Adjustment of CNC machine tool controller setting values by an experimental method

This paper presents an adjustment technique on controller setting values in CNC machine tools by measurement of servo induced feed drive errors. At high feed rate operations of CNC machine tools, servo induced errors are usually dominant and large compared with geometric errors. For measurement of the servo induced errors, an experimental equipment which incorporates two linear displacement sensors and a steel cube was developed, and servo feed drive errors were evaluated along a square corner test path. Based on evaluations of servo feed drive errors with different combination of parameters in machine control system, optimum setting parameters were found. The measuring equipment and optimisation method are described.     

基于ADAMS和MATLAB数控机床进给驱动系统的机电联合仿真

根据机械多刚体动力学理论建立数控机床进给驱动系统的数学模型,利用机械系统动力学分析软件ADAMS建立动力学模型、C++编写数控进给指令、MATLAB/Simulink建立数控机床进给驱动系统Simulink仿真模型,结合三者实现机床的机电联合仿真。仿真分析结果表明:该仿真平台能用来分析进给驱动伺服系统的动态特性,为物理样机进给系统的设计与调试提供可靠的参考依据。     

基于SERCOS-Ⅱ的机床数控系统实时通信与同步控制研究

现代数控机床和加工中心对实时接收数据和同步运动控制提出了更高的要求.论文对脉冲式数控系统进行简要述评的基础上,提出了基于SERCOSⅡ串行实时总线通信的机床数控系统架构:以运动控制器为主站,进给伺服驱动器为从站的主从式环形网络,并以通信周期为基准协调该多CPU结构.论文将提出的系统用于XKHL650型立式加工中心数字化控制,并提出了各进给轴伺服驱动电流环同步控制方法.该方法使各进给轴伺服驱动电流指令达到1μs的同步精度,从而保证了机床各进给轴动作的一致性.实验和加工运行表明基于SERCOSII总线通信的数控系统满足高实时性高精度的加工要求.     

高速数控车床进给系统主要零件受力分析

首先对ADG15高速数控机床的进给系统进行了三维建模,然后对模型进行了有限元分析、求解,找出机床进给驱动部分的薄弱环节,针对薄弱环节对其进行产品设计更改,最终达到设计要求,满足高速数控机床的需要.     

High speed CNC system design. Part II: modeling and identification of feed drives

Accurate modeling and identification of the feed drives' dynamics is an important step in designing a high performance CNC. This paper presents a method for identifying the dynamic parameters, as well as the friction characteristics of machine tool drives. The inertia and viscous friction are estimated through an unbiased least squares scheme. The friction model is developed by observing the disturbance torque through a Kalman filter, while jogging the axes under closed loop control at various speeds. The overall axis model is used in designing a high speed feed drive control system, which has been presented in Part III of this paper. As verification of the identified friction model, contouring test results without and with friction compensation are also presented.     

高速大推力直线电机直接驱动进给系统动态性能的分析

大推力直线电机直接驱动是一种新颖的高速数控机床直线进给系统驱动方式,它将直线电机的定子和动子分别安装在机床床身和工作台上,取消一切机械传动环节,大大提高进给系统的伺服性能,但这种驱动方式对外界干扰非常敏感,机床运行过程中切削力甚至进给系统运动部件质量的变化等均是系统的直接干扰.本文根据直接驱动进给系统的控制模型,分析了系统动态刚度的计算方法和主要影响因素,提出了提高动态性能的方法.根据系统的特点,设计动态质量估计器,实现直接驱动进给系统的动态质量在线估计和补偿.对实际系统的仿真分析表明,本文提出的基于系统动态质量在线估计与补偿方法,能大大提高系统的性能.     

Dynamic analysis of runout correction in milling

Tool runout and its effects is an important area of research within modelling, simulation, and control of milling forces. Tool runout causes tool cutting edges to experience uneven forces during milling. This fact also affects tool life and deteriorates workpiece surface quality. In this article a procedure, in order to diminish the effects of tool runout, is presented. The procedure is based on chip thickness modification by means of the fast correction of the tool feed rate. Dynamic feed rate modification is provided by superposing our own design of a fast feed system driven by a piezoelectric actuator to the conventional feed drive of the CNC machine tool. Previously, a model of the dynamic behaviour of the system was developed to analyze the influence of fast feed rate modification on cutting forces. The model incorporates the piezoelectric actuator response as well as the structural dynamics of the tool and the designed Fast Feed Drive System (FFDS). Simulated and experimental results presented in this paper show the effectiveness and benefits of this new tool runout correction procedure.     

SC125型数控立车主轴定位分度系统及电气驱动系统的改造

针对罗马尼亚ＳＣ１２５大型数控立车主轴定位分度系统问题,提出了用西门子ＣＮＣ交流伺服进给系统进行改造的方案,并进行了有关硬件和软件设计,完成了主轴分度定位控制的高性能数控机床的改造,使该立车具有七种工作模式,实现了车削与铣削为一体的两种控制方式,通过误差补偿达到了较高定位精度。完成了电气驱动系统的改造。     

SC125大型CNC数控车床控制系统的改造

针对罗马尼亚SC125型数控立车主轴定位分度系统问题，提出了用西门子CNC控制交流伺服进给系统进行改造的方案，并进行了有关硬件和软件设计，完成了主轴分度定位控制的高性能数控机床的改造，使该立车具有七种工作模式，实现车削与铣削为一体的两种控制方式。通过误差补偿达到了较高定位精度。完成了电气驱动系统的改造。     

CNC齿轮测量中心驱动控制与传动系统设计

描述了CNC齿轮测量中心的工作特点，着重介绍了测量中心驱动控制系统及机械进给系统的设计，并对机械传动系统的性能进行了分析，验算了主要设计参数。该测量机测量精度高，性能稳定，已开始小规模生产。     

基于模糊推理自校正控制的直接驱动进给系统稳定性分析

直线电机直接驱动进给系统是实现数控机床进给高速化的主要形式，但加工过程中切削力甚至运动部件质量的变化都是系统的干扰，易引起系统不稳定和定位精度下降。离线模糊推理、在线对控制系统实现自校正的控制方法能提高系统的抗干扰能力，并具有良好的实时性。为了研究系统的稳定性，本文介绍了这种基于模糊推理自校正控制的直接驱动进给系统稳定性分析方法，为同类系统设计提供理论参考。     

数控强力切削伺服进给系统的谐振机理研究

文章介绍了数控强力切削伺服进给系统的模型的建立,并将此模型简化成由两个二阶振荡环节和一个积分环节串联而成的五阶系统.通过对五阶系统的分析表明数控强力切削伺服进给系统的谐振频率取决于机械谐振频率和速度环谐振频率中较低的一个.最后给出的计算机仿真和实验结果验证了上述结论,为数控伺服系统的谐振分析提供了一种新的方法.     

Rapid identification technique for virtual CNC drives

This paper presents a technique for rapid identification of machine tool drives by conducting a short G-code test. The proposed strategy uses commanded and measured axis profiles and requires minimal intervention to the servo control loop. The drive system is identified as a whole, including the feed mechanism, motor, amplifier, and the control law. The methodology is fairly general and applicable to linear or ball screw drives, controlled with commonly used controllers like P, PI, PID, P–PI Cascade or Adaptive Sliding Mode Control; with or without feedforward dynamic or friction compensation. In order to guarantee the stability of identified dynamics, bounds are imposed on the pole locations. The identified models can be used in a Virtual CNC system for predicting the contouring and tracking errors to different part programs. Simulation and experimental case studies are presented, where tracking and contour errors are successfully predicted using drive models identified with the proposed strategy.     

Virtual prediction and constraint of contour errors induced by cutting force disturbances on multi-axis CNC machine tools

This paper presents a strategy to virtually predict and constrain the contouring errors contributed by cutting force disturbances on feed drives. The tracking errors on each feed drive are predicted as a linear function of tangential feed by evaluating the product of estimated power spectrum of cutting forces and disturbance frequency response function along the tool path in virtual CAM environment. The corresponding tool tip contouring and tool axis orientation errors are estimated and constrained by scaling the feed along the tool path. The algorithm is experimentally illustrated to improve the machining accuracy on a 5 Axis CNC machine tool.     

A novel adaptive-feedrate interpolation method for NURBS tool path with drive constraints

Feedrate scheduling is crucial for CNC systems to generate a smooth movement which is able to satisfy increasing requirements on machining quality and efficiency. In this paper, a novel adaptive feedrate interpolation method is proposed for NURBS tool path with drive constraints. The tool path is first expressed in NURBS form, and then the satisfaction conditions of drive constraints are derived according to the kinematic and geometric characteristics of the NURBS tool path. On this base, a proportional adjustment algorithm, which can quantitatively reduce the accelerations and jerks of drive axes at the sensitive regions of feed profile, is proposed to achieve the new positions of violated sampling points. After each adjustment, a curve evolution strategy is used to ensure the feed profile is locally or globally deformed to the target positions with a good smoothness of path curve and the avoidance of re-interpolation. Through the iterative adjustment, a smooth feed profile with limited velocities, accelerations and jerks of drive axes is thus yielded along the entire tool path. Finally, performances of the proposed method are validated by performing both simulations and experiments on two freeform NURBS curves. The results show the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed feedrate interpolation method.     

Sliding mode cutting force regulator for turning processes

Continuous sliding mode control is applied to turning processes for cutting force regulation. The motivation of the use of the slide mode control scheme is to solve the nonlinearity problem caused by the feedrate override command element in the commercial CNC machine tool. When the adaptive control algorithm is applied to the commercial CNC machine tool, it is one of the practical methods that the programmed feedrate is overridden after the control algorithm is carried out. However, most CNC lathe manufacturers offer limited number of data bits for feedrate override, thus resulting in nonlinear behavior of the machine tools. Such nonlinearity brings ‘quantized' or discrete effect so that the optimal feedrate is rounded off before being fed into the CNC system. To compensate for this problem, continuous sliding mode control is applied. Simulation and experimental results are presented in comparison with those obtained from applying adaptive control which is a widely used approach in cutting force regulation. Adaptive control loses its effectiveness in the presence of nonlinearity since it generally requires linear parametrization of the control law or the system dynamics. Experiments are conducted under various machining conditions, subject to changes in spindle speed, material of work-piece, and type of machining process. The suggested slide mode controller shows smoother cutting force fluctuation, which cannot be achieved by the conventional adaptive controller. The experimental set-up reflects the emphasis on the practicality of the sliding mode controller. In order to avoid the use of a dynamometer in the course of measuring the cutting force, the indirect cutting force measuring system is used by means of feed drive servo-motor current sensing.     

直线电机在数控机床上的调试

本文主要介绍了直线电机的工作原理及其驱动技术、直线电机进给驱动技术及在数控机床上的调试,直线电机进给驱动技术将是高速数控机床未来发展的方向。     

Prediction of the dynamic behaviour of machine tools during the design process using mechatronic simulation models based on finite element analysis

Increased productivity, higher velocities and acceleration for feed and cutting motions are requirements for innovative machine tools. At the same time the production process must achieve reduced form and position deviations of the work-piece. Therefore knowledge of the dynamic behaviour of machine tools during the design process is essential to develop high-performance machines. Using finite element analysis and mechatronic simulation, taking the mechanical, electrical and control systems into account, is the first step for optimisation. Developing the control parameters using these simulation techniques is one of the major steps in detecting the mechatronic characteristics. This paper presents a method for developing the control parameters concerning tool to work-piece deviations of mechatronic simulation models including disturbance variables. As an example a 2-axis CNC test stand for feed drive axes will be visualised with its simulation and measurement results in the time and the frequency domain.     

大型直驱静压转台关键技术的分析与结构设计

通过对大型机床旋转工作台驱动方式、承载方式、角度检测方法等关键技术的分析,结合直驱电机技术、闭式静压导轨(轴承)技术、磁柵测量技术,给出了一种大型直驱静压旋转工作台的结构设计方案。该旋转工作台可广泛应用于大型滚齿机、立车、加工中心等数控机床。     

基于SimoDrive 611U/Ue的液压精密控制系统设计与实现

钢管数控成型机是一种通用型高端设备,应用于钢管圆形、方形等内孔成型加工。为了提高成型机液压系统位置控制精度并降低系统能耗,根据成型机工作条件,提出由伺服驱动器、伺服电机、光栅及传感器等构成液压精密控制系统的设计方案。该方案利用伺服驱动器控制伺服电机旋转,带动定量泵控制液压缸位移,光栅反馈位移量给伺服驱动器,构成闭环控制来达到精密控制效果。该设计具有改造费用低、加工效率高和精度高等优点。