A computationally efficient and interference tolerant nonparametricalgorithm for LTI system identification based on higher ordercyclostationarity

A new nonparametric algorithm for the identification of linear time-invariant systems is proposed. The method is based on the cyclic correlations of the input and output signals with a nonlinear transformation of the input signal. Consequently, although it exploits the higher order cyclostationarity properties of the input and output signals, its computational complexity is comparable with that of methods based on second-order statistics. The proposed estimator of the system transfer function is inherently immune to the presence of noise and interference on both input and output signal measurements and turns out to be asymptotically unbiased and consistent. Moreover, bias and variance of the estimate exhibit a rate of convergence to zero equal to that of estimates based on second-order statistics. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms, in terms of both bias and variance of the estimates, several nonparametric identification algorithms previously presented in the literature     

Nonlinearity modelling of an on-board microwave photonics system based on Mach-Zehnder modulator

For the nonlinearity distortion problem of Mach-Zehnder modulator(MZM)applied in the on-board microwave photonics system,the situation for two input radio frequency(RF)signals with different frequencies and phases is discussed,and an exact analytical solution is derived with the method of expanding Bessel series and Graf addition theory.According to the analytical expression,the nonlinearity characteristics of the modulator can be precisely predicted,and the system performance can be optimized.The correctness of the analytical solution is approved by simulation results.Analytical results indicate that the nonlinearity distortion is suppressed as the decrease of modulation index,the increase of direct current bias phase shift and phase difference between two input RF signals.When the phase difference equals zero orπand the direct current bias phase shift isπ/2,there are only odd-order distortion terms.When the phase difference equals zero orπand the direct current bias phase shift isπ,there are only even-order distortion terms.     

Quantization Error Analysis of Second Order Bandpass Delta-Sigma Modulator with Sinusoidal Inputs

The exact analysis of second order bandpassDelta-Sigma modulator with sinusoidal inputs isperformed. The results indicate that quantization erroris neither uniformly distributed nor white. Thequantization error spectrum is purely discrete andsymmetric with one forth of sampling frequency, and thelocations of these discrete frequency components arestrongly dependent on input amplitudes. Similar resultsare also observed for passband communication signals,such as quadrature amplitude modulation. From theanalysis, crosscorrelation between quantization error andsinusoidal input was shown to exist but can be cancelledout by proper design of the noise shaping function. Crosscorrelation can degrade the performance of thedelta-sigma system. Hence, the exact analysis is anothermethod to enable design for high performance.     

Continuous-Time Sigma–Delta Modulator With an Embedded Pulsewidth Modulation

A new Continuous-Time (CT) sigma-delta modulator (SDM) based on the well-known asynchronous SDM is proposed in this paper. To this end, the flash quantizer and the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) in a multibit (MB) CT-SDM clocked at a rate f_max are replaced by a single-bit (SB) comparator with hysteresis clocked at a higher rate f_s and a SB-DAC, respectively. By proper selection of the hysteresis in the comparator and the ratio F = f_s/f_max, the performances of both modulators are shown to be equivalent. The comparator with hysteresis and the loop filter produce, in the modulator output, a limit cycle of frequency /max which is modulated by the input signal. Therefore, the modulator output can be considered to be a pulsewidth (PW) modulated signal with a frequency approximately equal to /max, and the proposed modulator is called a PW-SDM. Despite the high sampling rate of the comparator output, the integrators and the SB-DAC of the proposed modulator have the same speed requirements as those of the equivalent conventional MB-SDM. On the other hand, in the proposed modulator there are not MB (analog-to-digital or digital-to-analog) converters. Therefore, for a given set of specifications, the proposed PW-SDM is expected to consume less power and area than its equivalent conventional MB modulator.     

采用线性正则域模糊函数的QFM信号参数估计算法输出信噪比分析

采用线性正则域模糊函数的二次调频 (quadratic frequency modulated,QFM) 信号参数估计算法简单易解,估计精度较高,误差传递小,在实际应用中有较好的前景。本文对该算法的输出信噪比进行了较为深入而详细的分析,推导了输出信噪比与输入信噪比及信号采样点数之间的关系表达式;通过仿真实验比较了在同等条件下本算法和积分广义模糊函数算法(integrated generalized ambiguity function, IGAF))以及多项式相位变换(polynomial-phase transform, PPT)算法的输出信噪比大小,以及达到相同大小输出信噪比所需采样点数。发现本算法的输出信噪比要大于IGAF算法和PPT算法,且达到相同大小的输出信噪比所需采样点数分别是IGAF算法和PPT算法的1/4和1/9,即得到相同大小的输出信噪比时本算法所需的采样点数更少.      

Superconducting bandpass /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator with 2.23-GHz center frequency and 42.6-GHz sampling rate

This paper presents a superconducting bandpass /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator for direct analog-to-digital conversion of radio frequency signals in the gigahertz range. The design, based on a 2.23-GHz microstrip resonator and a single flux quantum comparator, exploits several advantages of superconducting electronics: the high quality factor of resonators, the fast switching speed of the Josephson junction, natural quantization of voltage pulses, and high circuit sensitivity. The modulator test chip includes an integrated acquisition memory for capturing output data at sampling rates up to 45 GHz. The small size (256 b) of the acquisition memory limits the frequency resolution of spectra based on standard fast Fourier transforms. Output spectra with enhanced resolution are obtained with a segmented correlation method. At a 42.6-GHz sampling rate, the measured SNR is 49 dB over a 20.8-MHz bandwidth, and a full-scale (FS) input is -17.4 dBm. At a 40.2-GHz sampling rate, the measured in-band noise is -57 dBFS over a 19.6-MHz bandwidth. The modulator test chip contains 4065 Josephson junctions and dissipates 1.9 mW at T=4.2 K.     

自适应波束形成在OFDM系统中的应用

为了提高正交频分复用（OFDM）系统中传输数据的可靠性,对抗频率偏差带来的系统信噪比的下降,在OFDM系统接收端引入自适应波束形成。自适应波束形成实现了对期望信号方向的增益接收,同时对干扰信号方向进行有效的抑制。仿真结果表明,文中方法比单纯的OFDM系统具有更低的误码率,即使在有多普勒频移的多径信道下,也能获得更高的传输可靠性。从输入、输出信干噪比的曲线也可以看出,此方法是可行且收敛的。     

基于通用仪器的DRFM 雷达目标模拟器实现

在雷达测试系统中,需要模拟目标回波;同时,为了测试雷达的抗干扰特性,还需要产生欺骗干扰的信号。数字射频 存储(Digital Radio Frequency Memory,DRFM)由于可以高保真地存储和复制采样信号,测试系统不仅能产生多个假目标, 还能产生距离拖引干扰和速度拖引干扰,是现代雷达目标测试的首选方式。文中基于通用的矢量信号源SMW200 A和实时频谱仪FSW构建的DRFM雷达目标模拟器,实现了雷达多目标实时模拟和干扰模拟,模拟器工作频率覆盖10 kHz ~40 GHz,能够实现雷达多辐射源的信号产生、多目标回波特性、欺骗干扰、噪声干扰、多种环境杂波、合成孔径雷达面目标模拟等。基于通用仪器构建的DRFM 模拟器实现了雷达目标模拟器的通用化和标准化,适合各种雷达系统的测试需求。     

高阶Sigma-delta调制器传递函数设计方法

文章在Richard Schreier的Matlab Sigma-delta调制器设计工具包的基础上，提出了一种新的稳定的高阶调制器传递函数设计方法．给出了详细的设计步骤。通过这种方法可以确定在最大输入范围下的稳定调制器的噪声传递函数，作为设计实例，对不同过采样率，不同阶数和不同量化器位数组合下调制器的传递函数进行了分析，并将结果以表格的形式给出，可以作为设计参考。     

A hybrid CT/DT double-sampled SMASH Σ? modulator for broadband applications in 90?nm CMOS technology

In this paper, a hybrid continuous-time (CT)/discrete-time (DT) multi-stage noise shaping (MASH) sigma?Cdelta (????) modulator architecture for broadband applications is presented. The double-sampling technique is employed in the DT second-stage modulator in order to reduce the power consumption of the overall modulator. Flat and unity signal transfer functions are used in the first- and second-stage modulators, respectively, to relax the output swing of the analog building blocks without influencing the inherent anti-aliasing behavior of the first-stage CT modulator. The proposed structure is insensitive to the amplifier limited dc gain of CT stage and avoids the need of compensation for finite gain-bandwidth induced error in CT loop filter. As a design example, the proposed MASH 2-2 modulator is designed in a 90?nm CMOS technology with 1?V power supply. Circuit level simulation results with HSPICE achieve the maximum SNDR of 74.8?dB and dynamic range of 76.5?dB in 12.5?MHz bandwidth with 17?mW power consumption while operating at 200?MHz sampling rate.     

基于虚拟仪器的数据链测试模拟器研制

针对传统数据链测试设备功能单一且不易重构的问题,借鉴虚拟仪器模块化的设计思想,设计实现了一种基于美国国家仪器公司（National Instruments,NI）通用软件无线电平台的数据链测试模拟器。该模拟器采用线性调频信号叠加（Sum of Linear Frequency Modulation,SoLFM）的方法高效产生具备连续相位的时变信道衰落,包括瑞利衰落、莱斯衰落和对数正态衰落等,并结合多相滤波思想能够精确模拟数据链长时延的多径传播场景。利用矢量网络分析仪对硬件模拟器输出的信道传递函数和信道冲激响应进行实测验证,并对各支路的随机信道衰落包络分布进行统计验证。实测结果表明,该数据链测试模拟器输出的信道函数和统计分布均与理论值吻合,因而可用于数据链装备的系统优化、验证和性能评估。     

Accurate analysis of spectral regrowth of nonlinear power amplifier driven by cyclostationary modulated signals

In this paper we present an exact analytical expression to calculate the spectral regrowth at the output of a nonlinear power amplifier (PA) using the higher order cumulants and Poisson summation formula. This PA is driven by the filtered digitally modulated signals. To improve the accuracy of the calculations, the cyclosationarity of the input signal is considered. Moreover, closed-form expressions for the 1-dB compression and saturation points are extracted as a function of the PA model parameters, higher order statistics of the input signal, and the transfer function of the pulse shaping filter. In addition, an analytical expression for the adjacent channel power (ACP) and a closed-form expression of the ACP ratio are derived. This is followed by investigation of the effect of the PA nonlinearity on the performance of receiver. Simulation studies are carried out to verify the accuracy of the derived expressions. Excellent agreement between the analytical and simulation results is achieved.     

基于AD9957的三通道中频模拟信号源

介绍了一种以AD9957为核心器件的、基于PCI总线、现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）和直接数字频率合成（DDS）技术的雷达中频模拟信号源,该信号源能实时地高精度模拟3个通道的具有复杂运动轨迹的目标及多种杂波,信号持续输出时间达200S。该系统的所有硬件都集中安装在一个工控机中,该系统的软件结合VC和Matlab共同开发,不仅用户界面友好,而且易于实现,还特别便于维护和复杂功能的扩充。仿真结果表明,该系统能够正确模拟目标的运动轨迹。最后给出了实际系统PD模式下回波信号频谱的测试结果。     

Identification of cubically nonlinear systems excited by bandpass inputs

Identification of cubically nonlinear systems excited by bandpass inputs using discrete-time samples of the input and output signals is investigated. When excited by a bandpass signal, a nonlinear system may generate an output signal which occupies multiple frequency bands. Therefore, although the input signal can be bandpass sampled without causing aliasing by following the well known bandpass sampling theorem, the output signal must obey more sophisticated bandpass sampling criteria to avoid aliasing. Specifically, when a cubically nonlinear system is excited by a bandpass input signal whose highest frequency is larger than three times its bandwidth, a proper bandpass sampling frequency without causing aliasing in the sampled output signal must be at least 18 times the bandwidth of the input signal. First, a method for identifying the cubically nonlinear system using properly bandpass sampled data is developed. Then, a novel method is proposed, which allows identification of the cubically nonlinear system using data sampled at about twice the bandwidth of the input signal, even though aliasing exists in the sampled output under these circumstances. Compared to conventional methods, the proposed methods have the advantage of requiring a lower sampling rate. This makes the proposed methods highly appreciated in situations where high-speed sampling is unattainable.     

Oversampling A/D Converters With Reduced Sensitivity to DAC Nonlinearities

To alleviate the image-rejection requirements of the front-end filters and the feedback digital-to-analog converter (DAC) matching requirements, an oversampling complex discrete-time (DT) $DeltaSigma$ analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with a signal-transfer function that achieves significant filtering of interfering signals is proposed. With a filtering signal transfer function (STF) and stopband attenuation greater than 30 dB, the $DeltaSigma$ modulator reduces the intermodulation of the desired signal and the interfering signals at the input of a quantizer, and also avoids feedback of high-frequency interfering signals at the input of the modulator. This filtering of the interfering signals reduces sensitivity to DAC nonlinearities. The reported DT complex $DeltaSigma$ ADC is intended for digital television (DTV) receiver applications. With a maximum intended sampling frequency of 128 MHz and an oversampling ratio of 16, the ADC has been designed to support a maximum DTV signal bandwidth of 8 MHz. The IC achieved a 70.9-dB signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio over a 6-MHz band centered around 3 MHz. The image-rejection ratio of the $DeltaSigma$ ADC was measured to be greater than 65 dB. The fabricated chip consumes 122.4 mW and occupies a silicon area of 2.15 $hbox{mm}^{2}$.      

A 3.3 V, 10 Bits, Clock-Feedthrough Compensated Switched-Current Second Order Sigma-Delta Modulator

This article presents a low-pass sigma-delta modulator for Analogue-to-Digital conversion. The circuit uses a switched-current technique which presents a well known drawback called clock feedthrough. This phenomenon induces an error on the output signal value. In order to cancel the clock feedthrough effect, we use a new method based on a current feedback loop. The circuit is designed in 0.8 μm AMS “Austria Mikro Systems” single poly CMOS process. Measurements of the modulator are performed under A/D converters characterisation system, and show 55 dB dynamic range at 2.048 MHz sampling rate with 8 kHz input frequency bandwidth. These characteristics are suitable for audio applications.     

Polarity coincidence correlation detection of a weak noise source

One application of sample polarity coincidence correlation to the detection of a weak noise source in background noise is briefly described. Assuming an input SNR much less than one, and Gaussian input signals and noise with identical normalized power spectra, expressions for the output SNR are derived for the analog and the polarity coincidence correlator, with and without sampling. The loss in attainable SNR due to clipping and sampling is computed for three different input spectra, viz.; white noise which is passed through an RC low-pass filter, a single-tuned band-pass filter or a rectangular filter. The resulting loss is given in three diagrams, as a function of relative bandwidth of the input signal and sampling frequency. For broad-band input signals the loss is between10and1db, and between4and1db for narrow-band signals.     

A two-path bandpass ΣΔ modulator for digital IFextraction at 20 MHz

Oversampled bandpass A/D converters based on sigma-delta (ΣΔ) modulation can be used to robustly digitize the types of narrowband intermediate frequency (IF) signals that arise in radios and cellular systems. This paper proposes a two-path architecture for a fourth-order, bandpass modulator that is more tolerant of analog circuit limitations at high sampling speeds than conventional implementations based on the use of switched-capacitor biquadratic filters. An experimental prototype employing the two-path topology has been integrated in a 0.6-μm, single-poly, triple-metal CMOS technology with capacitors synthesized from a stacked metal structure. Two interleaved paths clocked at 40 MHz digitize a 200-kHz bandwidth signal centered at 20 MHz with 75 dB of dynamic range while suppressing the undesired mirror image signal by 42 dB. At low input signal levels, the mixing of spurious tones at DC and f_s/2 with the input appears to degrade the performance of the modulator; out-of-band sinusoidal dither is shown to be an effective means of avoiding this degradation. The experimental modulator dissipates 72 mW from a 3.3 V supply