The relationship between smartphone usage,tourist experience and trip satisfaction in the context of a nature-based destination

Leisure travel occurs in spaces and is a form of experience. Given the popularity of using smartphones at destinations, the tourist experience is no longer bounded by the physical limits of the destination. This study considers the relationship between travel motivation, smartphone-related constructs of motivation to share travel experience while visiting the destination (sharing motivation), smartphone usage at the destination, and tourist experience and trip satisfaction arising from the entanglement of the physical space and the virtual space connected through the smartphone. The relationships are examined in the context of Hualien, a popular nature-based destination in Taiwan. Partial least squares analysis of the data obtained from 297 Taiwan residents who had visited Hualien at least once and who possessed smartphones showed that tourist experience and satisfaction are determined by the physical space of the destination and the virtual space connected by the smartphone. However, the inroads made by smartphones are still limited for nature-based destinations, and smartphones may not always have a positive influence. This study also found that tourists, who have different travel motivations and on-site sharing motivations, react to this joint physical-virtual space differently. The use of smartphones at the destination may simply be a reaction to boredom and to kill time, hence the lack of influence of on-site experience sharing on experience and satisfaction. This study showed that tourists value the functional purpose provided by smartphones.     

Determinants of Internet skills,uses and outcomes. A systematic review of the second- and third-level digital divide

Recently, several digital divide scholars suggested that a shift is needed from a focus on binary Internet access (first-level digital divide) and Internet skills and use (second-level digital divide) to a third-level digital divide in which the tangible outcomes of Internet use are highlighted. A plethora of studies have been conducted to identify determinants of digital divides. Unfortunately, there is a lack of consistency in the terminology used. Moreover, terms are often not theoretically grounded. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review of digital divide determinants. The results show that the third-level digital divide was underexposed. The primary focus is on Internet use. More importantly, the identified determinants show that digital divide research is largely limited to sociodemographic and socioeconomic determinants.