The effect of ICT on energy consumption and economic growth in South Asian economies: An empirical analysis

This study contributes to the literature by analyzing the effects of information and communication technology (ICT) on economic performance and energy consumption of selected South Asian economies i.e. Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka for the period of 1990–2018. For empirical analysis, we employed the bounds testing approach of cointegration and error correction modelling. The findings of the study confirm that, in the long-run, ICT significantly and positively contributed to the economic growth of India only. Similarly, India is the only country in South Asia that has achieved energy efficiency as a result of increased use of ICT. However, energy consumption proved to be an important determinant of GDP per capita in India and Pakistan. Also, GDP per capita has a positive and significant impact on energy consumption in both India and Pakistan. These results imply that South Asian economies try to follow their regional partner, India, in increasing the role of ICT in their economies, which on one side will boost their economic growth and on the other side will help them in achieving energy efficiency. Moreover, the energy conservation policy could prove detrimental to South Asian economies.     

ICT expansion and the digital divide in democratic freedoms: An analysis of the impact of ICT expansion, education and ICT filtering on democracy

In recent years, several case studies have appeared on how mobile telephones, SMS and the Internet had an impact on political activities. It has been widely argued that information and communication technology (ICT) is influencing democracy all over the world. However, few studies provide any analysis of how ICT expansion correlates with measures of democracy. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between the global expansion of ICT and the level of democracy within nations. We analyze archival data on 133 countries from 1995 to 2003, which was the period-of-time of explosive ICT expansion. Some important findings of our study are: (a) there is a growing digital divide in democratic freedoms among countries; (b) in spite of rapid ICT expansion in some countries, Internet filtering is having a significant impact on democratic freedoms.     

The dynamics of ICT,foreign direct investment,globalization and economic growth: Panel estimation robust to heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence

In the modern era of globalization, information and communication technology (ICT) are considered key sectors that profoundly contribute to economic growth. Most of the economic activities, trade, and foreign direct investment are mainly dependent on modern sources of ICT. The objective of present research work is to investigate the dynamic relationship between ICT, foreign direct investment (FDI), economic growth incorporating trade and globalization for BRICS economies over 2000–2014 by employing OLS with fixed effects, the FMOLS, the DOLS and the group-mean estimator techniques robust to heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. Empirical results of the study suggest the long-run elasticities between ICT and economic growth, which suggests that ICT positively contributes to economic growth. Findings from long-run output elasticities show that both FDI and globalization have a long-run effect on economic growth. Furthermore, bi-directional causality exists between GDP and FDI, globalization and economic growth, and trade and economic growth. Also, unidirectional causality is running from globalization to trade. Globalization and ICT also Granger causes each other. Sensitivity analysis is employed to check whether findings of the study are valid and reliable for policy recommendation. The outcome of our study suggests policy recommendations for improving ICT with the focus on economic growth, trade openness and facilitation of foreign investment in BRICS countries.     

Uncovering interlinks among ICT connectivity and penetration,trade openness,foreign direct investment,and economic growth: The case of the G-20 countries

The global economy is increasingly integrated due to the information and communication revolution. Countries have become more reliant on global supply chains that are driven by digital platforms. As a result, information and communication technology (ICT), international trade, and foreign direct investment (FDI) appear to have become drivers of economic growth. In this paper, we investigate whether this logical assertion is true. More importantly, we examine the interlinks among the variables in the short and long run. Directions of causal links among these variables are complex and sometimes subtle and it is therefore important to establish them through rigorous empirical analysis. For our study, we consider the G-20 countries over 1961–2019. Our study reveals a myriad of underlying temporal links among the variables. The key policy implication of these results is that long-term growth in this group of countries depends on greater co-development and harmonization of policies on ICT, FDI, and trade openness. Moreover, policymakers should be cognizant of the short-run connections between the covariates.     

How to successfully promote ICT usage: A comparative analysis of Denmark and Japan

The paper presents a comparative analysis of two advanced ICT nations, Japan and Denmark. While Japan is very advanced with respect to its telecommunications infrastructure, Denmark has come further than Japan regarding the use of ICT infrastructures. This paper compares Denmark, a leader in ICT usage, and Japan, which lags in that regard, analyzes differences in institutions, technologies, and services offered, and examines factors contributing to the success of Denmark in promoting ICT usage from a Japanese perspective. Strong governmental leadership, and common techno-infrastructure such as personal ID and digital signature that serve different systems, and user-orientation of service design are the characteristics of Danish efforts absent in Japan.     

Nuances of development contexts for ICT4D research in least developed countries: An empirical investigation in Haiti

While technology and internet has a riveting presence for most in the urban settings and developed areas, it remains at a distant periphery for many in the under-served pockets of the world. To link the appropriation of ICT for development (ICT4D) in least developed countries (LDCs) and its achievement of the development goals, we propose a citizen-centric capacity development (CCD) framework. We use the framework to guide the design, implementation, and evaluation of ICT for education (ICTE) artifacts in Haiti. To understand the contextual factors influencing participant’s intentions to use ITCE, we develop an integrated theoretical model that draws upon a popular information systems (IS) theory (UTAUT) and a behavior change model (HBM) from the public health domain. Data from 222 users is used to assess individual perceptions of ICTE benefits and barriers, and personal motivations to use ICTE. Compared to UTAUT, the results of our model better explain variations in behavior intentions of ICTE use. For practitioners, the study offers insights on what drives ICT use in LDCs. For researchers, the study generates discussion on the importance of understanding interdependencies between technology and development context. We argue that understanding these interdependencies are crucial if ICT4D interventions are to be meaningful and impactful.     

Influences on ICT teachers knowledge and routines in a technical e-safety context

The article presents the results of research on the knowledge and routines of ICT teachers in a technical e-safety context. Primary, lower secondary and high school teachers can have a significant impact on the e-safety of children and youngsters by raising their awareness of the risks associated with the use of technologies. Technical e-safety has roughly been acknowledged as an area where interpersonal relationships are not prioritised. A qualitative analysis of open-coded in-depth interviews with ICT teachers using the Grounded Theory method identified determinants that influence teachers’ knowledge and routines and a model of formation was developed. Firstly, there are external and internal influences. Another factor is teachers’ attitudes to e-safety rules that should support safe behaviour. Thirdly, teachers have barriers to protection in their minds and these could hinder their safe behaviour. Previous negative experiences have also been identified as another significant factor that affects a teacher’s e-safety habits. The developed theory describes causal and intervening relationships between the given categories. The developed theory will serve as a basis for proposing steps to improve ICT teachers’ knowledge of e-safety and ways teacher education might be adapted to achieve that.     

基于嵌入式系统产品的ICT工装设计

文章介绍了基于嵌入式系统产品的ICT（In circuit test）自动在线测试工装设计,ICT工装使制造过程有了质量可控的工具。ICT工装在A公司各类嵌入式系统产品上广泛应用,不仅提升了生产测试效率,而且制造质量得到明显提升。     

广电运营商政企ICT业务探讨

在“互联网+”大背景下,广电运营商面临着前所未有的发展机遇。本文阐述了ICT业务的发展现状和趋势,结合ICT业务在智能化场合和行业定制化领域的应用,提出了一种“广电+”的ICT业务模式,并从组织架构、业务模式、合作方式、业务平台等方面入手,分析了如何开展广电特色的一站式ICT业务,为广电运营商开展ICT业务提供了参考。     

All-Learning: The state of the art of the models and the methodologies educational with ICT

This paper presents a systematic review of models and methodologies that integrate information and communication technologies (ICT) and education. The systematic review was based on the methodology of Kitchenham. The steps used and developed correspond to the steps proposed in the methodology. The starting point of the review are the research questions, then keywords, selection of the databases, definition of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the definition of the search chains, search process and selection of papers, the analyzes of the paper and the results of the systematic review to answer the questions posed. In the systematic review, 919 papers were found in 6 academic databases and 129 relevant papers were selected. The work developed intends to know the different models and methodologies that integrate the ICT and the education. Develop an analysis and characterize to find common elements among models and methodologies. The idea is to find limitations, disadvantages and spaces that allow to propose a new model. This systematic review is the first step in the development of a doctoral research in which the development of a U-Learning model based on Connective Learning and Experience Learning is proposed.     

ICT与节能减排及标准研究进展

环保和节能成为全球经济发展的一个重要方向,绿色逐渐成为ICT产业的基础色。本文对国内外ICT与节能减排的相互关系进行了概述,介绍了国内外ICT节能减排技术的标准研究进展。     

A comparative study of energy/power consumption in parallel decimal multipliers

Decimal multiplication is a frequent operation with inherent complexity in implementation. Commercial and financial applications require working with decimal numbers while it has been shown that if we convert decimal number to binary ones, this will negatively influence the preciseness required for these applications. Existing research works on parallel decimal multipliers have mainly focused on latency and area as two major factors to be improved. However, energy/power consumption is another prominent issue in today׳s digital systems. While the energy consumption of parallel decimal multipliers has not been addressed in previous works, in this paper we present a comparative study of parallel decimal multipliers, considering energy/power consumption, leakage and dynamic power consumption, beside latency and area. This study can provide some guidelines for EDA tools and hardware designers to choose proper multiplier based on given applications and design constraints. All designs in were implemented using VHDL and synthesized in Design-Compiler toolbox with TSMC 45 nm technology file.     

Energy efficiency of TCP: An analytical model and its application to reduce energy consumption of the most diffused transport protocol

Energy efficient communications become a challenge for both industries and researchers. Incorporating energy efficiency into the design of network protocols and architectures represents a relevant issue in networking research. Currently, very few works address energy efficiency as a fundamental feature of network protocols. This paper benchmarks energy efficiency of TCP to understand the parameters and operational mechanics that determine and contribute to energy consumption. We propose an analytical model with energy consumption to protocol operation cycles and novel optimization techniques for reducing energy consumption of TCP. The evaluation results, obtained from NS2 simulations, demonstrate that even minor modifications of the protocol behavior can bring significant savings of energy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Developing ecological index for identifying roles of ICT industries in mobile ecosystems: The inter-industry analysis approach

With the convergence of information and communication technology (ICT) industries in the mobile communication sectors, new actors have started emerging such as mobile contents and media service industries. The traditional distribution of power in ICT industries of mobile communication sectors has significantly changed based on relations with the new actors. Recently, the concept of a “mobile ecosystem” which embraces this environmental shift is highlighted. The traditional industries such as hardware and network-based firms and new ICT industries such as software and service-based firms grow up simultaneously creating the mobile ecosystem. In this respect, this study aims to explore ecological indexes for identifying roles of ICT industries in the mobile ecosystem. To be specific, the ecological indexes are proposed to take new roles and position of ICT industries in the perspective of ecosystem into account. For this, the inter-industry analysis, which includes the physical flows between industries, is mainly used since the ecosystem is operated by streamlining physical flows. First, the mobile ecosystem is structured by using physical input-output flows and industrial relationships. Second, to explore roles of ICT industries in the mobile ecosystem, four ecological indexes have been developed and combined based on the result of inter-industry analysis: productivity, size, spillover effect, and coverage. As a result, we identified six roles for ICT industries and their relationships: commodity, landlord, controller, keystone, facilitator, and dominator. Regarding these ecological roles and relationships in ICT industries, strategic and policy implications are also suggested to improve the health of the mobile ecosystem.     

基于业务承载的配网通信网ICT测试平台设计研究

信息通信技术在测量和控制领域具有举足轻重的地位,在推动通信网络平台发展的进程中,尤为关键的工作方向便是承载配网的综合业务,需要兼顾通信和信息融合两个层面的要求,探讨形式多样的通信网络方式以及综合业务形式,精准掌握业务需求,进而高效设计,提高通信水平。重点对配网通信网ICT测试平台的设计工作展开探讨,阐述关键内容,以期起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

Efficient modeling and analysis of energy consumption for 3D graphics rendering

This paper proposes new models of GPU energy consumption from the perspectives of hardware architects and graphics programmers by performing an architecture-independent analysis of the classical graphics rendering pipeline which is still in widespread use today. The detailed analysis includes graphics rendering workload, memory bandwidth and energy consumption . Although the models are derived from classical 3D pipeline, they are extensible to programmable pipelines. There are many factors that affect the performance and energy consumption of 3D graphics rendering, such as the number of textures, vertex sharing, level of details, and rendering algorithms. The proposed models are validated by our simulation study and used to guide our 3D graphics hardware design and 3D graphics programming in order to optimize performance and energy consumption of our GPU prototypes which have been successfully fabricated in SMIC 0.13 μm CMOS technology.     

Towards understanding consumption in multi‐user solar energy systems: the cases of villages in Argentina and Cuba

Research on the electrification of remote villages by means of decentralized renewable energy systems increasingly requires consideration of the characteristics of the user communities. Particularly for communities with multi‐user systems (MUS), in order to achieve optimal design and sizing of the system and efficient energy distribution among users, it is important to consider the social characteristics of the community in addition to technical and economic aspects. The solar energy supply is always limited, and distribution of the energy among the users is mainly a matter of coordinating who can use how much at what time, which is influenced by various factors. What we need first of all is knowledge of the actual power needs of each household over a period of time. With the aim of determining typical patterns of energy consumption in households with similar characteristics, the present preliminary research study uncovers the factors that determine energy consumption in five solar power villages in Cuba and Argentina. Correlation and regression analysis of data from surveys and energy consumption measurements showed that type and number of electrical appliances are the most important, but not sufficient, factors for explaining differences in household energy consumption. Demographic factors, occupations, daily routine and other social factors also have an impact on the development of a household's energy consumption. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Competitive prospects of graduate program on the integration of ICT superiority,higher education,and international aid

Korea overcame the Asian financial crisis (1997–1998) with its governmental policies of informatization and the promotion of the information and communications technology (ICT) industry. It is a nation that has switched its international position from a recipient of international aid to a member of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC). However, the level of official development assistance (ODA) by Korea is lower than the average of OECD DAC members. As a situational alternative, this study introduced a global information and telecommunication technology program (ITTP) that seems to integrate education on Korea’s superiority in ICT infrastructure and the industry with specialized ODA. In particular, this study analyzed the competitive environment of the ITTP by examining its structural strengths and weaknesses through an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). And then, this research illustrated the relationship diagram of major stakeholders and their impact using Porter’s five forces approach. Our analysis suggests that the ITTP needs to specialize in an “ICT for development” (ICT4D) program in the competitive environment of Asian-Pacific universities by combining education with techno-economic infrastructure projects in developing countries.     

经济高速增长背景下我国电力消费特征的计量研究

在市场经济高速增长形式下,我国电力行业创新工作进展的十分顺利.但在发展的同时弊端也显现出来,其主要表现为电力消费结构体系不完善,电力消费能动性的叫人,电力能源分配区域差异等等特性.此外,我国电力的发展的能源浪费,造成可再生能源的利用率下降,严重制约绿色节能减排活动的进行.本文主要对经济高速增长背景下我国电力消费特征的计量研究和分析.     

对于L．adapter2中其他ICT设备通用电源适配器空载功耗和纹波电压的测试分析

2012年1月,在都灵召开的ITuSG5021报告人联合会议上,我国提交了关于其他ICT设备通用电源适配器空载功耗和纹波电压的测试分析文稿,该文稿得到了众多代表的肯定。本次,我们又收集大量样品并进行了大量补充试验,形成此文稿。本文建议空载功耗依照能源之星,输出功率在0-49W之间的设备空载功耗不大于0．3W,输出功率在50-250W之间的设备空载功耗不大于0．5W;建议移动电话机电源适配器的纹波电压为80mV以下,其他ICT设备电源适配器的纹波电压为200mV以下。