相变墙体与夜间通风改善轻质建筑室内热环境

将自制复合有机相变材料,与EPS保温材料相粘和,制作成轻质建筑用墙体材料,结合夜间通风技术,在重庆地区进行了含相变材料层和不含相变材料层轻质房间的室内热环境对比实验,以分析相变材料用量、相变温度及相变墙体结构等因素对相变墙体的蓄热、放热性能及对室内热环境的影响。实验结果表明：相变材料应用于轻质房间,能显著增强围护结构的热惰性,提高室内的热舒适性,采取夜间通风技术,可以有效地将日间蓄积的热量散至室外;含相变墙体材料房间与普通房间相比较,室内温度最高降低11℃左右,节能效果显著;室内平均温度符合《野营住房空间与环境参数限值》(GJB 4306 2002)中6.2条规定的3级要求;相变材料用量及相变温度对室内温度的控制效果较为明显,采用不同的相变温度,并将相变墙体房间相变材料用量提高1倍,两轻质房间室内温差最大值从3℃增大至11℃左右;进行相变墙体结构设计时,采取不同相变温度的材料搭配使用可以大幅提高其使用效果。     

轻质相变储热墙体材料研究

采用溶胶-凝胶方法制备了以SiO2作为载体的脂肪酸复合有机相变材料,再将它和聚苯乙烯泡沫板复合制成轻质相变储热墙体材料,该材料可克服普通轻质墙体材料储热能力差的缺陷.用轻质相变储热墙体材料作围护结构,建造了试验建筑模型,并进行了隔热控温试验研究.试验结果表明:轻质相变储热墙体材料能有效利用环境温差储放热,其储热控温作用效果明显.     

相变石膏板应用于外墙表面夏季隔热的相变温度分析

本文提出了将定形相变蓄能石膏板安装在轻质保温墙体外侧取代传统绝热材料,以改善围护结构夏季隔热性能的方法。以南京地区为例,采用Matlab编程比较了定形相变蓄能石膏板和膨胀型聚苯乙烯板在改善轻质围护结构隔热性能方面的差异,并利用焓法模型从相变温度角度对相变蓄能石膏板的使用效果进行了分析。研究结果表明,定形相变蓄能墙体在夏季可以改善建筑物外墙的隔热性能,减少通过围护结构传入室内的热量,相变温度为28℃的蓄能墙体能最大程度缓解夏季室内的空调冷负荷,起到节能效果。     

双层定型相变墙体在空调房间应用的节能效果研究

双层定型相变墙体能够在夏季隔热、冬季保温,降低建筑物的运行能耗并提高了室内的热舒适性。为了更有效地发挥相变墙体的作用,分析了双层定型相变墙体在空调房间的使用效果,对比分析在装有变频空调和定频空调2种房间的运行能耗,结果表明:在装有变频空调的房间,双层定型相变墙体比普通墙体更加节能,变频空调能更有效地发挥定型相变墙体的自动调温作用。     

自力式套管封装相变墙体排热系统及相变简化模型研究

建筑能耗日益增加,新型建筑节能技术越来越受到人们的重视。在建筑空调领域,提高建筑围护结构的热特性能够明显减少室内负荷,降低建筑能耗。本文提出了一种新型自力式套管封装相变排热节能墙体系统。该墙体系统充分利用夜间天空辐射冷却实现墙体内热量的自动转移。针对该墙体内嵌入的套管相变材料建立了4R2C热容热阻简化相变传热模型,并利用遗传算法对模型参数进行辨识。进一步搭建了套管相变材料的实验平台,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行对比。结果表明,4R2C简化相变模型能够准确的模拟套管相变材料的传热特性,内套管表面温度与热流平均误差分别为0.45℃和14.4%。简化相变模型能够很好与墙体热模型耦合,实现自力式套管封装相变墙体系统热特性与节能特性的集成模拟。     

文远楼建筑节能实验室相变墙体应用效果分析

介绍了同济大学文远楼热环境实验室轻质相变墙的制备情况,在无供暖设备情况下对实验室室内环境温度进行了模拟与实测,分析了采用轻质相变墙体的实验室保温隔热效果。研究结果表明:轻质相变墙的应用增大了建筑的蓄热能力和热惰性指标值,能有效对太阳热能进行存储与释放,与普通墙体相比较,相变墙体能显著改善室内热环境。     

轻质建筑中相变蓄能石膏板热性能研究

现代轻质建筑由于热惯性较小,室内温度昼夜波动较大。相变蓄能具有温度变化小、蓄能密度大的特点。将相变材料（PCM）掺入轻质建材中,制成相变蓄能建筑构件,可以有效增加建筑围护结构热惯性,提高室内热舒适度,节约采暖空调能耗。本文研究了相变蓄能石膏板在北京地区轻质建筑中的冬季使用效果,从相变温度、相变材料含量和相变石膏板厚度三个方面对相变蓄能石膏板的使用进行了优化,并比较了普通石膏板和混凝土隔墙的使用效果。研究表明相变蓄能石膏板能有效抑制室内温度波动,提高室内热舒适度。     

典型外墙构造复合相变层的热工性能研究

建筑围护结构结合相变蓄热材料能够大幅提升其蓄热性能,削弱室外温度波动对室内热环境的不利影响,有助于充分利用自然气候资源。由于相变材料的变物性特征,相变墙体和传统围护结构的热工性能存在显著差异。基于人工控制环境下的缩尺模型实验,对比分析了在室内外双向周期性热作用下,相变墙体不同材料层顺序(相变蓄热层、保温层、结构层)对其热工性能的影响。结果表明,当墙体材料层顺序由外向内分别为"保温层-结构层-相变蓄热层"时,实验小室室内空气温度峰值最小。分析了在不同材料层顺序下相变墙体的内表面蓄热系数,结果表明当墙体的材料层顺序由外向内分别为"相变蓄热层-保温层-结构层"及"保温层-结构层-相变蓄热层"时,相变墙体的内表面蓄热系数分别为4. 39 W/(m~2·K)和4. 13 W/(m~2·K),均大于采用材料层顺序由外向内为"相变蓄热层-结构层-保温层"的相变墙体的内表面蓄热系数。内表面蓄热系数计算结果与相变墙体热工性能实验结果相符,能够准确体现相变墙体内表面蓄热性能及其对室内热环境的影响。     

相变材料应用于外墙表面隔热的研究

根据表面隔热机理,通过对普通外墙的理论计算分析,设计了新型的相变墙体。相变材料应用于外墙体外表面,夏季能有效的改善建筑物的外表面热环境,降低传入室内的热量,缓解室内空调冷负荷。同时,提出隔热相变材料的相变温度、掺量在不同气候环境下的选择方法。     

蓄热、通风复合墙体应用研究

文章介绍的复合蓄热、通风墙体建筑,主要测试了复合墙体冬季利用太阳能加热墙体内空气及相变材料对室温的影响,以及夏季尝试地埋管冷空气降低墙体温度,避免墙体向室内传热来降低整个建筑的空调负荷.     

Numerical and experimental study on heat pump water heater with PCM for thermal storage

An air source heat pump water heater with phase change material (PCM) for thermal storage was designed to take advantage of off-peak electrical energy. The heat transfer model of PCM was based upon a pure conduction formulation. Quasi-steady state method was used to calculate the temperature distribution and phase front location of PCM during thermal storage process. Temperature and thermal resistance iteration approach has been developed for the analysis of temperature variation of heat transfer fluid (HTF) and phase front location of PCM during thermal release process. To test the physical validity of the calculational results, experimental studies about storing heat and releasing heat of PCM were carried. Comparison between the calculational results and the experimental data shows good agreement. Graphical results including system pressure and input power of heat pump, time-wise variation of stored and released thermal energy of PCM were presented and discussed.     

Experimental study of using PCM in brick constructive solutions for passive cooling

This work presents the results of an experimental set-up to test phase change materials with two typical construction materials (conventional and alveolar brick) for Mediterranean construction in real conditions. Several cubicles were constructed and their thermal performance throughout the time was measured. For each construction material, macroencapsulated PCM is added in one cubicle (RT-27 and SP-25 A8). The cubicles have a domestic heat pump as a cooling system and the energy consumption is registered to determine the energy savings achieved. The free-floating experiments show that the PCM can reduce the peak temperatures up to 1 °C and smooth out the daily fluctuations. Moreover, in summer 2008 the electrical energy consumption was reduced in the PCM cubicles about 15%. These energy savings resulted in a reduction of the CO₂ emissions about 1-1.5 kg/year/m².     

Untersuchungen zu Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Holzleichtbeton mit Latentwärmespeichermaterialien in Gebäuden

Investigation of the application of PCM in wood‐lightweight‐concrete in buildings. Wood‐lightweight‐concrete (WLC) is a compound material, consisting of cement, shavings from sawmill, water and additives. The material is characterised by good properties of heat and noise insulation as well as strength. Within the framework of R&D‐projects the combination of wood‐lightweight‐concrete with organic phase change materials (PCM) was examined. A lot of experimental tests have been done, models in different scales have been built. Finally, parallel preliminary practise‐tests have been conducted. Mixtures with different density (between 1000 and 1450 kg/m³) have been investigated (strength up to 20 N/mm² and thermal insulation l between 0.28 and 0.50 W/mK). Furthermore in a thermal building simulation three different partition walls (in addition to a reference case, one with WLC and the other with WLC+PCM) of a south‐orientated office‐room have been studied. An increase in heat capacity of wood‐lightweight‐concrete with PCM leads to a reduction of overheating in summer, considering external shading and adequate change of air in the night. The obtained results showed, that composite materials from wood, inorganic binders have interesting options for the use in building constructions. WLC with phase change materials may provide additional functional and constructive advantages, i. e. lighter and thinner outer wall elements with concurrent better thermo‐dynamic material properties.     

Effect of double layer phase change material in building roof for year round thermal management

Efficient and economical technology that can be used to store large amounts of heat or cold in a definite volume is the subject of research for a long time. Latent heat storage in a phase change material (PCM) is very attractive because of its high-energy storage density and its isothermal behavior during the phase change process. Thermal storage plays a major role in building energy conservation, which is greatly assisted by the incorporation of latent heat storage in building products. Increasing the thermal storage capacity of a building can enhance human comfort by decreasing the frequency of internal air temperature swings so that the indoor air temperature is closer to the desired temperature for a longer period of time. However, it is impossible to select a phase change material to suit all the weather condition in a given location. The PCM that reduces the internal air temperature swing during the winter season is not suitable for the summer season as the PCM remains in the liquid state at all the times during these months and hence the system cannot exploit the latent heat effect. This paper attempts to study the thermal performance of an inorganic eutectic PCM based thermal storage system for thermal management in a residential building. The system has been analyzed by theoretical and experimental investigation. A double layer PCM concept is studied in detail to achieve year round thermal management in a passive manner.     

Temperature reduction due to the application of phase change materials

Overheating is a major problem in many modern buildings due to the utilization of lightweight constructions with low heat storing capacity. A possible answer to this problem is the emplacement of phase change materials (PCM), thereby increasing the thermal mass of a building. These materials change their state of aggregation within a defined temperature range. Useful PCM for buildings show a phase transition from solid to liquid and vice versa. The thermal mass of the materials is increased by the latent heat. A modified gypsum plaster and a salt mixture were chosen as two materials for the study of their impact on room temperature reduction. For realistic investigations, test rooms were erected where measurements were carried out under different conditions such as temporary air change, alternate internal heat gains or clouding. The experimental data was finally reproduced by dint of a mathematical model.     

Performance of phase change material boards under natural convection

The high thermal storage capacity of phase change material (PCM) can reduce energy consumption in buildings through energy storage and release when combined with renewable energy sources, night cooling, etc. PCM boards can be used to absorb heat gains during daytime and release heat at night. In this paper, the thermal performance of an environmental chamber fitted with phase change material boards has been investigated. During a full-cycle experiment, i.e. charging–releasing cycle, the PCM boards on a wall can reduce the interior wall surface temperature during the charging process, whereas the PCM wall surface temperature is higher than that of the other walls during the heat releasing process. It is found that the heat flux density of the PCM wall in the melting zone is almost twice as large as that of ordinary wall. Also, the heat-insulation performance of a PCM wall is better than that of an ordinary wall during the charging process, while during the heat discharging process, the PCM wall releases more heat energy. The convective heat transfer coefficient of PCM wall surface calculated using equations for a normal wall material produces an underestimation of this coefficient. The high convective heat transfer coefficient for a PCM wall is due to the increased energy exchange between the wall and indoor air.     

The development of a finned phase change material (PCM) storage system to take advantage of off-peak electricity tariff for improvement in cost of heat pump operation

An experimental system consisting a longitudinally finned RT58 phase change material (PCM) in a horizontal cylinder has been conducted to evaluate the heat transfer characteristics of RT58. The investigation forms part of a wider study to investigate a suitable PCM to take advantage of off-peak electricity tariff. The system consisted of a 1.2 m long copper cylinder filled with 93 kg of RT58 with an embedded finned tube at the centre to serve as a heat transfer tube. The experimental data has been reported using hourly temperature profiles, isotherm plots, overall heat transfer coefficients and energy stored. The results show a quadratic relationship between heat transfer coefficient and the inlet HTF temperature within temperature range (62-77 °C) investigated. Increasing charge inlet heat transfer fluid temperature by 21.9% increased heat transfer coefficient by 45.3% during charging and 16.6% during discharge. The potential implication of integrating PCM storage system to an air source heat pump to meet 100% residential heating energy load for common buildings in UK has demonstrated that with an improvement in heat transfer, store size can be reduced by up to 30%.     

Effects of wallboard design parameters on the thermal storage in buildings

The phase change material (PCM) could be added to the wallboard to increase the thermal mass to decrease in indoor temperature fluctuation and improve thermal comfort. In this study, experimentally validated simulation was performed to investigate the effects of various parameters of PCM including the nominal average phase change temperature, its range, the convective heat transfer coefficients and the wallboard thickness on the thermal storage performance of the wallboard such as the thermal energy storage and the time shift.It was found that the average phase change temperature should be close to the average room temperature to maximize the thermal heat storage in the wallboards. The phase change temperature should be narrow to maximize the thermal heat storage in the PCM wallboards. The thermal heat storage increased with the convective heat transfer coefficient, and the optimal average phase change temperature to maximize the storage shifted a bit to a higher temperature with it. The time shift was found to decrease with the convective heat transfer coefficient and the phase change temperature range.     

Experimental study and evaluation of latent heat storage in phase change materials wallboards

Phase change materials (PCM) can be applied in building envelops to conserve heat energy. Wallboards incorporated with PCM can automatically absorb indoor redundant heat, which can greatly reduce the load of HVAC systems and save electric energy. In experiments, a PCM wallboard room was constructed by attaching PCM wallboards, developed by incorporating about 26% PCM by weight into gypsum wallboards, to the surface of an ordinary wall. The transition temperature and latent heat of these PCM wallboards were tested by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The room testing was conducted to determine the latent heat storage of PCM wallboards. Through experiments, it could be proved that DSC can effectively predict the performance of a full-scale installation of PCM wallboards. Compared with an ordinary room, it was found that the PCM wallboard room could greatly reduce the energy cost of HVAC systems and transfer electric power peak load to valley.