobacillus cells. However, some potential hop-resistant strains cannot grow in beer unless they have first been exposed to subinhibitory concentration of hop compounds. The beer spoilage ability of Pectinatus spp. and M. cerevisiae has been poorly studied. Since all the strains have been reported to be capable of beer spoiling, species identification is sufficient for the breweries. However, with the current trend of beer flavor (lower alcohol and bitterness), there is the potential risk that not yet reported bacteria will contribute to beer spoilage. Investigation of the beer spoilage ability of especially Gram-negative bacteria may be useful to reduce this risk.     

Food spoilage--interactions between food spoilage bacteria

Food spoilage is a complex process and excessive amounts of foods are lost due to microbial spoilage even with modern day preservation techniques. Despite the heterogeneity in raw materials and processing conditions, the microflora that develops during storage and in spoiling foods can be predicted based on knowledge of the origin of the food, the substrate base and a few central preservation parameters such as temperature, atmosphere, a(w) and pH. Based on such knowledge, more detailed sensory, chemical and microbiological analysis can be carried out on the individual products to determine the actual specific spoilage organism. Whilst the chemical and physical parameters are the main determining factors for selection of spoilage microorganisms, a level of refinement may be found in some products in which the interactive behavior of microorganisms may contribute to their growth and/or spoilage activity. This review gives three such examples. We describe the competitive advantage of Pseudomonas spp. due to the production of iron-chelating siderophores, the generation of substrates for spoilage reactions by one organism from another microorganism (so-called metabiosis) and the up-regulation of phenotypes potentially involved in spoilage through cell-to-cell communication. In particular, we report for the first time the widespread occurrence of N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHL) in stored and spoiling fresh foods and we discuss the potential implications for spoilage and food preservation.     

Heat resistance of juice spoilage microorganisms

The heat resistance of various yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Torulaspora delbrueckii, and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii), molds (Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium roquefortii, and Aspergillus niger), and lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus plantarum) obtained from spoiled acid or acidified food products was determined in 0.1 M citrate buffer at pH values of 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0. S. cerevisiae was the most heat resistant of the microorganisms in citrate buffer, and its heat resistance was further evaluated in apple, grapefruit, calcium-fortified apple, and tomato juices as well as in a juice base with high fructose corn syrup. Decimal reduction times (D-values) and changes in temperature required to change the D-value (z-values) for S. cerevisiae were higher in the juices than in citrate buffer at all pH values tested. The D57 degrees C(135 degrees F)-values varied from 9.4 min in the juice product with pH 2.8 to 32 min in a calcium-added apple juice with pH 3.9. The S. cerevisiae strain used in this study can be used in thermal-death-time experiments in acidic products to calculate process conditions and in challenge tests to validate the calculated temperatures and hold times during processing.     

酱油变质微生物因素及乳酸菌在防腐中的应用

酱油是经微生物发酵制成的具有独特色、香、味的液体调味品。酱油中含有充足的营养物质,并且酱油发酵体系多为混菌体系,因此在酱油发酵、生产和贮藏过程中容易因污染腐败菌出现“生花”、变馊、胀袋、沉淀、浑浊等现象,导致酱油的腐败变质。该文详细阐述了酱油中存在的腐败微生物种类和由它们引起的酱油变质现象,以及通过发酵工艺优化、添加防腐剂和生物技术等手段防止酱油腐败的相应措施。最后概述了乳酸菌的抗菌代谢产物种类与抑菌特性,并讨论了乳酸菌在酱油防腐中的应用潜力,以期为开发保障酱油品质稳定和提升的方法提供经验和参考。