立式磨削工艺系统建模方法及仿真研究

为研究磨削行为和磨削误差,提出以立式磨削工艺系统为分析对象的误差分析模型。该模型由转台、工件、砂轮、主轴等零部件组成。分析转速比、工件初始圆度误差相位、磨削时间和主轴回转误差对磨削精度的影响规律。结果表明：该系统能预测磨削行为和磨削误差;当转速比为整数时,磨削精度随着转速比的增大而提高;当转速比不是整数时,变化情况更加复杂;工件初始圆度误差的相位对最终的加工圆度不会产生影响;随着磨削的进行,工件圆度误差开始降低得很快,随后降低趋势逐渐变缓;在主轴误差的组成频率中,3阶误差导致的圆度误差最大,2阶误差导致的圆度误差最小。     

外圆磨削加工的仿真、优化及控制

磨削技术已广泛应用于最后加工有光滑表面和高精度要求的零件,在过去的30年里,经过广泛的研究,对磨削加工的许多方面有了一个较为清楚的了解。本论文的目的在于说明怎样利用我们对磨削过程的理解来预报磨削特性和获得最佳加工条件。一个集成了描述磨削过程中不同方面的分析模块的软件包已被开发出来。这软件包括三个主要模块：仿真,校准和优化,仿真模块作为一个虚拟磨床来预测磨削过程和零件质量,校准模块通过实测参数如功率,表面粗糙度和椭圆度等对模型的系数进行修正,从而对实际磨削特性进行学习,优化模块是以最小化周期时间或以基于服从工件质量约束校正模型后的周期时间为目标来确定磨削和修整参数。本软件已被集成进了PC开放体系控制器（OAC）,作为智能磨削系统（IGS）的基础。     

Effectiveness of continuous workpiece speed variation (CWSV) for chatter avoidance in throughfeed centerless grinding

The continuous rotation speed variation is demonstrated to be an efficient method to avoid regenerative chatter in different machining processes. This paper presents a time-domain dynamic model for throughfeed centerless grinding process that can predict chatter by means of part roundness error evolution. Continuous workpiece speed variation (CWSV) has been implemented in this model to analyze the influence of this disturbing method on the dynamic instability. Experimental results have validated the model and verified the effectiveness of CWSV for chatter avoidance and surface finish and dimensional tolerances improvement. It has been demonstrated that the selection of the optimal variation parameters is an important factor not only for chatter avoidance, but also for the stability of surface finish and dimensional tolerances since workpiece speed variation has a direct influence on throughfeed rate and grinding forces.     

Effects of process parameters on workpiece roundness in tangential-feed centerless grinding using a surface grinder

The present authors proposed a new centerless grinding method using a surface grinder in their previous study [Wu, Y., Kondo, T., Kato, M., 2005. A new centerless grinding technique using a surface grinder. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 162–163, 709–717]. In this method, a compact centerless grinding unit composed mainly of an ultrasonic elliptic-vibration shoe is installed onto the worktable of a multipurpose surface grinder to perform tangential-feed centerless grinding operations. However, for the complete establishment of the new method it is crucial to clarify the workpiece rounding process and the effects of process parameters such as the worktable feed rate, the stock removal and the workpiece rotational speed on the machining accuracy, i.e., workpiece roundness, so that the optimum grinding conditions can be determined. In this paper, the effects of the process parameters on workpiece roundness are investigated by simulation and experiments. For the simulation analysis, a grinding model taking into account the elastic deformation of the machine is created. Then, a practical way to determine the machining-elasticity parameter is developed. Further, simulation analysis is carried out to predict the variation of workpiece roundness during grinding and to discover how the process parameters affect the roundness. Finally, actual grinding operations are performed by installing the previously constructed unit onto a CNC surface grinder to confirm the simulation results. The obtained results indicate that: (1) a slower worktable feed rate and higher workpiece rotational speed give better roundness; (2) better roundness can be also obtained when the stock removal is set at a larger value; (3) the workpiece roundness was improved from an initial value of 23.9 μm to a final value of 0.84 μm after grinding.     

Energy aspects and workpiece surface characteristics in ultrasonic-assisted cylindrical grinding of alumina–zirconia ceramics

Ultrasonic assisted grinding is a novel method for improving the grinding process of difficult-to-cut materials. In the present research a novel setup has been designed and manufactured for utilizing ultrasonic vibrations in external cylindrical grinding. The designed ultrasonic head vibrates a rotating workpiece in axial direction. An alumina–zirconia ceramic (AZ90) has been selected as the workpiece material. Energy aspects and workpiece surface characteristics of ultrasonic assisted cylindrical grinding (UACG) and conventional cylindrical grinding (CG) processes have been analytically modeled and corresponding grinding experiments have been performed. The combined kinematics of the cylindrical plunge grinding process and axial ultrasonic vibrations provide a unique surface treatment conditions, which leads to reduced peak heights and increased valley depths of the surface topography. The main axial vibration mode provides the overlap of the adjacent cutting traces and consequently smoothens the surface topography in cylindrical plunge grinding. It has been analytically and experimentally shown that, applying ultrasonic vibrations, grinding energy can be reduced up to more than 35% depending on the process parameters. The surface characteristics of the ground workpieces have been investigated in terms of four surface roughness parameters and the roundness error.     

A new through-feed centerless grinding technique using a surface grinder

This paper proposes an alternative centerless grinding technique, i.e., through-feed centerless grinding using a surface grinder. In the new method, a compact centerless grinding unit, composed of a guide plate, an ultrasonic shoe, a blade, and their respective holders, is installed onto the worktable of a surface grinder, and the through-feed centerless grinding operation is performed as the workpiece located on the guide plate is fed into the space between the grinding wheel and ultrasonic shoe. The ultrasonic shoe, produced by bonding a piezoelectric ceramic device onto a metal elastic body, is tilted at a small angle so as to provide sufficient force to control the workpiece rotational motion and to feed the workpiece along its axis by the ultrasonic elliptic-vibration. In this paper, the workpiece motion control tests were carried out firstly to make sure that the workpiece rotational speed and through-feed rate can be exactly controlled by the ultrasonic shoe which is essential for performing high-precision grinding operations. Then, the effects of major process parameters such as the workpiece eccentric angle, the stock removal, the ultrasonic shoe tilt angle and the applied voltage amplitude on the machining accuracy (i.e. workpiece cylindricity and workpiece roundness) were clarified experimentally. The obtained results indicate that: (1) the workpiece rotational speed can be adjusted by changing the applied voltage amplitude, whereas its through-feed rate can be adjusted by changing both the applied voltage amplitude and the ultrasonic shoe tilt angle; (2) the optimum eccentric angle is 6°, and a larger stock removal, a smaller tilt angle, or a higher applied voltage is better for higher machining accuracy; (3) the workpiece cylindricity and roundness were improved from the initial value of 16.63 μm and 14.86 μm to the final ones of 1.49 μm and 0.74 μm under the optimal grinding conditions.     

A new in-feed centerless grinding technique using a surface grinder

This paper deals with the development of an alternative centerless grinding technique, i.e., in-feed centerless grinding based on a surface grinder. In this new method, a compact centerless grinding unit, composed of an ultrasonic elliptic-vibration shoe, a blade and their respective holders, is installed onto the worktable of a surface grinder, and the in-feed centerless grinding operation is performed as a rotating grinding wheel is fed in downward to the cylindrical workpiece held on the shoe and the blade. During grinding, the rotational speed of the workpiece is controlled by the ultrasonic elliptic-vibration of the shoe that is produced by bonding a piezoelectric ceramic device (PZT) on a metal elastic body (stainless steel, SUS304). A simulation method is proposed for clarifying the workpiece rounding process and predicting the workpiece roundness in this new centerless grinding, and the effects of process parameters such as the eccentric angle, the wheel feed rate, the stock removal and the workpiece rotational speed on the workpiece roundness were investigated by simulation followed by experimental confirmation. The obtained results indicate that: (1) the optimum eccentric angle is around 6°; (2) higher machining accuracy can be obtained under a lower grinding wheel feed rate, larger stock removal and faster workpiece rotational speed; (3) the workpiece roundness was improved from an initial value of 19.90 μm to a final one of 0.90 μm after grinding under the optimal grinding conditions.     

氮化硅陶瓷轴承外圈磨削的双目标工艺优化

陶瓷轴承套圈的加工质量对轴承的回转精度和服役性能具有重要影响.首先,基于大量外圆磨削试验,通过最小二乘法分别建立陶瓷表面粗糙度和沟道圆度在不同工艺参数下的一元模型;其次,在一元模型基础上,通过粒子群优化算法(PSO算法)分别建立其表面粗糙度和沟道圆度在不同工艺参数下的多元模型;最后,通过PSO算法对表面粗糙度和沟道圆度...     

磨削过程中砂轮耐用度的试验研究

当砂轮磨钝时,磨削力、力比、磨削振动振幅、磨削噪声声压、磨削表面粗糙度以及工件不圆度均会发生急剧变化,因此可把它发生急变以前的某一时间作为砂轮的耐用度。本文根据所建立的砂轮耐用度判定标准,研究了外圆磨削300M超高强度钢时磨削参数对砂轮耐用度的影响。     

Influence of workpiece position on roundness error and surface finish in centreless grinding

Centreless grinding is carried out with workpiece centre above the line joining the centres ofgrinding and control wheels. When a workpiece has a slight bend or a projection on the surface, it is safer to grind below the centres. This paper analyses the process of grinding above and below the centres. The results show that the roundness error increases only by a few microns when ground below the centres and the change in the surface finish is insignificant.     

Intelligent Centerless Grinding: Global Solution for Process Instabilities and Optimal Cycle Design

Centerless grinding productivity is largely limited by three types of instabilities: chatter, geometric lobing and workpiece rotation problems. Regardless of its negative effect in manufacturing plants, no functional tool has been developed to set up the process, because it involves the simultaneous resolution of several coupled problems. In this paper, new simulation techniques are described to determine instability-free configurations, making it possible to guarantee that the final workpiece profile is round. With this information and taking into account other process restrictions, like system static stiffness and workpiece tolerance, the optimal grinding cycle is designed. These results have been implemented into an intelligent tool to assist the application of this research in industrial environments.     

Simulation investigation of through-feed centerless grinding process performed on a surface grinder

This paper proposes a simulation method for investigating the through-feed centerless grinding process performed on a surface grinder, where a compact centerless grinding unit, composed of a guide plate, an ultrasonic elliptic-vibration shoe, a blade, and their respective holders, is installed onto the worktable of a surface grinder, and the through-feed centerless grinding operation is performed as the workpiece located on the guide plate is fed into the space between the grinding wheel and ultrasonic shoe. The geometrical arrangement of the grinding apparatus including the contact lines on the grinding wheel, ultrasonic shoe, and blade are analyzed firstly for building a 3-D simulation model. Then, the workpiece forming process and the effects of major process parameters such as the workpiece eccentric angle, the stock removal, the ultrasonic shoe tilt angle and the applied voltage amplitude on the machining accuracy (i.e. workpiece cylindricity and roundness) are clarified by simulation and experiments. The obtained results indicate that higher machining accuracy can be achieved under the conditions of larger workpiece stock removal, smaller ultrasonic shoe tilt angle and higher applied voltage amplitude, while the workpiece eccentric angle is at 6°.     

Experimental characterization of micro-grinding process using compressed chilly air

The objective of this research is to characterize the micro-grinding process under the condition of compressed chilly air in the meso-scale grinding machine tool system. The meso-scale grinding machine tool having the size of 210×190×220 mm is developed in a horizontal configuration. To investigate the effect of compressed chilly air on the micro-grinding performances, grinding force, tool wear patterns and surface roughness are measured and analyzed with varying depths-of-cut feed speeds and temperatures of the compressed air. A series of micro-grinding experiments are conducted by considering electroplated CBN grinding tool and stainless steel workpiece and vitrified CBN grinding tool and tool steel workpiece. The experimental results show the effectiveness of compressed chilly air and its ability to improve tool life with decreased grinding forces in the micro-grinding process.     

Practical Application of New Simulation Methods for the Elimination of Geometric Instabilities in Centerless Grinding

Elimination of geometric lobing in centerless grinding has been extensively investigated. Several models have been successfully developed, but no practical tool has been implemented on machines to ease the setting up of the machine to ensure stable conditions. This paper describes a software tool which has been developed for setting up and optimization of centerless plunge grinding processes to avoid geometric instabilities. The software generates stability maps showing the stable and non-stable geometric configurations and the number of lobes generated in non-stable conditions. Complementary time domain models quantitatively predict the evolution of the profile error for each geometric configuration.     

基于无瞬心包络法的砂轮磨削圆弧直槽的研究

基于无瞬心包络法,提出一种使用CBN圆弧砂轮精确磨削圆弧直槽的方法。从砂轮圆弧母面与工件直槽圆弧面的空间啮合关系出发,采用无瞬心包络法,以两曲面间接触点法矢量方向相同建立啮合方程,通过啮合方程求解得到砂轮初始安装角,以磨削后的工件端截面圆弧圆度和半径误差满足精度要求为目标,设计砂轮安装角调整和控制流程,确定砂轮最终的安装位置和安装角。仿真和实际加工结果表明用圆弧砂轮磨削圆弧直槽工件,通过调整砂轮安装位置和安装角可以控制磨削精度,砂轮不用修形也能实现精确磨削。该方法实现用一种砂轮磨削不同尺寸的工件,减少砂轮的种类,提高生产效率,为注塑机螺杆转子的高效磨削提供了一种可行的方法。     

A study on the effect of regulating wheel error on the roundness of workpiece in centreless grinding by computer simulation

This paper deals with a simulated study of the centreless grinding operation to understand the role played by the regulating wheel errors on the roundness of the workpiece. Regulating wheels with a flat and specific number of lobes as errors were used for this study. A flat on the regulating wheel increases the roundness error of the work and a projection is formed on the workpiece whenever the flat contacts the workpiece. A lobed regulating wheel produces components with high roundness error and this error shoots up to higher values whenever the number of lobes on the regulating wheel equals a full multiple of regulating wheel-work diameter ratio.     

Influence of contact loss between workpiece and grinding wheel on the roundness errors in centreless grinding

The objective of this paper is the study of certain non-linear phenomena in the centreless grinding process and their effect on roundness quality. These phenomena arise as a consequence of contact loss between workpiece and grinding wheel. A simplified analysis of the problem is carried out to determine the main parameters involved. A qualitative assessment of the effect of these parameters is undertaken by means of a time simulation based on a non-linear bi-dimensional model of the centreless grinding process. Two situations are analysed: the steady process, and the transient spark-out process. The results, which are generalised in graphics form provide an estimation of roundness errors resulting from working under linearly unstable conditions. Finally, a correlation between theoretical and experimental results is presented.     

Continuous workpiece speed variation (CWSV): Model based practical application to avoid chatter in grinding

The continuous variation of rotation speeds provides a means of avoiding chatter instability in different machining processes. This paper presents a time domain dynamic model that simulates chatter vibration during infeed centerless grinding for any continuously variable work rotation speed strategy. As a result of taking machine dynamics and main non-linear effects of the process into account, part roundness error is predicted for the whole grinding cycle. Lastly, experimental results have validated the model and verified that adequate speed variation strategies are capable of avoiding chatter and improving workpiece roundness and roughness, both for infeed and throughfeed centerless grinding.     

Control of the traverse grinding process using dynamically active workpiece steadies

Three control methods for the workpiece steady based traverse grinding process are examined and a new approach, termed the dynamic workpiece steady control method, is proposed for improved grinding efficiency and accuracy. This method requires that the motion profiles of the steadies vary dependent upon the wheel position. Mathematical models for a steady based traverse grinding system are presented together with an iterative algorithm for the determination of the position profiles of the workpiece steadies. A case study of the grinding process is considered to demonstrate the proposed control method and it is shown that a reduction in grinding error and a higher grinding efficiency involves an increase in the force applied by the steadies, which can affect workpiece surface quality. Accordingly a compromise between these parameters has to be made.     

Effect of preload on running accuracy of spindle

The rotational performance of a machine tool spindle has a direct influence upon both the surface finish and geometric shape of the finished workpiece. The variation of preload affects the stiffness of the spindle and the temperature of the bearing, which are also important factors in spindle motion. Although the large preload and stiffness will probably increase the stability of the spindle, the high temperature of the bearing will decrease the processing accuracy and damage the bearing. Contrarily, if the preload is not large enough, the error in the running spindle will increase, which represents lower precision. Therefore, the preload cannot be too large or too small, resulting in the compromising of these factors. In this study, the effect of the preload on the roundness accuracy has been examined at the different cutting conditions through the developments of measurement system of preload, temperature and roundness accuracy. The step-by-step data analysis procedure has also been developed to get the spindle radial error motions from the measured data. Through measurements of spindle running accuracy, the optimal preload was determined at the different cutting conditions.