Effects of precipitates on fatigue crack growth rate of AA 7055 aluminum alloy

The effects of precipitates on the fatigue crack growth rate of AA 7055 Al alloy subjected to different ageing treatments were investigated using transmission electron microscope and fatigue crack growth testing.The results show that the T77 treated samples exhibit the lowest crack growth rate,while the crack growth rate of over-aged samples is the highest.In terms of the model based on the reversibility of dislocation motion within the plastic zone close to the crack tip,the improved crack growth resistance is attributed to many precipitates that are coherent with Al matrix in the under-aged and T77 treated samples.When the precipitate is coherent with the Al matrix,the larger the precipitate is,the slower the fatigue crack grows.The effects of grain boundary precipitates and precipitate free zone on the fatigue crack growth resistance are less significant than those of precipitates within grains of the alloy.     

Al-Sc-Zr合金中析出相的形成及再结晶抑阻(英文)

通过冷硬铸造法制备Al-x%Sc-0.11%Zr合金(x=0,0.02,0.05,0.08,0.11,0.15),研究合金在475°C保温12h热处理条件下不同钪含量对Al3(Sc,Zr)析出的影响。研究发现,Al3(Sc,Zr)析出相的形核、析出和分布与钪含量密切相关。透射电子显微镜研究表明,随着钪含量的增加,析出相的平均半径减小,密度增大,分布变得越来越均匀。将90%冷轧样品在200-600°C的温度区间等温退火0.5h,再进行抗再结晶能力的研究。结果表明,未添加钪的合金的再结晶温度为250°C,而添加0.15%钪后形成的Al3(Sc,Zr)析出相使得再结晶温度升高到约600°C。     

粗大第二相及时效析出相对Al-Mg-Si合金延性断裂的耦合影响

针对Al-Mg-Si合金采用不同固溶处理和时效处理获得粗大第二相颗粒与析出相颗粒之间体积分数的相对变化,研究粗大第二相颗粒与析出相颗粒对合金断裂应变的耦合影响.结果表明:两种颗粒间含量的相对变化对Al-Mg-Si合金断裂应变的影响呈非单调性,粗大第二相颗粒含量较高的合金经较高温度时效时,其断裂应变值高于粗大第二相含量较低但经较低温度时效的合金的断裂应变值.根据强韧化效果相对变化对此试验现象进行分析讨论,采用多尺度断裂模型很好地模拟了该两相颗粒对断裂应变的耦合影响.     

夹杂物/析出相尺寸对晶内铁素体形核的影响

建立了铁素体在夹杂物/析出相上形核的物理模型.从相变形核热力学和动力学机理出发,研究了晶内铁索体在夹杂物/析出相上的形核过程,分析了夹杂物/析出相的尺寸、界面性质等因素对晶内铁索体相变形核的影响.结果表明,与铁素体具有较小接触角的夹杂物/析出相更有利于晶内铁素体形核.当夹杂物与基体的界面性质一定时,铁索体在夹杂物上形核的难易程度主要取决于夹杂物的尺寸(夹杂物的曲率半径),尺寸过小不利于铁索体形核,尺寸过大对形核贡献较小.对任意类型的夹杂物/析出相,给出了其计算最优尺寸的方法,计算结果与实际吻合良好.     

Zr对Ti-Mo复合微合金化钢形变奥氏体静态再结晶动力学和析出相的影响

通过在Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机上进行双道次压缩模拟试验,研究了Ti-Mo复合微合金化钢和Ti-Zr-Mo复合微合金化钢在875、925、975和1025 ℃四个温度下形变奥氏体的静态再结晶过程。分析了两种试验钢在双道次压缩模拟时的真应力-真应变曲线,建立了两种试验钢的静态再结晶动力学模型,计算了两种试验钢奥氏体静态再结晶激活能,采用高分辨透射电镜观察了不同温度双道次压缩后两种试验钢中形变诱导析出相和大颗粒未溶相的形貌和种类,并对试验钢的形变储能密度进行了简单比较。结果表明,Zr的添加可以提高Ti-Mo复合微合金化钢在变形过程中的变形抗力,使试样在热变形过程中积累的形变储能增多,同时降低形变奥氏体的静态再结晶激活能,使奥氏体的再结晶更容易发生。Zr可以替代Ti与O、S等形成大颗粒未溶相,使试验钢静态再结晶过程中析出更多细小弥散的形变诱导析出相,使试验钢中形变奥氏体的静态再结晶过程出现延迟。     

Effect of oxygen precipitates in solar grade silicon on minority carrier lifetime and efficiency of solar cells

The effect of oxygen precipitates on minority carrier lifetime and performance of solar cell was studied by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), quasi-steady state photoconductance (QSSPCD), optical microscope, spectrumresponse and solar cell efficiency test. The minority carrier lifetime and performance of solar cell reduced depend on oxygen precipitates. A few of oxygen precipitates have formed after single-step annealing; and they do not impact the efficiency dramatically. Pre-annealing at 650 ℃ for 4 h enhances the oxygen precipitation when it is subjected to middle temperature annealing. The solar cells performance decayed sharply. Especially annealing at 950 ℃ for 3 h, the V os and I sc of cells decrease 12% and 25% respectively. Few oxygen precipitates have formed in silicon after high temperature annealing at about 1050 ℃ whether pre-annealing is used or not, and the performance of cells is notbe affected.     

富铜相对Fe-3%Si-Cu合金再结晶行为的影响

以2块热轧Fe-3%Si-Cu合金板为研究对象,分别过时效处理和固溶处理后多道次冷轧再进行500~800 ℃再结晶退火处理,分析了合金再结晶退火后的显微组织及不同再结晶退火工艺下合金的硬度变化,从而研究了冷轧Fe-3%Si-Cu合金的再结晶行为。结果表明,热轧试样经650 ℃过时效处理后有椭球形或棒状的面心立方ε-Cu相析出,棒状富铜相的尺寸较大,其长轴≥100 nm。不同工艺热处理的试样经冷轧后均表现出随退火温度的升高,完全再结晶时间缩短,且由于富铜相的析出,经固溶处理后的试样退火后其再结晶时间明显比过时效处理后试样的短。当再结晶退火温度为500 ℃时,冷轧前进行了固溶处理的试样出现了回复引起的软化不足以抵消析出造成的硬化的现象,在10⁴ s时硬度曲线上出现明显的时效硬化峰;在600 ℃以上退火时,则表现出再结晶占优势的退火特征,硬度曲线没有明显的时效硬化峰。     

低氮低钒D36船板钢中析出相的特征及沉淀强化作用

通过透射电镜观察了低氮低钒D36船板钢的析出相特征,并讨论了其沉淀强化作用。结果表明:实验用钢的组织均为铁素体-珠光体组织,珠光体中未见析出相,仅在铁素体中观察到析出相。VCx析出相为矩形片状形貌,在铁素体基体上均匀弥散沉淀,析出相以{100}α-Fe为惯习面,与基体存在Baker-Nutting取向关系;少量球状V6C5析出相(单斜结构)与铁素体基体存在一定取向关系,可能是共格VCx相通过碳原子重新分布转变而成。低氮低钒钢中加入0.05%V,沉淀强化值约为63 MPa,加入微量铌后在铁素体内形成一定密度的位错能有效发挥钒的沉淀强化作用。     

低活化钢的氦离子辐照损伤行为

利用氦离子辐照研究了不同辐照温度下低活化钢的辐照损伤行为,采用透射电镜和纳米压痕仪测量和表征了辐照引起的缺陷组织和硬化效应,并分析了两者之间的影响关系。结果表明,氦离子辐照造成的组织变化主要包括气泡和M₂₃C₆相的粗化。气泡在晶界上发生聚集,辐照剂量越大,气泡密度越高;辐照温度越高,气泡尺寸越大、密度越低。辐照之后,低活化钢硬度提高,且辐照温度上升,硬化效应降低。辐照硬化值与缺陷组织的尺寸和密度相关,高密度的小尺寸气泡是氦离子辐照硬化的主要因素,辐照温度升高,气泡密度降低,辐照硬化减弱。     

对称过渡阶段时间对双丝MIG焊的影响

根据国内外对双丝电流波形控制的研究现状和两丝之间电磁力大小的关系,提出一种双丝MIG焊对称过渡波形控制工艺方法。针对有无对称过渡阶段和双丝过渡阶段时间Ts对焊接效果的影响进行了试验研究。结果表明:增加对称过渡阶段有助于提高焊接过程稳定性。在当前试验条件下,双丝过渡阶段时间Ts不宜低于1 ms,否则无法体现对称过渡控制的优势;不宜高于峰值时间,否则会影响焊缝质量,降低焊接速度;过渡时间为2～3 ms时,能够获得稳定的波形和良好的焊缝。试验结果为对称过渡波形控制方法提供了基本的工艺数据,为双丝电流波形控制研究提供了新的方法。     

电子辐照对CuZnAl形状记忆合金相变温度的影响

用能量1.7MeV不同注量的电子辐照CuZnAl形状记忆合金样品, 辐照在母相进行. DSC实验结果表明, 辐照前后样品的相变温度As从339K升高到347K, Ms从330K升高到340K, As-Ms从4K升高到7K. XRD分析结果表明辐照导致两组成对晶面间距差(Δd)增大, 证明辐照促进了有序化. 相变温度的变化是由于电子辐照产生的点缺陷造成了马氏体相点阵畸变和有序度的变化, 从而产生马氏体稳定化.     

铈-硫易切削钢平衡析出相热力学计算与分析

采用Thermo-Calc热力学软件对铈-硫易切削钢300~1500 ℃范围内的析出相进行了热力学计算,并得到了平衡凝固相变路径图。此外,还讨论了Ce、S含量对Ce₂O₂S平衡相的影响和S、Mn含量对MnS平衡相的影响。结果表明,铈-硫易切削钢中平衡析出相主要有Ferrite、Ce₂O₂S、Corundum、Austenite、M₂(C,N)、Liquid、M₂₃C₆、MnS、Sigma、Spinel与M(C,N);随着Ce含量增加,Ce₂O₂S的析出量逐渐增加,但是S含量变化对Ce₂O₂S相的析出几乎没有影响;随着S含量增加,MnS平衡相的析出量逐渐增加,析出温度也逐渐增高,Mn含量变化对MnS相的析出量几乎没有影响,但Mn含量增加会使MnS析出温度升高;铈-硫易切削不锈钢铸坯中的硫化物呈球形、椭球形、纺锤形或短棒状并以簇状沿晶界分布,属于第Ⅱ类硫化物;通过添加稀土Ce,铈-硫易切削钢中球形稀土复合夹杂物所占比例较高,长宽比≤3的硫化物占比达到84.86%,硫化物的形态控制取得了较好的效果。     

Jarosite-type precipitates mediated by YN22, Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans, and their influences on strain

To have a better understanding on the properties of the jarosite-type precipitate synthesized by Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans, the evolution of the S. thermosulfidooxidans-mediated precipitation and the influence of the precipitate on this species, a newly isolated strain （YN22） ofS. thermosulfidooxidans was cultured in a medium containing Fe^2＋ as energy source under optimal conditions （pH 1.5, 53 ℃, 0.2 g/L yeast extract, 30 g/L Fe2SO4·7H2O and 170 r/min）, added with or without glass beads. Remarkable differences were found in the oxidation rate of Fe^2＋, the precipitate yield ofjarosite-type compounds and the population density between the two groups of cultures. The group with glass beads has a 6 h faster Fe^2＋ oxidation, 6 h earlier precipitation, 78% higher precipitate yield and much lower population density than those without glass beads. XRD, EDS, FTIR and SEM analysis reveals that the precipitates originated from both groups are a mixture of potassium jarosite and ammoniojarosite, with morphological features similar to the latter. The results of the test referring to influence of the precipitates on YN22 show that the precipitate from the group without glass beads has no apparent influence on Fe^2＋ oxidation rate of YN22 and only a limited influence on growth of the strain, whereas that from the group with glass beads remarkably inhibits the growth and Fe^2＋ oxidation ability of YN22 when a precipitate content over 4 g/L is used.     

双相不锈钢表层沉淀相的晶体学特征

双相不锈钢00Cr25Ni7Mo3表层析出的奥氏体相具有可重复的多种形貌和晶体学特征,与块体材料内部的沉淀现象有显著差异.为探索非均匀约束条件下的相变晶体学规律,应用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术对表层沉淀相中主要的针状奥氏体的晶体学特征进行统计表征.统计结果表明,沉淀相倾向于沿表面生长.以在预抛光表面作为不变线方向的约束条件,计算了所有可能出现的不变线.对比实验观察发现,多数表层沉淀相的长轴方向趋向表面内的某一不变线.各不变线之间的晶体学非等价性是表层针状沉淀相取向多样性的成因.     

常化冷却工艺对低温取向硅钢组织及析出相的影响（英文）

利用OM、TEM与EDS技术,对Fe-3.2%Si低温取向硅钢热轧板进行不同常化冷却工艺处理后的显微组织、析出相及最终产品的磁性能进行分析,并与热轧板的组织和析出相进行对比。结果表明,常化板较热轧板的表层组织均匀,基体中再结晶比例增加,带状组织变窄;常化板中析出物的数量明显比热轧板的多,析出物主要有AlN、MnS及复合析出的(Cu,Mn)S等。在常化温度1120℃、保温3 min的条件下,采用二段式冷却较空冷、淬沸水、淬常温水的冷却工艺,常化板表层显微组织更均匀,沿板厚方向的显微组织的不均匀性显著,取向硅钢的磁性能最高;常化后采用二段式冷却工艺析出的细小析出物数量最多,且弥散分布在基体中,抑制剂的抑制效果最好,对成品获得高磁性最有利。     

Crystallography of Mg2Sn precipitates in Mg-Sn-Mn-Si alloy

The microstructures of a Mg-Sn based alloy with trace additions of Mn and Si after various ageing heat-treatments were investigated. The alloy was found to contain mostly Mg2Sn（fl） precipitates. The morphology and orientation relationships（OR） of Mg2Sn precipitates were analyzed by using TEM. The Mg2Sn precipitates mainly exhibit three shapes： lath, polygon and plate. Four ORs between Mg2Sn precipitates and Mg（a） matrix are repeatedly detected, and two of them have never been reported before. Most of the lath-shaped fl precipitates exhibit two OR. One is （0001）α/（110）β, [11^- 20]α//[001]β （OR-I）, with the long axis along [11^-20]α//[001]β; and the other is （0001）α/（110）β, [1^-100]α//[31^1]β （OR-2, a new OR）, with the long axis along [1^100]α//[31^-1]β. The polygonal β exhibits （0001）α/（111）β, [2^110]β//[^-110]β（OR-3）, with several pairs of facets. The plate-shaped fl exhibits （0001）α/（111）β, [2^-11 0]α deviates by about 9 from [^- 110]β （OR-4, a new OR）.     

AlMgSi(Cu)合金中纳米析出相的结构演变

AlMgSi(Cu)合金是应用最广泛的可热处理强化铝合金,该类合金的主要性能与时效阶段析出的硬化相紧密相关。综述AlMgSi(Cu)合金在不同热处理阶段形成的纳米析出相的形貌、结构和稳定性。提出了动态结构的概念和模型,并以此揭示了纳米析出相结构演变规律及其与力学性能间的关系。在含铜6×××系铝合金的纳米析出相结构演变研究领域有若干未解决的基本问题,而这些问题的解决对高中强度6×××系铝合金的开发具有重要的指导意义。     

Infrared transition properties of vanadium dioxide thin films across semiconductor-metal transition

Vanadium dioxide thin films were fabricated through annealing vanadium oxide thin films deposited by dual ion beam sputtering. X-ray dif- fraction (XRD), atom force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) were employed to measure the crystalline structure, surface morphology, and infrared opdcal transmittance. The phase transition properties were characterized by transmittance. The results show that the annealed vanadium oxide thin film is composed of monoclinic VO<,2>, with preferred orientation of (011). The maximum of transmittance change is beyond 65% as the temperature increases from 20 to 80℃. The reversible changes in optical transmittance against temperature were observed. The change rate of transmittance at short wavelength is higher than that at long wavelength at the same tempera- ture across semiconductor-metal phase transition. This phenomenon was discussed using diffraction effect.     

Distribution and evolution of aging precipitates in Al-Cu-Li alloy with high Li concentration

The evolution and distribution of the aging precipitates in 1460 Al-Li alloy with high Li concentration (2.14%, mass fraction) during T6 aging and two-step T8 (4% predeformation) aging were investigated through TEM. The aging precipitates include δ′ (Al₃Li) and T1 (Al₂CuLi) phases, of which the δ′ phases are formed first in grain interiors. A lot of δ′/GPI/δ′ composite precipitates in which GPI zones are flanked with a pair of δ′ phases, are formed at 145 °C of T6 aging, which are thermally stable. At 160 °C and 175 °C of T6 aging, many T1 phases nucleate first at subgrain boundaries and grain boundaries, and then form and grow within grains. As to the T8 aging, the δ′/GPI/δ′ composite precipitates are formed during the first-step aging at 130 °C for 20 h, which are thermally stable during the second-step aging at 160 °C. The plastic predeformation accelerates T1 nucleation within grains during the second-step aging at 160 °C.     

Comparison of neutron irradiation effects on the electrical performances of SiGe HBT and SiBJT

The change of electrical performances of silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) and Si bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was studied as a function of reactor fast neutron radiation fluence. After neutron irradiation, the collector current Ic and the current gain β decrease, and the base current Ib increases generally for SiGe HBT. The higher the neutron irradiation fluence is, the larger Ib increases. For conventional Si BJT, Ic and Ib increase as well as β decreases much larger than SiGe HBT at the same fluence. It is shown that SiGe HBT has a larger anti-radiation threshold and better anti-radiation performance than Si BJT. The mechanism of performance changes induced by irradiation was preliminarily discussed.