Crystal growth in liquid steel during secondary metallurgy

Morphology of nonmetallic inclusions depends on their crystallographic structure, the growth conditions, and the presence of impurities. Inclusions were extracted from industrial aluminum-killed steel samples and investigated under high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. In this article, the morphology of these aluminum oxide inclusions, including their surface features, is approached from the viewpoint of crystal growth. Commonly, aluminum oxide inclusions are considered to be corundum, but some inclusion shapes prove that other aluminum oxide polymorphs are present as well.     

粉末冶金在钢铁企业的应用及发展前景

概述了粉末冶金的技术特点以及含铁粉尘在钢厂的应用情况;分别阐述了钢铁企业直接还原铁在炼钢中的应用、以及还原铁粉和雾化铁粉的生产过程;列举了JFE、神户制钢公司开发的粉末冶金制品及其应用领域,以及我国武钢、莱钢粉末冶金技术的进步;分析了铁基粉末冶金行业发展的影响因素,汽车工业的发展、以及切削刀具行业对高速钢性能要求的提升,促进了铁基粉末冶金零部件种类和数量需求的快速增长;指出了钢铁企业在当前的困境条件下,应加速发展铁基粉末冶金技术,发掘企业新的利润增长点,并实现资源的综合利用。     

Niobium-Alloyed high speed steel by powder metallurgy

A philosophy for the use of strong carbide formers like niobium in high speed steels is described. It follows the concept of independently optimizing the compositions of the matrix (for maximum secondary hardening potential) and the volume fraction of the blocky carbides (for protection against abrasive wear). Normally, the two are interdependent through the action of the solidification equilibria, but separate control becomes possible when the blocky carbides are formed by a strong carbide former such as niobium. During normal ingot solidification, such strong carbide formers would produce very large primary carbides. This can be avoided by atomization and powder metallurgical processing. In this way, a steel has been produced whose matrix composition is similar to that of AISI M2, and whose primary carbides are all of NbC type. Its composition is 1.3C, 2W, 3Mo, 1.6V, 3.2Nb (wt pct). Because of its high stability, NbC is a much more effective obstacle to grain growth than the normal high speed steel carbides, and this allows substantially higher austenitization temperatures to be used. Despite its leaner composition, the Nb-alloyed steel matches the cutting performance of AISI M2, and its secondary hardening seems to be more persistent at high temperatures.     

中碳钢高温力学和冶金行为

采用Gleeble 1500热模拟机对CSP生产的SS400、Q235B和Q345B钢的热塑性进行了研究.结果发现,所研究的钢存在两个低塑性区,即凝固脆性温区(T_m~1 310℃)和低温脆性温区(850~725℃).试样断口金相和成分分析表明:产生凝固脆性温区的原因主要是高温下枝晶间有害元素S、P和O富集形成液膜;产生低温脆性温区的原因主要是奥氏体晶界出现铁素体薄膜以及细小AlN析出造成连铸坯的塑性降低.根据研究结果,提出了改善钢的热塑性防止铸坯裂纹的工艺建议.     

高摩擦力矩值钢纤维增强粉末冶金摩擦材料

成功地制备了一种在0.25～0.30 MPa低制动压力和0～2 000 r/min转速下产生高力矩的铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料,通过加入6%～9%(质量分数)的低碳钢纤维有效地提高了该材料摩擦面上的微凸体数量,使偶面始终保持高咬合性,从而极大地提高了室温和热态条件下的摩擦稳定性,且在上述工况范围内工作时偶面上产生的力矩始终保持在24 N·m以上.在热态并接近零转速状态下,于旋转方向垂直悬挂20 kg重物,工作偶面不产生相对位移,可完全满足用户对摩擦材料的特殊要求.     

粉末冶金马氏体-奥氏体复合钢的组织与性能研究

近年来,汽车、建筑等领域对高强度-高塑性金属材料的需求日益增长,为了获得高强度-高塑性的金属材料,粉末冶金技术发挥着越来越重要的作用。通过放电等离子烧结技术（SPS）烧结质量比为2:1的马氏体钢和奥氏体钢混合金属粉末,复合钢的奥氏体相均匀分布于马氏体相当中,试样致密度高达95.5%,并通过后续的热轧处理,提高复合钢的烧结质量,致密度提高至98.9%。热轧后复合钢的屈服强度、抗拉强度、均匀伸长率和总伸长率分别为960 MPa、1 529 MPa、6.7%和6.7%。在热轧的基础上引入冷轧+短时间高温回火处理,粉末冶金复合钢性能进一步提高。其中冷轧30%/500℃回火5 min的复合钢,屈服强度、抗拉强度、均匀伸长率和总伸长率分别为1 899 MPa、1 964 MPa、9.2%和10.0%。     

粉末冶金渗铜钢的摩擦磨损性能

通过压制、预烧和熔渗,制备1种液压零件用粉末冶金渗铜钢。用UMT 3型摩擦磨损实验机评价该材料在边界润滑条件下的耐磨性,研究基体密度对渗铜钢摩擦磨损性能的影响,并与目前常用的耐磨合金进行摩擦磨损性能对比。结果表明:在边界润滑条件下,渗铜量相同,基体材料密度分别为6.40、6.60、6.80 g/cm3的粉末冶金渗铜钢摩擦副的摩擦因数相差不大,4 h的质量磨损量分别为1.70、1.50和3.10 mg;而传统耐磨合金中硬度较低的HMn58 2铜合金磨损量为24.10 mg,磨损较快。     

粉末冶金钢烧结过程控制和分析

烧结过程控制对粉末冶金整个工艺过程起着至关重要的作用,控制不好,将导致烧结后的零件在尺寸和性能上不稳定或达不到产品设计要求,并可能还会出现氧化、脱碳、渗碳、崩裂和积碳等工业中常见的问题。随着对粉末冶金产品的性能和成本控制要求不断提高,金属Cr因其价格低并具有很好的强化效果,成为粉末冶金工业开拓的重点方向。但是金属Cr容易氧化,对烧结气氛要求较高,因此对烧结工艺提出了挑战。随着烧结炉技术的发展和氮基保护气体广泛使用,在网带炉中烧结含Cr成分的零件已经成为现实。利用热电偶、氧分压和CO分析仪等设备组成的分析系统,评估了以氮氢混合气体作为保护气氛的网带烧结炉的实际烧结情况,分析了几种烧结过程中常见的缺陷及其原因,并提出了相应的改善措施,同时也总结了含Cr材料所需的烧结条件及其控制。     

易切削高硫钢的冶炼工艺探讨

探讨了硫在易切削钢中的作用，还原期造渣工艺和硫的加入方法对硫回收率的影响。     

我国钢铁工业冶金石灰技术进步回顾与展望

冶金石灰是钢铁生产中不可缺少的、数量最多的熔剂材料,主要消耗在炼钢和烧结生产中.我国是钢铁生产大国,但并非强国.我国钢铁工业实现由大向强转变,仍有许多方面需努力,特别是从提高钢铁产品质量、稳定钢铁原燃料供应、实现节能减排等诸多因素分析,冶金石灰当属需要改进的因素之一.本文总结了"十一五"期间,钢铁工业冶金石灰的生产与消耗变化,提出未来钢铁工业冶金石灰的技术进步方向.     

Modern trends in the development of ladle metallurgy and the problem of nonmetallic inclusions in steel

The main trends in the development of the ladle treatment of steel have been analyzed. The most complex problem is shown to be the formation of nonmetallic inclusions having a certain type and a low concentration. The main parameters of the ladle treatment of steel that control the type and amount of nonmentallic inclusions in ready products are analyzed using the data of industrial heats, laboratory experiments, and physicochemical simulation and computation. The principles of control of steel purity in nonmetallic inclusions are formulated, and the main trends in the development of the concepts of nonmetallic inclusions are determined.     

Effect of steel metallurgy on its magneto-mechanical behaviour in weak magnetic fields

The magneto-mechanical behaviour of five steels, mild steel, HSLA 80, HY 80, HY 100 and a quenched alloy steel, has been investigated. Magnetic fields of the order of the Earth's field and compressive stresses up to 200 MPa were applied to the steels. The increase in magnetization due to stress cycling in a constant applied field and to field cycling at constant stress was measured. The results show that the differential permeability of the steel largely determines the magnetization increase and that steels with similar microstructures have similar magneto-mechanical response. The strength or hardness of the steel is a less reliable indicator of magneto-mechanical response.     

氧化物冶金技术在大线能量焊接用钢的应用

随着大线能量焊接技术的发展,对相应的钢板也提出了抗大线能量焊接的要求。通过合理调整成分和采用氧化物冶金技术开发大线能量焊接用钢已经被广泛使用。总结了在大线能量焊接用钢开发中合金元素的作用、脱氧剂的选择及各钢铁厂对氧化物冶金技术在生产中的应用,为大线能量焊接用钢的开发提供借鉴。     

TMCP工艺下Ti-Mg氧化物冶金钢轧态组织性能

摘要：为研究轧制过程中氧化物粒子对母材组织性能的影响,提出了一种只在再结晶区进行轧制的新工艺路线,利用常规冶炼及氧化物冶炼的实验钢分析其轧态显微组织、力学性能及相变过程。结果表明：在新轧制工艺下,氧化物冶金钢母材显微组织由常规的贝氏体板条束变为针状铁素体,其基体具有良好的力学性能,-80℃冲击韧性达149J;热轧工艺下的组织转变分两阶段进行,初期是针状铁素体的形核和晶粒细化,之后贝氏体相变被限制在针状铁素体板条间构成的区域内。