Super-smooth finishing of diamond turned hard X-ray molding dies by combined fluid jet and bonnet polishing

Fabricating super-smooth aspheric optics for future hard X-ray telescopes will require a new process chain. Whilst diamond turning of electroless nickel plating can generate ~100 nm P-V aspheric molding dies, associated turning marks must be removed before replication. An innovative two-step freeform finishing method is presented, that combines fluid jet and precessed bonnet polishing on a common 7-axis CNC platform. The removal rate and surface texture relationship of fluid jet with abrasive type and pressure is documented, and form correction demonstrated down to 27 nm P-V. A novel bonnet tool-pathing method called “continuous precessing” is then applied, which delivers super-smooth anisotropic surface texture of 0.28 nm rms.     

Effect of liquid properties on the stability of an abrasive waterjet

The effect of liquid properties after adding polymeric additives on the stability of an abrasive slurry (or suspension) jet (ASJ) is presented and discussed with a view to enhance the jet stability for ASJ machining. It is shown that jet disintegration is a result of the jet internal disturbances associated with the fluid properties and the external air friction acting upon the jet surface. A jet becomes more stable with the addition of polymeric additives, which is found to be mainly attributed to the increase of fluid viscosity. By contrast, the surrounding air friction with the jet results in the jet to disintegrate, and this external effect increases with an increase in the jet velocity. Based on the findings of the experimental investigation, a parametric model is then developed using a dimensional analysis approach to predict the jet compact length, i.e. the length of the jet stable region. The developed model is finally verified experimentally, which shows that the model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

在役油罐内壁除锈喷嘴外流场数值模拟

针对在役单层油罐改造成双层罐的除锈问题,选用磨料水射流喷嘴为研究对象,使用计算流体力学方法,进行了混合磨料水射流对油罐内壁除锈效果的数值模拟。以射流打击靶面的最大剪切力和冲蚀磨损率作为评价指标,研究结果表明:前混合磨料水射流达到相同的除锈效果相较于后混合磨料水射流所需的射流压力更低,射流入射压力为20 MPa时,除锈效果较理想且具有较好的经济性;剪切力在靶面上存在一个核心作用区,最大剪切力位置不在靶面中心处;冲蚀磨损率随磨料的体积浓度、磨料粒径、磨料密度的增大而增大,而最大壁面剪切力不随其增大而变化。     

磨料粒径及形状对磨料水射流切割钛合金表面微观形貌的影响

采用不同粒径与形状的磨料颗粒,在磨料水射流切割平台上切割钛合金,用超景深显微镜等设备分析,以研究不同的磨料粒径及形状对钛合金表面微观形貌的影响。研究表明:磨料粒径越大,钛合金表面所形成的划痕越长,80目磨料颗粒形成的微划痕长度约为160目磨料的5倍。且球形磨料颗粒所形成的划痕末端堆积较少,其表面线粗糙度低于9.5 μm;具有棱边的磨料颗粒所形成的划痕有唇状或鳞片状金属堆积,其表面线粗糙度在9.5～13.0 μm间;柱体形的磨料颗粒冲击形成的划痕带有尖锐的棱角,其表面粗糙度大于13.0 μm。      

磨料射流喷嘴压力场与速度场的研究

为提高磨料射流抛光加工过程中的可靠性和效率,对在磨料射流加工中起到重要作用的喷嘴进行研究具有重要的意义。该文在分析喷嘴射流机理的基础上,针对典型的喷嘴进行仿真研究,得到了喷嘴内部压力场和速度场的分布情况,同时采用有限元对喷嘴结构参数进行数值模拟分析与比较,得出不同结构参数对于流体性能的影响。最后对该仿真方法的可靠性进行了实验验证,并给出了误差率,证明了在该文中所使用的仿真方法具有可靠性,为进一步研究磨料射流喷嘴提供了实用的价值和有效的方法。     

Influence of kinematic operating parameters on kerf geometry in abrasive waterjet machining of silicon carbide ceramics

Silicon carbide (SiC) is extensively used for manufacturing of highly engineered parts due to its high hardness, low coefficient of friction, wear resistance and high decomposition temperature. However, generating 3D surfaces (e.g. pockets) in such structural ceramics by conventional machining is a difficult task. In this context, abrasive waterjet (AWJ) machining, with its capability to cut any material with low specific cutting forces, seems to be the “ideal” processing technique for such materials; nevertheless machining 3D shapes by AWJ milling is still in its infancy. 3D shapes can be generated by “enveloping” them with successions of jet footprints (kerf geometries) generated by varying the process operating parameters. To enable this, the present work investigates the influence of key kinematic operating parameters (i.e. α-jet impingement angle and v-jet feed rate) on the kerf geometry and its dimensional characteristics. Furthermore, the kerf generation mechanism under multi-pass jet erosion was analysed to get control over erosion depth in multi-pass machining. It was found that by varying α (90°–40°), the symmetric/asymmetric kerf geometry is intimately dependent on the variation of standoff distance (SOD), abrasive particle velocity distributions and their local impact angles accounted across the jet footprint. Variation in v influences the exposure time of material to jet and enhances the erosion capability of abrasives impacting at shallow angle that results in different erosion rates along the kerf profile; this combined effect leads to departure of kerf geometry from simple cosine profile approximation to more elliptical type with the decrease of feed speed. Further, at lower jet feed rates, the depth of erosion increased and the low energy abrasive particles along trailing edge of jet plume get enough time to erode the material that results in variation of slope of kerf walls and hence, overall geometry. Based on these observations, the multi-pass trials showed that the successive passes have to account for both the local impact angles of abrasive particles as well as the actual SOD (SOD+initial kerf depth). In this way, by understanding the influence of key kinematic operating parameters (α and v) on the kerf geometry and its dimensional characteristics, the paper establishes a good basis for developing strategies for controlled 3D AWJ machining of complex shapes.     

The effect of cutting jet variation on striation formation in abrasive water jet cutting

Abrasive water jet machining is an emerging technology which can shape almost all engineering materials, but it also produces a characteristic striated surface finish which limits its potential applications. In this study, the characterisation of different materials' cut surfaces is investigated using a scanning electron microscope. The effect of abrasive particle distribution in the jet on striation formation is detailed. A non-invasive technique, Laser Doppler Anemometry, is used to analyse the abrasive particle distribution in the jet. Furthermore, the mechanisms of striation formation are discussed in detail and an effective striation minimisation technique applied to the cutting process is outlined.     

Particle velocity models for ultra-high pressure abrasive waterjets

Particle velocity and trajectory in an ultra-high pressure abrasive waterjet (AWJ) are important jet characteristic information required for understanding and modelling the particle erosion process involved in AWJ machining. In this paper, mathematical models for the particle velocity variations across and along an AWJ are developed based on an in-depth understanding of the jet dynamic characteristics from a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation study. The models are then assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. It is found that the model predictions are reasonable and consistent with the data from a verified CFD model with an average percentage error of less than 1%.     

Abrasive water jet machining of glass with stagnation effect

Abrasive water jet processes of glass are presented for crack-free machining of micro grooves and fluid polishing of micro channels with CFD analysis. In machining of the micro grooves, the abrasive is supplied to flow through intended machining area using the tapered masks. Stagnation under the jet and the horizontal flow on the machining area are controlled to generate crack-free surfaces by the mask shape. The same effect can be applied to polishing of the micro channels pre-machined by milling. Stagnation controlled by the inner wall of the channel changes the flow direction while keeping high fluid velocities.     

Progress in fluidized bed assisted abrasive jet machining (FB-AJM): Internal polishing of aluminium tubes

This paper deals with the internal finishing of tubular components made from a high strength aluminium alloy (AA 6082 T6) using a fluidized bed assisted abrasive jet machining (FB-AJM) system.Firstly, a Taguchi's experimental plan was used to investigate the influence of abrasive jet speed, machining cycle, and abrasive mesh size on surface roughness and material removal trends. Secondly, the leading finishing mechanisms were studied using combined 3d profilometer-SEM analysis to monitor the evolution of the surface morphology of machined workpieces. Finally, the circumferential uniformity and precision machining of the inner surface of workpieces were tested by evaluating the values of the more significant roughness parameters in different circumferential locations.Consistent trends of surface roughness vs. operational parameters were measured, and significant material removal was found to affect the workpieces during machining. As a result, FB-AJM was found to preferentially machine the asperities and irregularities of the surface, thereby altering the overall surface morphology producing more regular and smoother finishing. Moreover, the good circumferential uniformity and machining accuracy FB-AJM guarantees even on ductile aluminium alloy workpieces ensure that this technology can be applied to a diverse set of industrial components.     

磨料射流表面抛光研究综述

作为精密超精密光学制造工艺过程中的一个重要环节,各种新型表面抛光方法与工艺始终吸引着科研人员不断深入研究与探索。磨料射流抛光方法为小型复杂零件的表面抛光提供了一个新思路,成为精密超精密光学加工技术的重要组成部分。对磨料射流表面抛光过程中衍生的磨料水射流抛光、磁射流抛光、负压吸流抛光、磨料气射流抛光、冰粒水射流抛光、纳米胶体射流抛光的抛光原理、方法及特点进行了综述,分析了各射流表面抛光技术材料去除的最新发展;从加工原理、磨料选择、抛光精度、数学模型等方面对上述新型射流抛光技术进行深入分析与比较,其中磁射流抛光、纳米胶体射流抛光、磨料水射流抛光的抛光精度较高,可以实现表面粗糙度纳米级的超精密抛光,而磨料气射流抛光、冰粒射流抛光从加工成本上来讲则相对较低。最后,对磨料射流表面抛光在去除函数优化、精度效率的提高、应用范围扩展、在线检测、商业化应用等方面的发展趋势进行了预测。     

磨料水射流切割工程陶瓷机理分析

高压磨料水射流切割工程陶瓷时，切割破碎物料机理极其复杂。本文以流体力学和材料断裂力学为理论基础，结合试验对工程陶瓷的切割加工进行了研究，为磨料水射流技术在脆性材料加工领域中进一步推广应用提出理论假没。     

经济型自激振荡磨料射流抛光机设计

针对生产中复杂曲表面抛光存在的问题,利用水锤振动效应和粒子冲蚀磨损理论形成的磨液脉冲射流对复杂曲表面进行柔性化抛光加工,设计制造了磨液与压缩空气形成多相介质的脉冲射流抛光机设备,该机适用范围广,有较好的经济效益和社会效益,属于绿色加工。     

高分子添加剂对磨料水射流切割质量的影响

通过磨料水射流和在磨料水射流中加入不同浓度高分子添加剂切割大理石的对比实验,测量了在不同工况下切缝表面不同位置测点的粗糙度。试验结果表明:在相同工况下,高分子添加剂磨料水射流较磨料水射流能减小切缝表面粗糙度,提高切缝表面质量;不同浓度高分子添加剂磨料射流对切缝表面粗糙度影响不一,存在最优浓度为3×10~(-4);磨料水射流切割中,走刀速度过慢和过快时获得切缝表面最小表面粗糙度的靶距较正常走刀速度大;高分子添加剂磨料射流切割中,不同走刀速度下获得切缝最小表面粗糙度的靶距趋向一致。     

磨料水射流对硬质合金切割深度的试验研究

通过用高压磨料水射流对硬质合金进行切割,以单因素试验的形式分析了射流压力、切割速度、磨料流量、靶距对硬质合金材料切割深度的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,选定各因素的水平进行正交试验,通过极差分析对加工参数进行优化。结果表明:各因素对切割深度的影响主次关系依次为射流压力、切割速度、磨料流量、靶距;获得最大切割深度的最优工艺参数为:射流压力280 MPa、切割速度50.8 mm/min、磨料流量545 g/min、靶距5 mm,此时实测切割深度为0.70 cm,达到最佳效果。      

磨粒流抛光阀块内孔道的数值模拟与试验研究

针对液压阀块孔道内部结构复杂难以进行精密加工的问题,提出利用磨粒流精密抛光技术来实现加工工艺。使用流体仿真软件Fluent进行数值模拟,研究进口压力、磨料浓度、磨粒粒度等对磨粒流加工效果的影响。以液压阀块内的孔道为研究对象,对不同的进口压力、磨料浓度、磨粒粒度下内孔道磨粒流的速度、湍流动能、静压、壁面剪切力进行仿真,得出结论：当入口压力为8 MPa、磨料浓度为0.1、磨粒粒度为200目时,阀块内孔道的抛光效果较好。以该参数进行相应的磨粒流加工实验,结果表明：阀块孔道内壁面的表面粗糙度明显降低,提高了孔道内壁面的表面质量。     

微磨料水射流加工脆性玻璃的冲蚀机理研究

微磨料水射流加工技术正成为制造微细结构零件重要的经济高效的微细加工技术。作者在玻璃上进行微磨料水射流微细槽加工的实验基础上,对微磨料水射流加工的表面形貌、材料冲蚀去除机理及加工工艺性能进行了研究。结果表明,玻璃加工表面沿着槽道的方向形成了波纹状形貌,呈非对称或对称的波形,波纹表面很光滑,波纹图案沿着射流冲击区的径向方向发展。由于黏性流体的阻滞作用,脆性玻璃在微磨料水射流加工过程中,在黏性流区域没有发现任何裂纹,材料的冲蚀去除主要是以塑性断裂的方式为主,形成了光滑的加工表面。适当地控制加工工艺参数,在低压下,微磨料水射流加工是一种用于脆性材料上微细通道的加工切实可行的方法,并可获得良好的加工表面质量。     

Modelling of abrasive particle energy in water jet machining

A phenomenological model of the three-phase flow inside an abrasive water jet machining cutting head has been developed. Several improvements over previously presented models such as taking into account the abrasive particle size distribution, and the effect of breakage of particles on the energy flux have been made. The model has been validated using an extensive set of experimental data with wide variations in cutting-head geometry, operating pressure, and abrasive mass flow rates. The cross-sectional averaged abrasive particle velocity at the exit of the focussing tube has been predicted with good accuracy over the whole range of experiments. In particular, the Pearson correlation between the model and the experimental results is found to be more than 95%, implying the utility of this model in design.     

Modelling and analysis of abrasive water jet cut surface topography

In this paper, a new approach proposed for modelling the three-dimensional (3D) topography produced on abrasive water jet (AWJ) cut surface is presented. It makes use of the trajectory of jet, predicted from the theory of ballistics and Bitter’s theory of erosion for material removal, for numerically simulating the cutting front. The 2D topography at different depths of the cut surface is generated by considering the trajectories on the cutting front and the abrasive particles impacting the walls of cut surface randomly. For realistic generation of topography on cut surfaces, several instantaneous profiles generated in each region of cut are superimposed to obtain an effective profile. The nature of effective profiles thus predicted is analyzed and validated using power spectral density analysis. The effective profiles predicted at different depths are in turn used to generate the 3D topography of AWJ cut surface. Results obtained with the proposed model are validated with the experimental results.