New aminated PVC compounds: Synthesis and characterization

Different compounds for the synthesis of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with tertiary amino groups were tested, and the course of the modification reactions was followed under different conditions by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and elemental analysis. It is shown that PVC can be modified without side reactions with 2‐mercaptopyridine, 2‐mercaptopyrimidine, 4‐mercapto‐N,N‐dimethylaniline, and 4‐mercaptopyridine. The reactivity of the para‐substituted mercapto compounds is found to be considerably higher than that of the corresponding ortho products, and higher final degrees of modification are achieved. The availability of the amino group towards electrophilic attack in order to form quaternary ammonium salts was tested by reaction with methyl iodide. While this reaction takes place in good yields in the case of PVC modified with 4‐mercaptopyridine and 4‐mercapto‐N,N‐dimethylaniline, aminated PVC with the nitrogen atoms in ortho position do not react due to steric hindrance by the polymer chain. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 1178–1185, 1999     

Morphology and properties of PVC/clay nanocomposites via in situ emulsion polymerization

PVC/Na⁺–montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites were prepared via a simple technique of emulsion polymerization at several different MMT clay concentrations. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed the formation of a mixture of intercalated and exfoliated nanostructure. Tensile testing results showed that the tensile modulus of the nanocomposites increased with the addition of clay, while the tensile strength decreased little. The notched impact strength of the nanocomposites was also improved. For systems containing clay in the range of 2.1 to 3.5 wt %, the impact strength was almost two times as large as that of pure PVC. However, those mechanical properties began to decrease with the continuously increasing amount of clay. The fracture surface of pure PVC and the nanocomposites was observed by scanning electron microscope. Thermal properties of the nanocomposites were found to increase as a result of clay incorporation. The glass transition temperatures of the PVC/clay nanocomposites were nearly identical to that of pure PVC. The Vicat softening points exhibited a progressively increasing trend with the clay content added. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 277–286, 2004     

软聚氯乙烯塑料的气味分析研究

采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对3种软聚氯乙(烯S-PVC)试样的挥发性有机物进行了测试,分析了产生气味的物质。结果表明:试样产生的挥发性有机物为烃类化合物、醇和醛、酯等羰基化合物,产生气味的化合物主要是羰基化合物;添加抗氧剂可阻止增塑剂和其他烃类的氧化,减少S-PVC塑料气味的产生。     

Morphology,Microstructure and Properties of PEG-plasticized PVC

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) could be plasticized with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) introduced via solution mixing. Infrared and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis indicated the combination of PEG with PVC. The plasticization effect of PEG was obvious for PVC film with less than 40 wt.% PEG. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed PEG reduced the thermal stability of PVC. Atomic force microscope (AFM) and optical microscope (OM) results indicated micropores formed on plasticized PVC films due to the enrichment of PEG from PVC matirx. The PEG also increased the hydrophilicity of PVC by reducing the water contact angles.     

Statistical thermal stability of PVC

Experimental design was used to optimize the processing parameters for the decomposition of poly(vinyl chloride). Factorial design and face centered composite design (FCC) were applied to determine the optimum conditions. A total of 10 g PVC powder was mixed with different amounts of zinc stearate (ZnSt₂) and natural zeolite and tested for thermal stability. Factorial fitted model was explained by first order pattern due to the significant main effect regression constants, and FCC model was described by second order model owing to higher order polynomial coefficients. FCC design was superior to factorial design as FCC considers not only its pure quadratic effects contribution but also its higher overall desirability for thermal stability of PVC. For factorial design the optimum conditions were determined as 163.06 mg for ZnSt₂, 399.99 mg for zeolite, and 140°C for temperature with desirability of 0.933. However, 400 mg for ZnSt₂, 333.24 mg for zeolite, and 140°C for temperature with desirability of 0.956 were obtained as the optimum conditions by FCC design. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

A rheological and morphological study of treated PVC

This article reports a rheological and morphological study of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) that was subjected to a treatment capable of decreasing the simultaneous mass transfers occurring between liquid food (or simulant) and PVC packaging. The storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″), and the loss angle (tan δ), have been used to determine the glass transition temperature using a Rheometric Scientific Dynamic Analyzer. Young's modulus was measured on a dynamometer, and a morphological characterization was carried out with an optical microscope. The obtained results show that treated PVC behaves like a composite material, which is in agreement with a previously established model. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3497–3502, 2003     

Preparation and thermomechanical characterization of poly(vinyl chloride) blends compatible with terpolymer‐containing maleic anhydride

In this study, I aimed to change the thermomechanical characteristics of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), which is widely used in commercial areas. Copolymers containing maleic anhydride (MA) units are commonly used to obtain compatible polymer blends. In our study, PVC blends were also prepared with the terpolymers with and without anhydride units. I assumed that the impact of the terpolymer on the thermomechanical characteristics of the PVC material could be more effectively controlled. For this purpose, two sets of six different blends of PVC with or without MA were synthesized, among which one was pure PVC, but the other five blends contained 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% terpolymer. In conclusion, I observed that the terpolymer with the MA unit more regularly changed the thermomechanical characteristics of PVC. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1586–1589, 2004     

Supercritical CO2 extraction of phthalate plasticizers from PVC

Three common phthalates, namely, dioctyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, and trioctyl trimellitate, were used as plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) processing, and the extraction of these plasticizers were investigated using supercritical CO₂ fluids. Factors affecting the extractions of these phthalates were focused. The molecular weight of phthalates was found to dominate the level of extraction of low temperatures, whereas the content of carbonyl groups in the phthalate was a determining factor for the level of extraction of high temperatures. Negligible extraction was observed below the critical pressure of CO₂. For 32°C, the level of the extraction is insignificant below density of ca 0.7 g/cm³, above which the level of the extraction increases roughly linearly with increasing density. For temperatures above 32°C, the density of CO₂ for apparent extractions decreased with increasing temperatures. The threshold density of CO₂ for extractions was found to be independent of the amount of a given phthalate in PVC. Two extraction rates during the extraction could be determined, with a higher rate in the first hour followed by a lower rate later in the extraction for all three phthalates. The effects of the extractions of phthalates on the flexibility of PVC were also investigated as well as the effects of the extrusion conditions, which could lead to various degrees of plasticization of PVC, on the level of extractions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 4032–4037, 2003     

Photocatalytic degradation of flexible PVC/TiO2 nanohybrid as an eco-friendly alternative to the current waste landfill and dioxin-emitting incineration of post-use PVC

Photo-degradable poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanohybrid has been investigated to be utilized as an eco-friendly alternative strategy to the current waste landfill and toxic byproduct-emitting incineration of PVC wastes. Thus, the present study suggests a novel idea related to preparing the photocatalytically degradable nanohybrid through TiO₂ nanoparticle-integrated hyperbranched poly(ε-caprolactone) (HPCL-TiO₂). The main aim of this study is to find a solution to the unresolved problem in the conventional PVC/TiO₂ composites related to the poor dispersion of the nanoparticles in PVC polymer. First, TiO₂ nanoparticles are prepared by a sol-gel process, and the size of the particle is about 5-10 nm in diameter as measured by using a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The hyperbranched poly(ε-caprolactone) (HPCL) with numerous COOH groups and good miscibility with PVC as a binder for TiO₂ nanoparticles is prepared from moisture-sensitive catalyst-free polymerization of 2,2-bis[ω-hydroxy oligo(ε-caprolactone)methyl]propionic acids followed by modification reaction using pyridinium dichloromate (PDC), then characterized with ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR analyses. The integration of TiO₂ nanoparticles onto HPCL is carried out by a dip-coating method based on the spontaneous self-assembly between TiO₂ nanoparticles and HPCL, and the loading amount of the nanoparticles in the HPCL-TiO₂ is determined to be ca. 3.3 wt% by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Then, the HPCL-TiO₂ is blended with PVC by solution blending in THF as solvent, and the resulting dispersibility of TiO₂ nanoparticle in PVC is characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), which exhibits the TiO₂ nanoparticles are well-dispersed in PVC matrix, while some agglomerates are observed in the PVC/TiO₂ sample prepared from TiO₂ nanoparticle itself. The photocatalytic degradation of the samples are examined and verified from the change of surface morphology, chemical structure, molecular weight, and molecular-level structure after UV irradiation through field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV-visible spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). The remarkable photocatalytic degradation is observed in the PVC/HPCL-TiO₂, and the structural change accompanied by the degradation of the irradiated sample can clearly explained.     

氯化聚丙烯对PP/PVC共混物性能的影响

以氯化聚丙烯(CPP)为增容剂,探讨了CPP不同含量下PP/PVC体系的力学性能、相容性、流变性能以及对应的微观结构,并与氯化聚乙烯(CPE)增容剂进行了比较。发现添加5份CPP可明显改善PP和PVC两相界面相容性,与PP/PVC体系相比,拉伸强度提高了61%,无缺口冲击强度提高了100%。此时CPP还起到了一定的增塑作用,共混体系加工性能较好。与CPE相比,含有CPP的共混体系拉伸强度较高。     

Synthesis of glycidylethylhexylphthalate and its effects on poly(vinyl chloride) films as a novel plasticizer

To improve the processability and prevent the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), various plasticizers and heat stabilizers have to be compounded. Phthalic plasticizers and metal soap stabilizers are usually used with epoxides as costabilizers. Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), is one of the most commonly used epoxides because of its typical combined roles as a plasticizer and heat stabilizer in PVC compounds. ESO, however, sometimes causes surface contamination of PVC compounds because saturated fatty acids such as stearic and palmitic acids in soybean oil easily bleed onto the surface. In addition, some ingredients in ESO with hydroxide groups and unreacted double bonds during epoxidization also tend to increase the bleeding of ESO. This is due to their low compatibility with PVC resins. In this study, a novel plasticizer of PVC resins, glycidylethylhexylphthalate (GEHP), was synthesized, and its performance was evaluated. GEHP was designed to act as a plasticizer like normal phthalic plasticizers and to act as a heat stabilizer like ESO. Through the addition of epoxy groups in phthalic compounds, the resistance to bleeding was improved, and the plasticizing and heat‐stabilizing effects on the PVC compounds were preserved. Soft PVC films were prepared with GEHP. The mechanical properties, thermal stability, and bleeding properties of the films were investigated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1347–1356, 2005     

PVC／PS共混体系的改性研究进展

概述了聚氯乙烯和聚苯乙烯的共混改性研究的最新进展,迄今主要在是该体系中加入增容剂进行改性。希望增容,交联协同技术用于该本系的共混改性。     

PVC／共聚尼龙合金的性能研究

采用了乙烯－丙烯酸酯－一氧化碳共聚物（Ｆｌｖａｌｏｙ）及乙烯－丙烯酸酯－一氧化碳共聚物接枝马来酸酐（Ｆｕｓａｂｏｎｄ）两种增容剂对聚氯乙烯与二元共聚尼龙的共混物进行增容,得到了一类新型的ＰＶＣ／尼龙合金,并研究了合铆钉与比及增容剂对性能的影响。     

Concentration dependency of interaction parameter between PVC and plasticizers using inverse gas chromatography

The inverse gas chromatography method was extended to study the concentration dependent Flory–Huggins interaction parameter between poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and plasticizers using literature data. For both PVC/polyadipate and PVC/epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) systems, the miscibility was better at the high PVC end. The specific interaction between PVC and plasticizers was estimated from the difference between the experimental results and the enthalpies of mixing predicted by the solubility parameter model. The interaction was negative and skewed toward the high PVC end, and rendered the overall interaction parameter negative at high PVC compositions. Chemical potential was used to determine the phase composition of PVC/plasticizer mixtures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 146–156, 2004     

Mechanical and thermomechanical characterization of PVC/polyalkylacrylate blends

The effect of blending poly(ethyl acrylate) and poly(butyl acrylate) in various proportions with suitably stabilized and plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was studied with reference to their physical, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties. The tensile modulus and ultimate tensile strength indicated a rise initially, followed by their steady decrease with increasing concentration of the polyalkyl acrylates. A corresponding behavior of elongation at break and toughness are exhibited. The various polyblends exhibit thermal stability over unmodified PVC, as reflected from their thermomechanical studies, in which the penetration is also inversely related to the respective moduli. The biphasic cocontinuous systems as explicit from the morphological studies support phase mixing at the initial stages, with subsequent phasing‐out tendency, with increasing percentage of polyalkyl acrylate incorporation. The thermomechanical parameters are in conformity to their mechanical parameters, which have been further supported by their morphological studies. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3698–3703, 2006     

加快创新开发,开拓聚氯乙烯压力管道系统的新局面

近年来聚氯乙烯管道取得了重大进步。PVC-M管材(改性聚氯乙烯管材)、PVC-O管材(取向聚氯乙烯管材)兼有非凡的强度和韧度,和传统的硬聚氯乙烯管材比可以采用较高的设计应力,显著地节约材料。     

Preparation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) ultrafiltration membranes from PVC/additive/solvent and application of UF membranes as substrate for fabrication of reverse osmosis membranes

Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were prepared from poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as main polymer, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) as additive, and 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent using Design Expert software for designing the experiments. The membranes were characterized by SEM, contact angle measurement, and atomic force microscopy. The performance of UF membranes was evaluated by pure water flux (PWF) and blue indigo dye particle rejection. In addition, the molecular weight cutoff of UF membranes was determined by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) rejection. The UF membranes were used as substrates for fabrication of polyamide thin film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. The results showed that the model had high reliability for prediction of PWF of UF membranes. Also, increment in PVC concentration caused reduction of PWF. Moreover, at constant PVC concentration and if the concentrations of PVC was lower than 10 wt %, the PWF reduced by increasing the concentration of PVP. However, at PVC concentration higher than 11 wt %, increment in PVP concentration showed increment and reduction of PWF. The PEG rejection results showed that the prepared membranes had UF membranes properties. Finally, the NaCl rejection tests of RO membranes by PVC as substrates indicated that the performance of RO membranes were lower than commercial membranes. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46267.     

The role of plasticizer on the exfoliation and dispersion and fracture behavior of clay particles in PVC matrix: a comprehensive morphological study

The clay nanoparticles are readily dispersed and exfoliated in the PVC matrix with the help of Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) plasticizer. X-ray, TEM and AFM analysis of the nanocomposites indicate that there is an optimum concentration of DOP for the process. If used in high concentrations, the ability to transfer forces to the clay particles through the polymer matrix decreases due to substantial decrease in viscosity. The individual platy montmorillonite particles dispersed in PVC matrix were directly observed by AFM and found to lie preferentially on their basal surfaces, especially when the compounded batch is compression molded. The edges of the particles were in some cases straight forming hexagonal angles and in other cases irregular.     

氧化物的性能对PVC热稳定性的影响

通过对氧化物的粒度分布和比表面积的测定研究了氧化物表面性能对PVC热稳定性的影响。结果发现,氧化物的粒径大小对PVC动态热稳定性的影响具有决定性的影响,而氧化物的比表面积决定PVC静态热稳定性。