The design of a semi-additive manufacturing shape using metal 3D printing for a partially strengthened mold based on a high-alloy tool steel powder

In this paper, describe the fabrication of high strength punch molds that can be applied to ultra-high strength sheet materials after processing. A method for improving the strength of the punching die by additive manufacturing (AM) of a high strength powder material using a metal 3D printer was proposed. Furthermore, a semi-additive technique was proposed to increase the punch strength through partial AM of specific parts of the punch that require high strength. A preprocessing process for predicting the semi-additive shape for the punch function portion is proposed for application of the AM technology of a metal 3D printer to this semi-additive technique. The preprocessing for determining the semi-additive shape consists of the predicting step of the punch strength based on the shear process of the sheet material, analyzing step the stress distribution of the punch, defining step the semi-additive range, designing step the semi-additive shape, and verifying step the additive interface strength. Based on this simulation, the range of shapes for the semi-additive was 1.21 mm and 2.62 mm for sheet material CP1180 and 1.3 mm and 3.2 mm for sheet material 22MnB5. The shape and range determined in the simulation process defines a semi-additive area (volume) for the 3D printing AM technique using a high-strength powder material, and a semi-additive punch was manufactured according to the defined area. The semi-additive punch (HWS powder material) fabricated in this study was performed a durability test for validity verification in the piercing process of high-strength sheet material (CR980). This validation test compared the state of the punch after 1000 piercing processes with a typical cold piercing punch (SKD11 solid material). From this test, the feasibility of the semi-additive punch was confirmed by showing a similar state of scratches and abrasion from the two punches. The simulation analysis processor for the additive shape and the additive range prediction for the semi-additive punch manufacturing presented in this paper can be useful for the additive manufacture of cutting and trimming punch mold.

     

An experimental analysis of effects of various material tool’s wear on burr during generator sheets blanking

Blanking is one of the most frequently used processes in sheet metal forming. Unlike other forming processes, such as stamping, blanking not only deforms the metal plastically to give the appropriate size and shape, but also ruptures the sheet metal in the desired zones. Among the others, blanking enables manufacturing of electric motor components, such as rotor or stator parts. The parts of the low power commutator motor of rotor and stator are made of generator sheets, which are really difficult to do from the machining point of view. The shock loads and high reaction of the sheet metal of separation surface to the punch surface are presented during the blanking process. In this paper, an investigation has been made to study the effects of punch–die clearance, tool materials, and tool coatings on the wear of blanking tools. In the paper, the feasibility analysis for various materials used for production of the tools for punching the generator sheets is presented.     

Modeling and experiment of surface error for large-aperture aspheric SiC mirror based on residual height and wheel wear

Shaped metal deposition method using gas tungsten arc welding is a novel manufacturing technology that can be used for fabricating solid dense parts in layered manufacturing. This paper reports for the first time using the pulsed current shaped metal deposition technique for fabricating components using cold wire of AISI 308LSi stainless steel. The aim of this work was to investigate and compare the effect of pulse frequency and other deposition process parameters on the morphology aspects and microstructure characteristics of the manufactured components using pulsed and continuous current processes. The obtained results reveal that the structure of the deposited specimens produced via pulsed arc current is generally having finer grains, high residual ferrite, and absence of columnar grains. Pulse frequency and current ratio have a significant influence on the surface morphology and microstructure of the manufactured parts. Good metallurgical bonding with no sensitization effects can be seen in all tested specimens. The presented additive layered manufacturing method can be recommended for near net-shaped processing of austenitic stainless steel components, and it can be used as an alternative manufacturing method for fabricating metal components with free defects, higher corrosion resistance, and superior mechanical properties.     

Determination of fabrication direction to minimize post-machining in FDM by prediction of non-linear roughness characteristics

Rapid Prototyping (RP) is a technology that generates physical objects directly from CAD data. As a prototype can be rapidly built by using this technology, the product cycle is remarkably reduced in manufacturing. However, the surface quality of RP processed parts is not sufficient for general mechanical parts because of the use of the layered manufacturing process. Therefore, additional post-machining processes are required such as grinding and coating. But, these processes are time-consuming and detrimental to the original part’s geometry. In this paper, a methodology for determining fabrication direction which aims to minimize the post-machining process in FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) is proposed. In order to enhance the accuracy and the computational speed in determining the fabrication direction, a surface roughness model that is considered even non-linear surface roughness characteristics is presented. And, a required post-machining volume is newly introduced as a objective function. Also, a genetic algorithm is applied to obtain a reliable solution. Finally, it is verified that the proposed approach can be very efficient with the developed system.     

Simulation and Experiment on Workability for Cold Pressure Forming of Sheet Metal Part with Step Cross-section

In modem manufacturing, a new type of sheet metal part with step cross-section in both inner hole and outer edge is proposed. The traditional stamping separating processes can only produce sheet metal part with vertical cross-section. According to the latest developing theory and potential of cold pressure forming: combination of pressure and cold forging, a new flow control forming of sheet metal(FCF) is excogitated based on blanking process of general stamping and combined with cold forging processes such as extrusion and coining, etc, which is aiming at the above-mentioned new type of sheet metal part. With utilization of this new process, the new type of sheet metal parts can be manufactured. In order to shorten the testing period, the numerical simulation was carried out by using DEFORM-3D software, and both deformation and mechanics rules were analyzed. Based on the simulation, both punching part and blanked parts of this new type were successfully developed. Then a new conception of optimal distance between the step walls of inner hole and outside edge was proposed and the design principle for its numerical value was inferred. Furthermore, a mold set for combination of stamping & cold forging was designed and manufactured, by which the technologic experiments were taken for validation with Aluminum plate of thickness 2.35 mm for power battery cover board, which verified the principle of the distance between the step walls. The research of cold pressure forming of thin sheet metal with step cross-section is significant, not only to the development of modem mechanical manufacture, but also to metal plastic forming science.     

自控技术优化3D打印机

<正>随着全球新一轮数字化、智能化制造浪潮的兴起,快速演进的3D打印技术正在推动"第三次工业革命"。大到飞机、房屋,小到假牙、眼镜,都开始关注3D打印技术。3D打印机就是应用这一技术来工作,通过"加式制造"方式,打印一层层的粘合材料来制造三维的物体。该技术可用于珠宝、鞋类、工业设计、建筑、工程和施工(AEC)、汽车、航空航天、牙科和医疗产业、教育事业、地理信息系统、土木工程和许多其他的领域。     

焊枪头与钣金件空间间隙的自动检查

针对车身三维模型中焊枪头与焊点附近的钣金件之间空间间隙检查过程复杂、检查结果不准确等问题,提出了焊枪头与钣金件空间间隙的自动检查方法。在特征识别算法和包围盒技术的基础上获得焊点特征、钣金件特征和螺母特征等分析要素;基于三维模型的投影算法和距离测量算法计算钣金件的拓扑面与虚拟焊枪之间的距离,与安全阈值比较,筛选出与焊枪发生干涉的危险平面、孔和螺母;对焊接空间不足的焊点进行标注并截图。利用二次开发环境所提供的函数库编程实现了上述算法,通过运行实例以及企业的实际使用,验证了自动检查系统的可行性。     

复杂形状板料冲压件回弹评价指标研究

对于 3- D复杂形状板料冲压件 ,现有的回弹评价指标均有一定的片面性 ,难以满足工程实践和理论研究多方面的要求。本文从弹性变形能概念出发 ,提出一种新的回弹评价指标。新指标反映了冲压件回弹过程的几何和力学本质 ,能客观全面地评价复杂零件的整体回弹水平。新指标以相同的参数衡量 2 - D弯曲件和 3- D复杂冲压件的回弹水平 ,做到了评价指标相对于不同评价对象的一致性。     

Sheet metal dieless forming and its tool path generation based on STL files

This paper introduces a new sheet metal dieless forming technology. This technology adopts the principle of “layered manufacture” in rapid prototyping technology; it can form sheet metal parts without dies. A new method of tool-path generation based on STL file for sheet metal dieless forming is proposed.     

Electroplastic cutting influence on power consumption during drilling process

Electron beam melting (EBM) has been recognized as an emerging additive manufacturing technology, which allows the production of fully dense parts from various metals. The technique builds parts using an electron beam to melt metal powder, layer by layer, in a powder bed. Thus, complex parts, including internal structures, can be made directly from 3D CAD models without special fixtures and cutting tools. Much research is conducted to study the microstructure and mechanical properties of EBM-built parts or to investigate the effects of EBM process parameters on the quality of parts. However, using EBM for building new features on an existing part has received little attention from the research community. Due to its performance, EBM seems able to transform an end-of-life (EoL) part/existing part into a new part without returning to the level of raw material. The aim of this study is to validate such principle. In this paper, an EBM machine was used to produce new Ti-6Al-4V features on a Ti-6Al-4V plate, which was considered as a useful core retrieved from an EoL product. The built samples, including EBM-built features and Ti-6Al-4V plate, were investigated in terms of their microstructure and mechanical properties. The results showed that EBM technique allows new features with a suitable microstructure and controlled mechanical properties to be built on an existing part. Moreover, the EBM-built features have a strong bond with the existing part leading to the same mechanical characteristics as original part. These demonstrate that the EBM technology has a promising potential for producing new parts from EoL parts/existing parts.     

3D打印技术在机械设计制造领域中的应用

进入21世纪以后,我国的科学技术得到了迅速的发展,其中3D打印技术自传入我国后就在航天产品、医疗器械以及汽车生产中得到了普及应用,该技术进入机械设计制造领域后直接颠覆了传统的机械制造,在零件和部件的加工和制造过程中发挥着十分重要的作用,有效的提高了生产效率与生产质量,因此成为当前机械设计制造领域中广大企业争相推广应用的...     

基于SolidWorks的复杂钣金折弯动画生成方法

在SolidWorks中,通过设定钣金件的折弯角作为驱动参数,利用SolidWorks的VBA接口,建立相应的VBA程序,实现对零件的变形驱动,从而通过重建模型获得钣金件的折弯仿真动画。经过实际应用证明,可以有效的提高钣金件加工效率。     

An Information Modelling Framework to Support Intelligent Concurrent Design and Manufacturing of Sheet Metal Parts

Sharing of information is an important issue in supporting integrated and rapid product development. The use of information modelling technology is a promising approach for solving the problems of the intensive sharing of information in a concurrent and rapid product development cycle. This paper explores the definition and the structure of a framework of information modelling for the concurrent design and manufacturing of sheet metal parts. This framework aims to build an information bridge to fill the gap between the sheet metal part design and manufacturing systems. It is based on abstract handling principles of entities called zero thickness and zero bend radius principles. Based on this framework, information models can be built for information sharing by different systems. Knowledge bases that support intelligent concurrent design and manufacturing can also be created. In this paper, a two-branch tree based stepping-structure information modelling methodology for sheet metal parts is described, and a case study is given.     

基于有限元模型的汽车薄板焊装公差分配研究

当前的汽车车身薄板覆盖件焊装公差分配方法,通过收紧装配公差以期达到车身焊装高的质量要求,而公差过小不仅提高了制造成本,还往往超出了装配件制造能力。本文提出一种基于有限元模型的公差分配方法用于薄板装配,利用该方法可在装配前确定满足产品整体质量要求的最大允许加工公差,这样既可以降低装配件制造成本,又可以保证车身焊装的质量。此方法为汽车薄板件冲压工艺设计提供了依据。     

Differences in microstructure and properties between selective laser melting and traditional manufacturing for fabrication of metal parts: A review

Selective laser melting (SLM), as one of the additive manufacturing technologies, is widely investigated to fabricate metal parts. In SLM, parts are manufactured directly from powders in a layer-by-layer fashion; SLM also provides several advantages, such as production of complex parts with high three-dimensional accuracy, compared with other additive manufacturing technologies. Therefore, SLM can be applied in aeronautics, astronautics, medicine, and die and mould industry. However, this technique differs from traditional methods, such as casting and forging; for instance, the former greatly differs in terms of microstructure and properties of products. This paper summarizes relevant studies on metal material fabrication through SLM. Based on a work completed in Huazhong Univ. Sci Tech., Rapid Manuf. Center (HUST-RMC) and compared with characteristics described in other reported studies, microstructure, properties, dimensional accuracy, and application of SLM are presented.     

Review of materials used in laser-aided additive manufacturing processes to produce metallic products

Rapid prototyping (RP) or layered manufacturing (LM) technologies have been extensively used to manufacture prototypes composed mainly of plastics, polymers, paper, and wax due to the short product development time and low costs of these technologies. However, such technologies, with the exception of selective laser melting and sintering, are not used to fabricate metallic products because of the resulting poor life, short cycle, poor surface finish, and low structural integrity of the fabricated parts. The properties endowed by these parts do not match those of functional parts. Therefore, extensive research has been conducted to develop new additive manufacturing (AM) technologies by extending existing RP technologies. Several AM technologies have been developed for the fabrication of metallic objects. These technologies utilize materials, such as Ni-, Al-, and Ti-based alloys and stainless steel powders, to fabricate high-quality functional components. The present work reviews the type of materials used in laser-based AM processes for the manufacture of metallic products. The advantages and disadvantages of processes and different materials are summarized, and future research directions are discussed in the final section. This review can help experts select the ideal type of process or technology for the manufacturing of elements composed of a given alloy or material (Ni, Ti, Al, Pb, and stainless steel).     

A developed algorithm for simulation of blades to reduce the measurement points and time on coordinate measuring machine (CMM)

A 3D Coordinate Measurement Machine Facility (CMM) of the latest technology enables both researchers and industrial manufacturers to evaluate the precision of the different manufacturing techniques that are usually applied for the production of the mechanical component. Especially when the examined component is a blade, due to the geometrical complexity, larger errors can occur during the manufacturing procedure. These errors have a strong impact on the final performance. The high precision measurement with a CMM requires scanning with small steps, which means measuring several points that need long-time measurement.The aim of this paper is to develop a method for simulating objects by three-dimensional scanning, with a small number of points, while achieving the goal of a certain allowable deviation. The curves used are of a 3rd degree polynomial form.     

Analysis of the tribological behaviour of polymer composite tool materials for sheet metal forming

Today's automotive industry shifts its focus on customised production, facing an increasing demand for medium and small batch production, where cost-effective manufacturability of sheet metal forming dies comes into the foreground. Filled polymers offer possibilities to fulfil such requirements in the ambit of prototype tools manufacturing or in small batch production of sheet metal components. This paper presents investigations dealing with tribological and tool design aspects of using polymeric materials for sheet metal forming purposes. Friction and wear behaviour of two polymer composites on sheet metal counterface materials have been investigated. A new testing method for wear evaluation of polymeric materials for sheet metal forming using a Strip Drawing Test facility is presented and discussed. A method to predict lifetime of polymeric stamping dies using the linear wear–distance relation W_l/s measured with the new testing method is also proposed. Significant improvements in friction and wear performance of polymer composites have been observed using sheet materials with structured surfaces. A theoretical model for abrasive friction and wear of polymer composites on sheet metal counterface material pairs has been developed, based on the results obtained by measurement of friction and wear.     

金属注射成型技术在气相色谱仪复杂零件制造中的应用

气相色谱仪中涉及到很多机械加工的零件。而对比较复杂的结构零件,机械加工包括数控机床加工,不一定是最佳制做方法。因为机械加工的时间长,质量不能保证,统一性差,成本高。近年出现了一种新的制造工艺——金属粉末注射加工技术,特别适合批量生产小型、结构复杂及有特殊要求的金属零件。本文以安捷伦7890气相色谱仪为例,介绍了金属粉末注射技术在气相色谱仪复杂零件制造上的应用。