单级跨临界二氧化碳带膨胀机循环与四种双级循环的热力学分析

本文对制冷工况下,单级跨临界二氧化碳(CO_2)带膨胀机循环、跨临界CO_2双级压缩无回热器循环、跨临界CO_2双级压缩加回热器循环、跨临界CO_2双级压缩一级节流无回热器循环和跨临界CO_2双级压缩一级节流加回热器循环五种循环的性能进行了分析比较。结果表明:当膨胀机的效率为60%时,在所规定的蒸发温度范围内(-10~20℃),单级跨临界CO_2带膨胀机循环的性能要高于其它四种双级压缩循环。当蒸发温度为5℃时,只要膨胀机的效率大于32%,单级压缩膨胀机循环的性能就高于其它四种双级压缩循环。对于四种双级压缩循环,前两种循环适用于中高温制冷,且回热循环性能较好;后两种带中间冷却器的循环适宜于中低温制冷,增加回热器后性能反而下降。     

采用不同膨胀机构的跨临界CO2循环性能分析

运用热力学第一定律和第二定律对跨临界CO2基本循环、膨胀机循环、喷射器循环和涡流管循环进行了分析,计算了各循环各个部件的损失,比较了各循环性能系数和总损失。计算结果表明,采用膨胀机、喷射器和涡流管等膨胀设备代替基本循环中的节流阀后,由于这些改进膨胀设备的损失小于基本循环节流阀的损失,同时改进循环中压缩机的损失小于基本循环的压缩机损失,从而减小了循环总损失,提高了循环的COP。膨胀机循环的COP远大于其它跨临界CO2循环,其次为喷射器循环和涡流管循环。     

CO2食品冷冻冷藏制冷系统的性能分析

对用于食品冷冻冷藏的几种不同形式的CO2跨临界双级压缩制冷循环进行热力计算,通过性能分析对比得出,采用两级节流中间完全冷却的CO2跨临界制冷循环,系统的能耗小、运行性能好、初投资少。     

制冷空调中CO2跨临界循环方式的分析

为尽快实现制冷空调中CO2对传统工质的替代,克服CO2跨临界循环系统效率较低的缺点,在基本制冷循环的基础上,可以通过应用内部热交换器、闪蒸器、混合器、分离器、膨胀机等部件,采用各种系统循环方式以提高CO2跨临界循环的系统效率并满足不同需要,从而使之达到与传统工质相竞争的比较优势.本文对三种单级循环、五种双级循环和四种联合循环的流程及各种循环提高系统效率的原理进行了综述和分析.     

CO2跨临界膨胀机的开发与实验研究

作为自然工质,CO2制冷系统越来越受到关注,然而目前CO2跨临界循环研究面临的最大问题是如何提高系统效率,使之能与普通工质循环竞争。为降低CO2跨临界循环的节流损失,开发膨胀机代替节流阀是研究的重要方向。文中给出开发CO2滚动活塞膨胀机的依据,以及在设计过程中需解决的吸气控制系统、泄漏和摩擦等问题采取的措施,同时建立CO2跨临界循环系统带膨胀机系统的实验装置,并对CO2滚动活塞膨胀机进行实验研究,发现膨胀机的输出功与负载有关,同时得出膨胀机的最高效率可达到32％以上,进一步的改进工作仍在进行。     

跨临界CO2制冷系统采用透平膨胀机的可行性分析

对CO2制冷系统中应用膨胀机的研究现状进行了回顾,在此基础上对跨临界CO2制冷循环中采用透平膨胀机的可行性进行了分析.研究表明透平膨胀机完全适用于家用及商用的跨临界CO2制冷/热泵系统,并通过计算实例给出了采用不同方案和效率的透平膨胀机替代节流阀对CO2制冷系统性能的提升效果.     

CO2滚动活塞膨胀机的设计与性能测试

通过对CO2跨临界循环的运行工况分析,确定滚动活塞式膨胀机的设计参数.指出控制泄漏损失和摩擦损失是提高膨胀机效率的关键.采用将发电机与膨胀机同轴联接,测量发电机电功率的办法来测量膨胀机的回收功率.经过CO2跨临界循环水-水热泵膨胀机回收功率测试实验台的运行实验,测定了CO2滚动活塞式膨胀机的性能,并进行了分析,提出了下一步改进的设想.     

二氧化碳跨临界循环系统用新型膨胀机的研发

由于传统的人工合成制冷剂对环境的不良影响,环保的自然工质CO2重新兴起。提高CO2跨临界循环系统的效率成为CO2制冷技术发展的一个研究重点。采用膨胀机可以提高CO2跨临界循环系统的效率,使其接近普通制冷系统的效率。在原有单缸滚动活塞膨胀机的基础上,设计并加工了新型双缸膨胀机样机,对其设计过程、运动原理等进行了介绍,并利用CO2跨临界水-水热泵系统对样机进行了性能测试,测试结果显示,在试验工况下,膨胀机的转速为780～1100r/min,其等熵效率的为28%～33%。     

CO2跨临界制冷循环膨胀机的开发

开发CO2膨胀机代替节流阀是提高CO2跨临界循环系统性能系数的一个有效途径.根据目前空调制冷CO2膨胀机的研制状况,描述了CO2膨胀机研制过程中的难点,指出研究CO2膨胀机的关键在于解决摩擦和泄漏问题.对自行设计开发的两代膨胀机样机进行了实验研究,发现第二代膨胀机的运行效果明显好于第一代膨胀机.     

两级节流中间完全冷却CO2跨临界双级压缩制冷循环特性研究

CO2是零ODP、低GWP的天然制冷剂,在冷库制冷系统中应用前景广阔。本文针对用于低温冷库的两级节流中间完全冷却CO2跨临界双级压缩制冷循环（DTCC循环）建立数学模型,通过计算不同工况,分析蒸发温度、压缩机等熵效率、气冷器出口温度、排气压力以及回热循环方式对DTCC循环制冷系数的影响规律;给出DTCC循环的最优排气压力和最佳中间压力的计算式。研究表明：在蒸发温度-30~10 ℃、气冷器出口温度30~45 ℃范围内,DTCC循环的最优排气压力约比相同工况下的单级跨临界制冷循环的最优排气压力低0.3 MPa;低压级排气采用预冷气冷器、在高压级气冷器出口设置回热器均可有效改善DTCC循环的制冷系数。     

Theoretical analysis and optimization of a hybrid CO2 transcritical mechanical compression – ejector cooling cycle

The paper provides the results of a design-theoretical study of a hybrid carbon dioxide (CO₂) transcritical mechanical compression – ejector cooling cycle. The hybrid cooling cycle is a combination of a CO₂ transcritical mechanical compression refrigeration machine (MCRM) powered by electricity, and an ejector cooling machine (ECM) driven by heat rejected from the CO₂ cooling cycle. Refrigerants R245ca, R601b (neopentane) and R717 (ammonia) are investigated as the working fluids of ECM in the present study. A method to determine the optimal design parameters and performance of the hybrid cooling cycle is presented. It is shown, that efficiency growth of the transcritical CO₂ cooling cycle due to ejector cooling cycle use is higher as evaporating temperatures are lower.     

Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of a novel two-stage transcritical N2O cycle

Thermodynamic (energy and exergy) analyses and optimization studies of two-stage transcritical N₂O and CO₂ cycles, incorporating compressor intercooling, are presented based on cycle simulation employing simultaneous optimization of intercooler pressure and gas cooler pressure. Further, performance comparisons with the basic single-stage cycles are also presented. The N₂O cycle exhibits higher cooling COP, lower optimum gas cooler pressure and discharge temperature and higher second law efficiency as compared to an equivalent CO₂ cycle. However, two-stage compression with intercooling yields lesser COP improvement for N₂O compared to CO₂. Based on the cycle simulations, correlations of optimum gas cooler pressure and inter-stage pressure in terms of gas cooler exit temperature and evaporator temperature are obtained. This is expected to be of help as a guideline in optimal design and operation of such systems.     

Thermodynamic analysis of different two-stage transcritical carbon dioxide cycles

The aim of this paper is the thermodynamic evaluation and optimisation of different two-stage transcritical carbon dioxide cycles. Five different cycles are studied: basic single-stage cycle, single-throttling with two-stage compression cycle, split cycle, phase separation cycle and single-stage cycle coupled with a gas cooling circuit. Each basic cycle is analysed for the effect of internal heat transfer between different streams of refrigerants. In the case of two-stage compression, intermediate cooling between the compressor stages is present. An analysis on the Plank cycle for intermediate pressure higher than critical one is performed. Each cycle is optimised with regards to energy performance, calculating the optimal values of both the upper and the intermediate pressures. In the case of split cycle, the ratio of the mass flow rate in the main stream to the one in the auxiliary stream is also optimised.     

Thermodynamic optimization of reverse Brayton cycles of different configurations for cryogenic applications

The thermodynamic optimization of differing Reverse Brayton Refrigeration (RBR) cycle configurations is presented in this study. These cycle configurations include: Conventional 1-stage compression cycle; Conventional 2-stage compression cycle; 1-stage compression Modified cycle with intermediate cooling of the recuperator using an auxiliary cooler; and an Integrated 2-stage expansion RBR cycle. For high pressure ratio applications, multi-stage compressors with intercooling are considered. Analytical solutions for the conventional cycles are developed including thermal and fluid flow irreversibilities of the recuperators and all heat exchangers in addition to the compression and expansion processes. Exergy analysis is performed and the exergy destruction of different components of the RBR cycles for different configurations is presented and the effects of important system parameters on performance are investigated. Thermodynamic optimization of the cycles with intermediate cooling of the recuperator is included. Effects of the 2nd law/exergy efficiency of the auxiliary cooler on the total system efficiencies are presented.     

二氧化碳跨临界系统参数间相互关系的热力学第二定律的分析与研究

本文利用热力学第二定律（Yong） 的(exergy)分析法，对二氧化碳跨临界制冷循环系统进行了仿真和分析，分析显示：炯效率随着放热压力的变化而变化，其最大值出现在最优放热压力处，同时，本文还就气体冷却器口温度、蒸发温度及蒸汽过热度对系统Yong效率的影响进行了仿真和分析。     

Development of capacity modulation compressor based on a two stage rotary compressor – part I: Modeling and simulation of compressor performance

Two-stage rotary compressors are gaining popularity because of their ability to reduce operating and energy costs over the entire compressor life cycle. In this work, a capacity modulation compressor based on a two-stage rotary compressor (CMCTR) is developed to improve the performance of the rotary compressor system. The working principle of the CMCTR is presented and the cycle efficiency of the compressor through two-stage compression is numerically investigated. The CMCTR model considers mass and energy balance for a control volume, the internal leakage condition for all leakage paths, the discharge valve motion, and the force and moment balance. For simulation results, the motor efficiency is estimated with respect to shaft power and the pressure during an entire cycle is obtained with respect to the compression volume for saving mode and power mode. The optimum efficiency of the CMCTR is obtained for the modulation for these modes.     

两级压缩制冷循环热力分析

在相同制冷工况条件下,对四种两级压缩制冷循环的制冷系数进行了理论推导和分析,对不同的中间冷却型式和节流型式进行了系统的分析和比较,为实际应用中的选择提供了理论依据,同时获得了两级压缩制冷循环的特点,在选用中间冷却方式时要首先考虑制冷剂的因素,在制冷剂允许的条件下,尽量采用中间完全冷却,因为在相同条件下,这种方案的制冷系数较大;在选择一次节流或两次节流时,不必考虑制冷剂和制冷系数的因素,而应综合考虑系统其他因素.在实际问题中,具体问题具体分析,综合考虑各方面的因素,确定最优化方案.     

CO2跨临界循环及其在汽车空调系统方面的研究状况

介绍了CO2制冷剂的物理特性,分析了CO2跨临界制冷循环的特点,综述了目前国内外CO2跨临界循环在汽车空调方面的研究状况,并指出了一些亟待解决的问题.     

A study of transcritical carbon dioxide flow through adiabatic capillary tubes

This paper advances a study of the transcritical expansion of carbon dioxide (R-744, CO₂) through adiabatic capillary tubes. The influence of both operating conditions (inlet and exit pressures, inlet temperature) and tube geometry (capillary diameter and tube length) on the CO₂ mass flow rate was experimentally evaluated using a purpose-built testing facility with a strict control of the measured variables. A dimensionless correlation to predict the refrigerant mass flow rate as a function of tube geometry and operating conditions was developed. In addition, a theoretical model was put forward based on the mass, energy and momentum conservation principles. The model results were compared with experimental data, when it was found that the model predicts 95% of the measured refrigerant mass flow rate within an error band of ±10%. The model was also employed to advance the knowledge about the transcritical carbon dioxide flow through adiabatic capillary tubes.