High resolution electron microscopy study of GeAsSe

Layer type GeAsSe crystals have been investigated by High Resolution Electron Microscopy (HREM). Structure images observed along the [001] direction allow a straightforward interpretation. The image contrast was calculated using the multi-slice approximation.     

Electrical conductivity of Cr2O3-doped Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2

The electrical conductivity of Cr₂O₃-doped Y₂O₃-stabilized ZrO₂ (YSZ) has been studied as functions of composition, temperature and oxygen pressure. The specimens have been prepared by hot preoning of co precipitated oxides to yield >99.7% density. The Cr₂O₃ added above the solubility limit ( 0.7 mol %) precipitated as a secondary phase at the grain boundaries. The conductivity of Cr₂O₃-doped YSZ was almost independent of the oxygen pressure in the range 10¹⁸ to 10⁵ Pa, indicating a dominant ionic condition. The electronic conductivity of dopant CR₂O₃ would be hindered by the higher ionic conductivity in thep _O2 ranges studied. The conductivity and the activation energy for conduction decreased slightly with the addition of Cr₂O₃. These phenomena seemed to be caused by vacancy trapping or polarization at the grain boundaries with the Cr₂O₃ precipitates. The samples with 1 mol % Cr₂O₃ addred to zirconia containing various Y₂O₃ contents showed similar conduction behaviour to those without Cr₂O₃ addition; that is, the conductivity maxima are observed at around 8 mol % Y₂O₃ addition to zirconia, and the activation energies increased with tha Y₂O₃ addition.     

Analytical transmission electron microscopy of La2O3-doped Y2O3

Analytical electron microscopy has been used to study the precipitation reactions in sintered samples of 9 mol% La₂O₃-Y₂O₃ samples upquenched from the single phase cubic region into the cubic and hexagonal phase field. Samples annealed just inside the two-phase cubic-cubic and hexagonal solvus exhibited predominantly grain boundary precipitation. Small La₂O₃ rich second phases formed within the first ten minutes and developed into strained, facetted precipitates after 300 min. Intergranular and intragranular precipitation occurred in samples annealed further into the two-phase field. Strained, lathlike La₂O₃-rich monoclinic precipitates, exhibiting a preferrred orientation in the matrix, appeared as the dominant morphology for long times at temperature. Chemical microanalyses of the strained structures obtained in samples annealed for 300 min revealed La₂O₃ matrix concentrations in agreement with phase diagram predictions. However, the La₂O₃ concentrations in the second-phase precipitates were found to be far in excess of the cubic and hexagonal-hexagonal solvus. This discrepancy is believed to arise from a re-equilibration of the second phase in the cubic and monoclinic phase field during quenching.     

Anodic polarization and corrosion of WC-Co hardmetals containing small amounts of Cr3C2 and/or VC

The anodic polarization and corrosion properties of commercial WC-Co hardmetals with different grain sizes and containing small amounts of Cr₃C₂ and/or VC in acid (pH 2.8), acid/3% NaCl, and neutral 3% NaCl solutions, have been measured using potentiokinetic and linear polarization conductance techniques. An increase in grain size increased the passive current density. Small additions of Cr₃C₂ increased substantially the corrosion resistance. Small additions of VC had little effect on the corrosion resistance, but in the presence of small additions of Cr₃C₂ it reduced the beneficial effects of chromium.     

High resolution electron microscopy of alloys

High resolution electron microscopy (HREM) has emerged as a very powerful tool for probing the structure of metals and alloys. It has not only helped in unravelling the structure of materials which have been at the forefront of novel materials development such as quasicrystalline phases and high temperature superconducting compounds, but also is fast becoming a technique for solving some outstanding issues in the case of the commercial alloys thereby helping alloy development. In addition to the determination of the structures of phases, this tool is used for obtaining a first hand information of the arrangement of atoms around the various types of crystallographic defects and interphase interfaces. This mode of microscopy allows direct observation of orientation relationships between two phases across interfaces. HREM can be used for the direct examination of the prenucleation process. Initial stages of nucleation can also be studied readily in amorphous alloys, precipitation hardening alloys like maraging steels and in those systems where the formation of the omega phase occurs. This presentation describes some results of HREM studies on various alloys, commercial as well as alloys of scientific interest, where some of the aforementioned aspects have been examined. The specific examples cited pertain to metallic glasses, NiTi shape memory alloys, Ni-Mo, Zr-Nb and Ti-Al alloys.     

High resolution electron microscopy of superconductors

Until recently, in the field of superconductivity, electron microscopy has played only a minor role in studies of structure and properties of existing superconductors (except Nb and its alloys) and in the development of new and improved superconductors. This situation has changed in recent years. Electron microscopy is now being extensively used to study the growth, microstructure, and kinetics of many superconductors, especially of A15 type. Electron microscopy has also contributed to the understanding of the nature of radiation damage in these materials. These contributions will be reviewed with selected examples.     

高速电弧喷涂Fe-Al/Cr3C2涂层高温性能研究

使用高速电弧喷涂技术结合Fe-Al/Cr3C2粉芯丝材制备了铁铝金属间化合物涂层,对涂层的高温磨损性能、高温冲蚀性能和高温腐蚀性能进行了研究.结果表明,与基体比较,涂层的耐高温冲蚀性能良好,温度升高,涂层冲蚀性能提高,角度增大,冲蚀性能提高;由于Cr2O3的存在以及涂层结合能的提高,Fe-Al/Cr3C2涂层的高温抗腐蚀性能较高;由于C元素的富积,涂层具有优异的常温耐磨损性能,其高温耐磨损性能也较高.     

High resolution electron microscopy in association with interactive computing

Although facilities for high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) are available, interpretation of micrographs at high magnifications is far from unambiguous. The interpretation of the micrographs using a computed structure analysis program is therefore necessary. The paper presents the theory behind HREM, together with a computer method for image interpretation. Special reference is made to the JEOL JEM 200CX transmission electron microscope used in the study of sodium beta-alumina.     

High resolution electron microscopy of Nb3Sn and its defects

Powdered samples of polycrystalline Nb₃Sn superconductor filaments with cubic A 15-structure have been investigated by high resolution electron microscopy (HREM). Structure images representing the projected electric potential of the structure in the (001)- plane are presented. The constrast pattern shows the position of the individual chains of Nb-atoms arranged parallel to the electron beam. This pattern is compared with the contrast calculated on the basis of the dynamical theory of electron diffraction by the multislice method. The observed contrast agrees with the calculated pattern. A structure image made in the [012]-projection containing one dislocation reveals a large region of strain in the crystal lattice surrounding that defect.     

Thermal conduction in Cr3C2/SiC composite

Thermal conduction behaviour of Cr₃C₂/SiC composite is investigated in terms of temperature and SiC content. Experimental results showed that thermal diffusivity of the composite increases with SiC content up to 20 vol%, corresponding to a conductivity maximum, then decreases with further increase of SiC. The reduction in diffusivity and conductivity at higher SiC content may due to formation of small amounts of solid solution at the interface and/or of interfacial gaps due to lack of perfect contact among SiC aggregates leading to increased phonon scattering. The thermal conductivity demonstrates a positive temperature dependence but becomes temperature-independent when SiC content is above 30 vol%. A correlation with composite theory is present.     

超音速火焰喷涂Cr3C2-NiCr层激光重熔后的冲蚀性能

利用激光重熔技术对超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)涂层进行改性处理,可改善涂层质量.采用HVOF技术在低碳钢表面喷涂Cr3C2-NiCr层,然后对其进行激光重熔处理,考察了熔覆后涂层的冲蚀性能.结果表明:HVOF层激光重熔后以不同角度冲蚀,30°冲蚀时冲蚀率最大,表现为塑性材料的冲蚀性能;激光重熔HVOF层在冲蚀初期冲蚀率较大,随着冲蚀次数的增加,冲蚀率降低,冲蚀性能最终优于低碳钢和HVOF层;HVOF层激光重熔后致密性提高.     

High resolution electron microscopy of long range ordered alloys

In this paper a survey is given of the application of high resolution electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction to the study of long range ordered alloys. The characteristic features of the diffraction effects and of the imaging of ordered alloys are discussed. Group theoretical considerations allow prediction of microtexture of such alloys. A number of simple alloy structures are imaged and it is shown, by means of simulated images, that under suitable diffraction conditions the columns of minority atoms are represented as bright dots. The columns of majority atoms are only visible at very small thicknesses. Subsequently a number of one- and two-dimensional long period superstructures derived from these simple structures are analysed, using high resolution micrographs. Finally the observed microtexture of the same alloy superstructures is compared with the predictions of group theory. Strongly non-conservative antiphase boundaries are found to dissociate inapb’s which are as close to conservative as is compatible with thefcc lattice.     

Cr3C2及(W,Ti)C对Al2O3/Cr3 C2/(W,Ti)C复合陶瓷材料Vickers硬度的影响

热压烧结制备了Al2O3/Cr3C2/(W,Ti)C复合陶瓷材料(以下简称ACW复合材料),对其Vickers硬度及组织形貌进行了研究,分析了Cr3C2及(W,Ti)C对Vickers硬度的影响.结果表明,(W,Ti)C和Cr3C2的添加利于阻止晶界迁移,抑制晶粒长大,Cr、W、Ti离子在Al2O3基体晶粒中的固溶起强化作用.每一相的添加量在10%～20%(体积分数,下同)为宜,添加总量在30%左右ACW复合材料硬度最佳.     

The toughening behaviours of Cr3C2 particulate-reinforced Al2O3 composites

Enhancement of the fracture toughness of Al₂O₃ was achieved by the additions of 10–40 vol% Cr₃C₂ particulates through a hot-pressing process. The dependence of Cr₃C₂ particle size (0.5, 1.5 and 7.5 m) on the toughening effect was investigated. The maximum fracture toughness of composites could be improved to 5.9, 7.6 and 8.0 MPa m^1/2 for fine, medium and coarse Cr₃C₂ particle reinforced composites, respectively. Both the quantitative analysis of toughening contributions and experimental observations are extensively discussed in terms of Cr₃C₂ particle size, microcracks, as well as thermal residual stress between Al₂O₃ and Cr₃C₂.