煤和陆源有机质生油岩有机岩石学特点及评价

煤和陆源有机质生油岩与海相、湖相腐泥型生油岩组成了地质体中的三大类型生油岩。其特点是：生油岩中有机质以高等植物占绝对优势，以Ⅲ型干酪根为主；有机质由生油富氢组分（包括壳质组分、腐泥组分和超微类脂体）和不生油贫氢组分组成。前者的数量决定着这种生油岩的生油潜力。由于煤和陆源有机质烃源岩在组成和结构上的复杂性，必须采取以荧光显微镜为主，并结合反光、透射电子显微镜分析技术，进行分层次（深入到显微组分、亚显微组分、微显微组分）的研究，才能准确评价此类生油岩。新疆侏罗系煤系烃源岩富氢组分中以镜质组（其中含有一定数量的超微类脂体）占绝对优势，暗色泥岩中相对富含类脂体组分，其生油潜力不容忽视。     

准噶尔盆地东部上二叠统生油岩地化特征及油源对比

准噶尔盆地南缘东部博格达山前凹陷三条地质剖面的上二叠统具多源输入、低等水生生物为主的高生油丰度,有机质为腐泥或腐泥腐殖的混合型。成熟度自乌鲁木齐向东至吉木萨尔逐渐增高,属低成熟—成熟阶段,而三工河剖面二叠系生油岩高成熟度可能与火山岩活动局部受热有关。 三台、北三台原油储于仓房沟群(T_1ch—P_2ch)和侏罗系中,经生物标记化合物指纹对比,与大龙口剖面芦草沟组生油岩有亲缘关系。     

柴达木盆地北缘侏罗系烃源岩有机岩石学特征

柴达木盆地北缘侏罗系烃源岩中分布着各种不同形态、不同类型、不同成因和不同光学特征的有机显微组分,它们具有不同的化学成分和结构、母质类型及生烃潜力.烃源岩中的有机显微组分主要由镜质组、惰质组、壳质组、腐泥组及次生组分和矿物-沥青基质所构成,主要生油组分是壳质组和腐泥组,而大量的镜质组(富氢镜质体除外)和惰质组相对来说一般主要是生气.暗色泥岩以矿物为主,煤则以有机组分为主,页岩、油页岩及碳质泥岩介于二者之间.烃源岩中以页岩、油页岩富氢组分最发育,并以腐泥组组分占绝对优势,主要生油组分为沥青质体和矿物-沥青基质,其次是层状藻类体.暗色泥岩中富氢组分含量相对较少,其中腐泥组与壳质组含量相近,主要生油组分为层状藻类体、孢子体、角质体,其次为矿物-沥青基质及壳屑体.煤的主要生油组分为角质体和孢子体,但含量低,其次为树脂体及壳屑体.碳质泥岩的主要生油组分为孢子体、角质体和层状藻类体.      

张强凹陷七家子洼陷沙海组烃源岩地球化学特征

七家子洼陷是张强凹陷南部地区的生油洼陷,其主要生油层位是沙海组,分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ油组,七家子洼陷沙海组烃源岩主要是暗色泥岩,厚度大、质地纯、分布面积广。有机质类型主要为腐殖–腐泥型、腐泥–腐殖型。通过对烃源岩样品的有机碳、氯仿沥青"A"、总烃、生烃潜量及烃转化率等丰度指标进行分析,表明该区烃源岩有机质丰度高,是品质较好的生油岩,为南部地区的各类圈闭提供了充足的油源。     

蒙古尼尔金盆地石油地质特征及勘探前景

位于蒙古国中部的尼尔金盆地是一个中生代裂谷盆地，目前仍处于勘探早期。盆地内下白垩统湖相泥岩和纸状页岩具有很强的生油能力，下白垩统的煤系地层及上二叠统-下侏罗统中富含有机质的泥岩和煤层是可能的气源岩；盆地内广泛分布着3套储集层；上侏罗统、下白垩统、上白垩统的泥岩是潜在的盖层；存在多种生储盖组合及远景圈闭类型。通过对石油地质条件的分析，认为尼尔金盆地很可能形成多套含油气层系和多种油气藏类型，推测在盆地中部和南部会有大的油气藏存在。     

西宁盆地下侏罗统烃源岩有机地球化学特征

在西宁盆地下侏罗统发现了一套湖沼相烃源岩。为了研究该套烃源岩的生烃潜力和赋存页岩油气的可能性,在大茶石浪下侏罗统剖面系统地采集了有机地球化学样品,完成了湖相暗色泥岩和高位沼泽炭质泥岩有机质丰度、类型和成熟度的测试和研究。结果表明,西宁盆地下侏罗统暗色泥岩有机质丰度较高,属于中等偏好的烃源岩,炭质泥岩有机质丰度属于中等偏差的烃源岩;湖相暗色泥岩和高位沼泽相炭质泥岩有机质类型均以Ⅲ1型为主,生油能力较差,生气能力较好;其镜质组反射率分布在0.7%~0.94%之间,已进入大量生烃的成熟阶段。其地球化学特征和世界上许多页岩油气田的烃源岩有相似之处,据此推测,西宁盆地下侏罗统具有形成常规油气和页岩油气的潜力。     

准噶尔盆地南缘上二叠统烃源岩评价

依据所测野外露头样品的TOC、S1＋S2、干酪根的镜检、碳同位素特征及热解参数、Ro、孢粉颜色、Tmax、生物标志化合物特征,对准噶尔盆地南缘上二叠统烃源岩进行了评价。盆地南缘上二叠统芦草沟组与红雁池组泥岩有机质丰度高,残余有机碳丰度含量平均值分别为3.85%、4.90%。富含腐泥组,有机质类型为Ⅱ1型,其热演化处于成熟阶段,为好烃源岩,表明该区具有良好的油气勘探前景。     

煤和陆源有机质生油岩有机岩石学特点及评价

煤和陆源有机质生油岩是我国第三类主要的生油岩，其中的有机质以高等植物来源为主。由于其明显不同于海相和湖相腐泥型生油岩，在常规性油岩有机地球化学评价中易低估其生油潜力。根据对我国煤和陆源有机质生油岩的对比分析，本文从有机岩石学角度认识和分析了这类生油岩的 特点，生油组分组成和演化，并提出煤和陆源有机质生油岩有机岩石学评价方法。     

准噶尔盆地烃源生烃模型

利用高压釜加水模拟的实验方法建立了准尔盆地各主要烃层系的生烃模式，并利用动力学参数建立了盆地主要生烃凹陷的干酪根生烃模型。准噶尔盆地烃源岩当Ｒ０为１．０－１．２％时为生油高峰期，当Ｒ０大于１．０％时开始大量生气；二叠第烃源岩生油、生气能力较强，其他层系烃原岩生油能力弱，但生产能力较强；玛湖凹陷内的上二叠统风域组烃源岩当埋深到３７００ｍ左右时成熟窗口，吉木萨尔凹陷内的上二叠统芦草沟组烃源岩当到３２５     

临清坳陷东部太原组煤系烃源岩沉积有机相分析

临清坳陷东部太原组煤系是1套良好的生油源岩,其生油潜力主要取决于沉积有机相.根据沉积学和有机地球化学特征,对其有机相类型和纵向分布规律进行了研究:太原组中部湖成沼泽腐泥一腐植煤相和滨浅湖一沼泽腐植泥相为煤成烃的主要源区;太原组顶、底部均以滨海沼泽腐植煤相沉积为主,生烃潜力较小;半深湖一浅湖腐泥相纵向上分布较少,生烃贡献小.烃源岩综合分析为解决石炭一二叠系煤系源岩生油研究提供了重要资料.     

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萍乐坳陷西部中古生界海相区块勘探与研究程度较低。通过系统的野外露头和煤矿采样、室内化验分析以及初步的地球化学研究，认为：下二叠统栖霞组、小江边组、茅口组碳酸盐岩夹碳质泥岩、泥页岩及上二叠统煤系地层为萍乐坳陷西部主要烃源岩层，下二叠统海相烃源岩丰度可以与四川、黔南、桂中、塔里木等已知含油气区（或古油藏）的海相烃源岩相比美，岩性和演化程度是影响烃源岩丰度的主要因素。萍乐坳陷西部地区烃源岩演化程度总体偏高，达到高成熟—过成熟演化阶段，造成该区烃源岩高演化程度的主要地质作用有深成变质作用、岩浆热烘烤作用及构造应力变质作用等。萍乐坳陷西部二叠系生储盖组合较为有利，虽然其烃源岩演化程度总体偏高，但仍分布有镜质体反射率仅为0.81%~1.51%演化程度适中的烃源岩，而且国内外也已经在烃源岩高演化地区发现了大量的大型天然气藏，因此总体评价研究区是一个有潜力的天然气勘探远景区，今后应进一步加强研究和勘探。     

川西北地区海相烃源岩地球化学特征、分布规律及天然气勘探潜力

川西北地区为近年来四川盆地天然气勘探的热点地区,但时至今日对该区海相烃源岩的地球化学特征和分布仍缺乏全面的研究.选取8条露头剖面对川西北地区下震旦统陡山沱组、上震旦统灯三段、下寒武统筇竹寺组、下志留统龙马溪组、中泥盆统、中二叠统茅口组、上二叠统龙潭组/吴家坪组和大隆组8套海相烃源岩进行了系统的有机地球化学分析,探讨了该...     

Composition and distribution of NSO compounds in two different shales at the early maturity stage characterized by negative ion electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) can only analyze volatile molecular compounds, and it has limitations when applied to determine the complex components of crude oils and hydrocarbon source rocks. Based on Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) and GC/MS analyses, the molecular compositions of NSO compounds in extracts from the Permian Dalong Formation, Sichuan Basin and the Permian Lucaogou Formation, Junggar Basin in China were compared. Analyses of types of heteroatoms present (S₁, S₂, S₃, OS, OS₂, O₂S, NS, and NOS compounds) suggest that marine shales from the Dalong Formation are mainly composed of carboxylic acids (O₂ compounds) with a high abundance of fatty acids, indicating a marine phytoplankton organic source. However, lacustrine shales from the Lucaogou Formation are dominated by pyrrolic compounds (N₁ compounds) with abundant dibenzocarbazole. It suggests that the organic source materials may be derived from lower aquatic organisms and lacustrine algae. Overall, FT-ICR-MS has potential for applications in analyses and determination of depositional environments and organic sources in petroleum geology.     

Petroleum Source Rock Assessments of the Upper Permian Strata in the Central Taurus Region of Turkey

This study presents the hydrocarbon source rock potential and organic maturity of the Upper Permian Tozara Formation in the Gazipa?a-Sugözü area in the central Taurus region. The Tozara Formation deposited oxic to dysoxic shelf conditions consists of algal limestone and organic matter-rich shales. In order to assess the hydrocarbon source rock potential of the Upper Permian lithologies, two different stratigraphic sections described and sampled for organic geochemical analyses and determination of mineralogical composition.     

川东北地区烃源岩与沥青生物标志物特征及古油藏油源辨识

川东北地区是我国重要的天然气产区,古油藏原油裂解成气是该区天然气的主要来源。针对该区古油藏油源研究存在的争议,对古生界—中生界主要烃源岩层系和长兴组—嘉陵江组储层沥青的生物标志物特征进行了分析和对比。结果表明：烃源岩有机质母源下古生界以水生生物为主;上古生界具有水生生物与高等植物混源的特征,以水生生物为主;中生界以高等植物为主,兼有水生生物。烃源岩沉积水体古生界主要为咸水,中生界主要为淡水。烃源岩沉积环境古生界以弱还原—还原环境为主,中生界以弱氧化—弱还原环境为主。生物标志物特征表明,上二叠统龙潭组烃源岩为长兴组—嘉陵江组古油藏主力烃源岩,下二叠统梁山组烃源岩也有一定的贡献。     

SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF THE BLUE NILE (ABAY) BASIN, ETHIOPIA

The Blue Nile Basin, a Late Palaeozoic ‐ Mesozoic NW‐SE trending rift basin in central Ethiopia, is filled by up to 3000 m of marine deposits (carbonates, evaporites, black shales and mudstones) and continental siliciclastics. Within this fill, perhaps the most significant source rock potential is associated with the Oxfordian‐Kimmeridgian Upper Hamanlei (Antalo) Limestone Formation which has a TOC of up to 7%. Pyrolysis data indicate that black shales and mudstones in this formation have HI and S₂ values up to 613 mgHC/gCorg and 37.4 gHC/kg, respectively. In the Dejen‐Gohatsion area in the centre of the basin, these black shales and mudstones are immature for the generation of oil due to insufficient burial. However, in the Were Ilu area in the NE of the basin, the formation is locally buried to depths of more than 1,500 m beneath Cretaceous sedimentary rocks and Tertiary volcanics. Production index, T_max, hydrogen index and vitrinite reflectance measurements for shale and mudstone samples from this areas indicate that they are mature for oil generation. Burial history reconstruction and Lopatin modelling indicate that hydrocarbons have been generated in this area from 10Ma to the present day. The presence of an oil seepage at Were Ilu points to the presence of an active petroleum system. Seepage oil samples were analysed using gas chromatography and results indicate that source rock OM was dominated by marine material with some land‐derived organic matter. The Pr/Ph ratio of the seepage oil is less than 1, suggesting a marine depositional environment. n‐alkanes are absent but steranes and triterpanes are present; pentacyclic triterpanes are more abundant than steranes. The black shales and mudstones of the Upper Hamanlei Limestone Formation are inferred to be the source of the seepage oil. Of other formations whose source rock potential was investigated, a sample of the Permian Karroo Group shale was found to be overmature for oil generation; whereas algal‐laminated gypsum samples from the Middle Hamanlei Limestone Formation were organic lean and had little source potential     

MATURITY AND SOURCE-ROCK POTENTIAL OF MESOZOIC AND PALAEOZOIC SEDIMENTS, JIFARAH BASIN, NW LIBYA

The Jifarah Basin, NW Libya, has a sedimentary fill which includes marine shales of Triassic, Permian, Silurian and Ordovician ages together with Jurassic evaporites and Cambro-Ordovician aeolian sandstones. Major risk in exploration of the basin is associated with the presence of source rocks. The present study investigates potential source rocks in the basin and assesses their thermal maturity, petroleum generation potential, organic richness and distribution. Cuttings and core samples from nine wells were analyzed using a Rock-Eval 6 instrument and by standard petrographic microscopy. Kerogen type and amount were recorded.
Triassic and Ordovician formations were only drilled in parts of the basin and have minor petroleum generation potential. Permian and Devonian samples also had low generation potential, as did samples from the upper part of the Silurian. The Devonian succession is of limited extent as a result of Hercynian uplift and erosion.
Major petroleum generation potential is associated with the lower part of the Silurian Tanezzuft Formation in which high TOC values and moderate to high HI values were recorded. The formation is characterized by abundant fluorescing alginite. Most samples studied were early mature to mid-mature but there was some regional variability.     

湘中坳陷涟源凹陷烃源岩油气地球化学特征

湘中坳陷涟源凹陷烃源岩类型复杂,包括碳酸盐岩、泥岩和煤层。根据涟源凹陷大量露头样品的残余有机碳含量、氯仿沥青“A”、镜质体反射率和包裹体等地球化学实验数据,分析了泥盆系-二叠系烃源岩的有机质丰度、类型及热演化程度。结果表明涟源凹陷的烃源岩总体演化程度均已达到过成熟阶段,油气资源以干气为主。针对烃源岩样品的热演化程度高、丰度低的特征,在了解烃源岩地球化学特征及其与构造运动匹配关系的基础上,探讨了涟源凹陷二次生烃的可能性,最终认为涟源凹陷泥盆系-二叠系烃源岩具有中等级别的生烃能力,并在二叠系的龙潭组煤层有二次生烃的可能。     

青海南部乌丽—开心岭冻土区天然气水合物气源条件研究

以近两年天然气水合物资源勘查与试采工程国家专项在青海南部乌丽—开心岭冻土区开展的气源岩调查资料为基础,重点对上二叠统乌丽群那益雄组和上三叠统结扎群巴贡组烃源岩的有机地球化学指标进行分析。结果显示研究区上二叠统乌丽群那益雄组和上三叠统结扎群巴贡组烃源岩有机质含量中等,有机质类型主要为III型,且成熟度较高,大多数样品有机质达到高成熟或过成熟,处于生湿气和干气阶段,能够产生大量烃类气体来满足该区天然气水合物形成时所需的气源条件;上二叠统那益雄组泥岩和上三叠统巴贡组灰岩可成为该区天然气水合物的主要气源岩。     

应用红外光谱法划分生油岩有机质类型

生油岩有机质类型或性质对其生油潜力有重大的影响。笔者选用了松辽盆地白垩系青山口组一段和鄂尔多斯盆地北部上古生界中石炭系羊虎沟组、上石炭系太原组及下二叠系山西组等生油岩共计60个样品,应用红外光谱法探讨有机质类型,并提出烷芳基团结构比(∑Rcm1/∑Arcm1)作为有机质类型的判别指标。