Effect of maturity stages on the content of ash components in raw,frozen and canned broad beans

The aim of the present work was to determine the level of ash, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper in fresh and preserved broad bean seeds at the stage of milk-wax maturity. The experiments included two broad bean cultivars, four stages of seed maturity being differentiated in each. With the higher maturity stages, the contents of ash, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium gradually increased in fresh matter of the two cultivars. The contents of zinc and copper showed a slight decreasing tendency, while the levels of iron and manganese varied. Frozen and canned broad bean seeds of milk-wax maturity, prepared for consumption, were a valuable source of mineral compounds. The more mature the seeds, the greater were the contents of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and manganese, and smaller less so for copper, while the levels of iron and zinc varied. Boiled frozen seeds contained more potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, manganese, and copper than canned products, no differences being found in the contents of calcium and iron. The dehulled seeds contained more phosphorus but less calcium than the intact ones.     

铜、铁、锌、锰添加水平对蛋青鸡生长性能及养分利用的影响

525只1日龄罗曼褐壳蛋鸡随机分为5处理,每处理7重复,每重复15只鸡。所有处理使用一种基础日粮,统一添加碘和硒。铜、铁、锌、锰四种微量元素添加方案如下,A组不额外添加;B组按50%NRC标准直接添加;C组和D组将日粮铜、铁、锌、锰总量补齐到2倍和3倍NRC水平;E组以基础日粮铁含量与NRC标准比值为基准,将其余微量元素校正到同样倍数。铜、铁、锌、锰添加形式均为硫酸盐。结果表明,1~18周龄生长蛋鸡典型基础日粮中添加铜、铁、锌、锰不影响采食量(P>0.05)、期末体重和能量表观代谢率(P>0.05),过量添加降低日增重和饲料转化率(P<0.05),但提高蛋白质表观代谢率(P<0.05)。随日粮微量元素水平增加,排泄物铜、锌、锰含量线性增加(P<0.05),铜、锌、锰表观代谢率呈先增加后降低二次曲线变化(P<0.05)。西北地区典型蛋青鸡基础日粮中铜、铁,锌、锰已满足需要,无需额外添加。     

Effects of geographical origin and variety on vitamin and mineral composition of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) varieties cultivated in Turkey

The effects of variety and geographical origin on vitamin and mineral composition of eight different varieties of hazelnut cultivated in the Black Sea Region of Turkey were studied. The mean contents of niacin, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, vitamin B₆ and α-tocopherol were 1.81±0.28, 0.30±0.07, 0.10±0.01, 0.240±0.05, and 35.53±3.82 mg/100 g, respectively. The mean contents of iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, manganese, calcium, potassium and sodium were 2.32±0.21, 1.95±0.25, 0.65±0.29, 144±14.86, 6.09±4.17, 83.5±5.14, 637±105.33 and 0.70±0.10 mg/100 g, respectively. Vitamin and mineral compositions of the varieties were not significantly different from each other. Geographical region differences did not significantly affect α-tocopherol, iron, manganese and calcium contents of the samples. Zinc, manganese, and sodium levels of Akçakoca samples were higher than for the other regions. Correlation analysis showed that α-tocopherol content correlated strongly with minerals (manganese, sodium, zinc, potassium) and vitamin B₆.     

Influence of grain quality characteristics and basic processing technologies on the mineral and antinutrient contents of iron and zinc biofortified open-pollinated variety and hybrid-type pearl millet

The present study aimed at determining whether mineral biofortified pearl millets will continue to maintain significantly higher iron and zinc contents after processing, and the effects of decortication, steeping/fermentation and parboiling on mineral, phytate and total phenolic contents in eight varieties of pearl millets (two biofortified hybrids, Dhanashakti and ICMH 1201, five improved varieties with high iron content and one traditional variety) were also investigated. The hybrids showed higher iron and zinc contents after processing compared to the improved varieties, for example, 17–51% and 10–26% higher iron and zinc contents, respectively, after steeping/fermentation followed by decortication compared to the best varieties. Phytate:mineral ratios also indicated that iron bioavailability was higher in the hybrids after processing, several times above the critical 1:1 ratio. Across all the types, iron content after processing was positively correlated (P ≤ 0.05) with high kernel weight, large kernels, and high fat content, and zinc content was positively correlated with high fat content. These kernel characteristics should aid in the selection of high iron and zinc pearl millet types.     

Tenderness evaluation and mineral levels of llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos) meat

Tenderness and mineral levels were determined in the Longissimus thoracis taken from 20 llama and 30 alpaca males reared in Peru and slaughtered at 25 months of age. Mineral contents were determined using an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. Tenderness evaluation was determined two and seven days post slaughter using a Warner-Bratzler shear force device. Potassium is the mineral with the highest content, with a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the two species of camelids. The other mineral contents were, in decreasing order, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium and calcium, in addition to smaller percentages of zinc and iron. Shear force values determined seven days post slaughter were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in both the species compared with the results obtained two days post slaughter.     

Mathematical quantification of almond content in Jijona turrón

Alicante and Jijona turrones are typical Spanish confectionery products made from toasted almonds, honey and sugar. Turrón is commercially classified according to its almond content, which is easy to quantify in Alicante turrón. However, no analytical method is available for this purpose in Jijona turrón. The main objective of this work was to establish a model that allows the quantification of almond content in Jijona turrón based on values of routine quality parameters (moisture, fibre, proteins, fat and sugars). The model was established and validated with quality parameters of Alicante turrón and then applied to samples of Jijona turrón. The variables shown to be statistically significant were fibre and fat. The model was successfully applied to Jijona turrón although it was valid for regular elaboration procedures; if modifications to the traditional manufacturing process, such as extending the standing stage to reduce the oiliness of product, are carried out the model will need additional adjustments.     

Mineral retention in three-week-old piglets fed goat and cow milk infant formulas

Goat milk and cow milk are commonly used in infant formula preparations and, as such, understanding the nutritional characteristics of infant formulas made from these milks is important. In this study, a goat milk infant formula was compared with an adapted (whey-enhanced) cow milk infant formula with respect to mineral absorption and deposition using the 3-wk-old piglet as a model for the 3-mo-old infant. Equal numbers of piglets (n = 8) were fed either the goat milk formula or the cow milk formula. The mineral composition of the prepared goat milk formula was higher than that of the prepared cow milk formula for most minerals, including calcium (75.1 vs. 56.7 mg/100 mL) but excluding iron, which was higher in the prepared cow milk formula (0.92 vs. 0.74 mg/100 mL). The amounts of calcium, phosphorus, and manganese absorbed by the piglets were significantly higher for the goat milk formula, whereas the amounts of zinc, iron, and magnesium absorbed were significantly higher for the cow milk formula. Apparent mineral absorption, relative to intake, was statistically higher in the cow milk formula for calcium and phosphorus, although the actual differences were very small (less than 1.3%). For copper, zinc, iron, and magnesium there was no significant difference between treatments in apparent mineral absorption, whereas for manganese, absorption was higher for the goat milk infant formula. The absolute mineral deposition was higher in piglets fed the goat milk formula for calcium, phosphorus, and manganese, whereas iron deposition was higher in the piglets fed cow milk formula. For all other minerals tested, there were no significant differences between treatments. The goat milk infant formula provided a pattern of mineral retention in the 3-wk-old piglet very similar to that of the adapted cow milk infant formula. The minor differences observed between the 2 appeared to be due to the different mineral contents of the 2 formulas.     

Total and soluble contents of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc in yoghurts

This paper examines the content of major minerals (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc) and its distribution between soluble (non-sedimentable) and micellar fractions of 16 commercial yoghurts from five different branches. These elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry after mineralisation by dry ashing. Total mineral contents showed wide intervals of variation (calcium 1090–2050 mg l⁻¹, magnesium 101–177 mg l⁻¹, phosphorus 878–1560 mg l⁻¹ and zinc 4.0–7.3 mg l⁻¹) due to the addition during manufacturing of different dairy products or fractions. Most of the minerals were found in the non-sedimentable fraction. Practically all calcium was measured in the supernatants of ultracentrifugation. Lower proportions of magnesium and zinc were determined in the non-sedimentable fraction (between 87 and 96%) whereas the lowest ones (63–77%) were found for phosphorus.     

Calcium, magnesium, manganese, sodium and potassium variations in Manchego-type cheese during ripening

Changes in the contents of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) during the ripening of a Manchego-type cheese during storage at temperatures below 10°C were studied over a period of six months. The determinations were performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A two-factor variance analysis showed the existence of statistically significant differences (p < 0·001) in the contents of Ca, Mg, Mn, Na and K between different portions and over a period of time, when the concentrations were considered both on a fresh-weight and a dry-weight basis. However, certain differences in the formed groups according to time were observed using a Scheffe homogeneity test (p < 0·05), depending on whether the mineral content was expressed on a fresh-weight or on a dry-weight basis. The daily intake estimates calculated for the five elements were 47 mg/day for Ca, 2 mg/day for Mg, 2μg/day for Mn, 71 mg/day for Na and 8 mg/day for K in Manchego-type cheese ripened for 6 months.     

微波消解-连续光源原子吸收法快速顺序测定枸杞果中的6种金属元素

建立一种微波消解-连续光源原子吸收法快速测定枸杞果中金属元素的新方法。通过微波消解快速处理样品,用连续光源原子吸收法同时顺序测定枸杞果中的铁、锌、铜、锰、镉、铅6种金属元素,并对仪器使用条件、金属元素含量、精密度、检出限、回收率等进行研究。结果表明：方法检出限为0.006070～0.04975μg/L,RSD为1.5%～5.0%,回收率为86.68%～111.7%。该法用于枸杞中6种金属元素的同时顺序测定,具有快速、简便、成本低廉等特点,分析结果令人满意。     

葡萄园土壤中铜、铁、锌、锰四种金属元素的分析与研究

采用湿法消解处理样品,火焰原子吸收光谱法检测河北昌黎葡萄酒产区5 个葡萄园土壤中的铜、铁、锌、锰4 种金属元素。并对比研究3 种葡萄、葡萄酒与葡萄园土壤中铜、铁、锌、锰4 种金属元素含量的关系。对不同葡萄园和同一葡萄园种植不同品种葡萄,其土壤中金属元素含量进行差异性分析。结果显示：葡萄园地理位置和微环境及所栽培的葡萄品种、树龄和架势不同,土壤中4 种金属元素含量不同,差异性显著。铁、锌、锰3 种元素在土壤中的含量与葡萄中的含量有一定关系。赤霞珠、美乐和西拉3 种葡萄的土壤中铜、铁、锌的含量与葡萄及其葡萄酒中相对含量规律相同,而锰不同。     

Edible films made from gelatin, soluble starch and polyols, Part 3

The thermal and mechanical properties of edible films based on blends of gelatin with soluble starch plasticized with water, glycerol or sugars were investigated. Two different methods, known as ‘the high temperature’ and ‘the low temperature’ methods, consisting of casting aqueous solutions of blends at 60 and 20 °C, respectively, were employed for the preparation of films. With increasing water, glycerol or sorbitol content, a drop of elasticity modulus and tensile strength (up to 50% of the original values for 30% plasticizer) was observed. The tensile strength and percentage elongation increased with high gelatin contents (> 20% w/w). The development of a higher percentage renaturation of gelatin (reaching 70% for 5% water content) by the ‘low temperature’ method caused a reduction in gas and water permeabilities. The former decreased by one or two orders of magnitude for O₂ and CO₂, respectively. The semi-empirical model for calculation of gas permeability and the semi empirical equations for upper and lower limits of tensile moduli of composites were applied with limited success and the obtained values were compared to those experimentally determined.     

香蕉中5 种矿物质元素含量测定及营养评价

以广东、广西、海南、云南香蕉主产区的主栽品种为研究对象,对样品中的钾、镁、锌、铁、磷5 种矿物质进行含量测定以及品种间、产地间差异分析,进一步采用营养质量指数（index of nutritional quality,INQ）法对5 种矿物质进行营养价值评价,并与5 种热带水果、3 种浆果的5 种矿物质含量进行比较。结果表明：香蕉果实中钾、镁元素含量及INQ较高,钾含量和INQ分别为347.75 mg/100 g和4.40,镁含量和INQ分别为27.42 mg/100 g和2.10;锌、铁、磷元素在香蕉果实中的含量较低,且INQ均小于1。香蕉与5 种热带水果、3 种浆果比较分析结果表明：在9 种水果中香蕉果实中钾、镁元素含量及INQ最高,钾为荔枝、菠萝、葡萄的2～3 倍,镁为芒果、荔枝、菠萝的2～4 倍;香蕉品种间含量差异分析结果表明：4 个香蕉品种中钾含量均比较高,其品种间含量差异不大;品种间镁、铁、磷元素的含量差异显著,其中镁、铁元素含量依次为宝岛蕉＞南天黄＞巴西蕉＞威廉斯B6;磷元素含量依次为宝岛蕉＞巴西蕉＞威廉斯B6＞南天黄;锌含量在4 个香蕉品种间差异不显著,且INQ均小于1。不同产地分析结果表明,4 个主产区香蕉的钾、镁元素的INQ分别大于4和1,锌、铁、磷的INQ均小于1,其中云南和海南的镁、铁、磷元素INQ高于广东和广西,云南和广西的钾、锌元素INQ高于广东和海南。实验结果表明香蕉的钾、镁矿物质营养价值较高,可作为特殊人群等补充钾、镁矿物质元素的良好来源,实验结果为膳食营养合理搭配、均衡营养结构提供参考依据。     

罗平土壤及烟叶主要中、微量元素含量分析

为了解云南罗平县植烟土壤和烤烟烟叶主要中、微量元素含量情况,测定了罗平县369个土壤和对应C3F等级烟叶的钙、镁、硫、铜、锌、铁、锰和硼含量,并评价了丰缺状况,分析了两者之间的关系。结果表明,罗平土壤中钙、镁、铜、锌、铁和锰含量普遍处于丰富和很丰富的水平,而硫和硼含量相对较低,普遍处于缺和很缺的水平,罗平土壤中有效中、微量元素存在空间上的广泛变异;烤烟生产上应适当增施硼肥。烟叶中硫、铜、锌和锰含量的平均值在适中范围内,铁含量较高,钙、镁和硼含量较低。土壤中有效中、微量元素的含量对烟叶中相对应的中、微量元素有促进作用。土壤中交换性镁对烟叶多种中、微量元素有促进或抑制作用,有效铜表现出了对锌的促进作用和对硼的抑制作用。     

Effects of dehulling,soaking and germination on chemical composition,mineral elements and protein patterns of faba beans (Vicia faba L.)

The effects of dehulling, soaking and germination on the changes in general chemical composition, nine mineral elements and the protein patterns of whole faba beans were studied. Such pretreatments had a significant effect on the changes in the chemical composition of whole beans. Dehulling of beans significantly increased the contents of copper, zinc and potassium, while it significantly decreased the amounts of iron, manganese, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and sodium compared with whole beans. Whole beans soaked for 12 h, followed by dehulling, had higher amounts of iron, copper, zinc, calcium and sodium, and quite a lower level of potassium, than unsoaked dehulled beans. All of the mineral elements except zinc were significantly increased on germination. No obvious changes in the electrophoretic pattern of faba bean proteins were observed as the seeds were soaked for up to 12 h. Extending soaking time for a further 4 h led to the disappearance of one band at the region of MW 67 KD. Germination of seeds for 3 days initiated disappearance of some bands while other new bands were observed.     

Sensory, chemical and gas chromatographic evaluation of five raspberry cultivars

Five raspberry cultivars, ‘Chilcotin’, ‘Chilliwack’, ‘Meeker’, ‘Skeena’ and ‘Tulameen’, were evaluated for sensory attributes, and chemical and flavor volatile compounds. ‘Chilliwack’ and ‘Tulameen’ received high ratings in sweetness and overall impression with high soluble solids, total sugars and sugar:acid ratio. ‘Chilcotin’ rated low in overall impression and sweetness, and high in sourness and astringency, with low soluble solids, sugar:acid ratio and total sugars, and high titratable acidity. Principal factor analysis (PFA) of the sensory results separated the cultivars based on desirable (appearance, color, texture, aroma and sweetness) and less desirable (sourness, bitterness, astringency and off-flavor) attributes. Twenty-eight volatile compounds were analyzed by dynamic headspace and 18 identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), most of which were terpenes which included -pinene, sabinene, γ-terpinene, - and β-ionone and caryophyllene. Volatile compounds varied among cultivars, with benzaldehyde (11·1–31·8%), -pinene (4·0–11·5%), ethyl heptanoate (6·9–15·2%), β-myrcene (13·2–19·6%) and γ-terpinene (12·2–20·0%) as the predominant volatiles. Correlation analysis established no relationships between sensory and chemical data with volatile compounds.     

Growth and development of water buffalo and Friesian crossbred cattle, with special reference to the 'entire' and 'boneless' cuts

Twelve buffaloes, nine Friesian × Baladi and nine Friesian × (Friesian × Baladi) bulls were slaughtered over the live weight ranges 161–560 kg for buffaloes and 176–448 kg for cattle. Right sides of all carcasses were jointed and dissected and the increase in the weight of ‘entire’ and ‘boneless’ cuts and cut groups (i.e. pistol; BLRC) relative to the ‘entire’ and ‘boneless’ side weights, respectively, were examined using covariance analyses.

Increasing distoproximal and dorsoventral growth gradients were found in both species. Most noticeably, the sticking was early developing in buffaloes and late developing in cattle, whereas the shortloin developed approximately at an average rate in buffaloes and at a lower rate in cattle. Statistically significant but relatively slight differences were recorded between buffaloes and cattle in the adjusted means of the ‘entire’ and ‘boneless’ hind shank, sirloin (favouring buffaloes) and brisket (favouring cattle). Buffaloes were superior to cattle in weight of pistol. At an equal side weight of 73 kg buffaloes had significantly higher weight of pistol (maximum difference = 1·4 kg). At a 115 kg side weight, the maximum difference in ‘entire’ and ‘boneless’ pistol reached 3·58 and 5·04 kg, respectively.     

Effects of legume processing on calcium,iron and zinc contents and dialysabilities

Legumes are a good source of calcium, iron and zinc, but are also a source of phytates and dietary fibre components that can negatively affect the bioavailability of these minerals. To estimate the latter, an in vitro dialysis method can be applied that gives the dialysability of a mineral as an estimate of its availability for absorption. Calcium, iron and zinc contents and dialysabilities in three legumes (beans, chickpeas and lentils) and the effects of cooking treatments and industrial processing on these parameters were studied. Beans had the highest calcium content (1.54 g kg^?1 dry matter (DM)) and chickpeas the lowest iron content (46.9 mg kg^?1 DM), whilst the zinc contents were similar in all three raw legumes (33.7–36.9 mg kg^?1 DM). Traditional and microwave cooking reduced the mineral contents by 9.7–36.4% for calcium, 14.2–31% for iron and 11.1–28.9% for zinc. The dialysabilities of calcium with respect to the values for the raw products were also reduced by these cooking techniques. Industrially processed legumes had higher dialysabilities of calcium, iron and zinc than traditionally or microwave cooked legumes. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Announcement London

Grain samples of nine varieties of pearl millet (P. typhoides) and six varieties of ragi (E. coracona) were analysed before and after malting for total ash, phosphorus, phytin phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper and chromium contents. Pearl millet alone varietal differences were significant for iron, manganese and chromium contents. Significant nutrient losses in malting were, in pearl millet: iron and manganese, 40%; copper, 30%, and phosphorus, 25% and, in ragi: calcium, 40%; zinc, 30% and copper 25%. As judged by an in vitro method, the availability of iron and zinc in millets improved several fold on malting. The values for ionizable iron (mg per 100 g of raw and malted grains) were 0·64 and 2·70 in pearl millet and 0·29 and 2·98 in ragi. Soluble zinc contents per 100 g of raw and malted grains, respectively were 2·04 and 5·25 mg in pearl millet and 2·15 and 3·24 mg in ragi. Reduction in phytin phosphorus on malting of these millets partly explained the improved availability of iron and zinc.