SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF STRAIN AND TEMPERATURE WITH POLARIZATION MAINTAINING FIBER BRAGG GRATING LOOP MIRROR

□ A novel simultaneous method of strain and temperature measurement based on a polarization maintaining fiber Bragg grating loop mirror is proposed and demonstrated. The sensing head was composed of a fiber loop mirror and a section of fiber Bragg grating made of a polarization maintaining fiber. The Bragg wavelengths of the fiber grating in the polarization maintaining fiber were along slow and fast axis showing different sensitivities to strain and temperature with the interferometric peak wavelength of the fiber loop mirror. By monitoring the shifts of the Bragg wavelength and interferometric peak of the fiber loop mirror, with its temperature sensitivity of 0.1167 nm/°C and strain sensitivity of 0.0093 nm/μ?, a temperature measurement resolution about 0.009°C and a strain measurement resolution of 1.08 μ? was achieved theoretically and experimentally.     

基于桥梁结构的FBG传感器温度与应变交叉敏感问题的研究

对光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)传感器在桥梁结构健康监测中产生的温度与应变交叉敏感问题进行了研究。采用参考光纤光栅法在应变传感光纤光栅附近额外加入一个温度测量光纤光栅,对应变光栅实现温度补偿功能。设计了基于参考光纤光栅法的FBG传感器及FBG传感器封装的机械结构,并通过实验来验证FBG传感器的性能。实验数据表明,温度传感光纤光栅几乎不受应变的影响,应变传感光栅的中心波长变化与温度变化呈一阶线性关系,修正后的测量结果更加精确,达到了双参数同时测量的目的,应变与布拉格波长的线性关系非常好,相关系数达到0.99以上。参考光纤光栅法能够很好地解决FBG传感器温度与应变交叉敏感的问题。     

Simultaneous measurement of humidity and temperature using a polyvinyl alcohol tapered fiber bragg grating

An optical fiber sensor based on a multimode tapered fiber cascading fiber Bragg grating has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated for the simultaneous measurement of humidity and temperature. The sensor was constructed using a tapered fiber that was coated with polyvinyl alcohol and a fiber Bragg grating with high reflectivity. The measurement of humidity and temperature was achieved by monitoring changes in reflective optical power and spectral shift, respectively. Due to the different measurement methods, the effect of temperature on humidity measurement may be ignored. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the highest sensitivities of 0.33 µW/%RH and 10.9?pm/°C were achieved when the diameter of the taper waist was 26?µm and the thickness of coating was 3.3?µm. Due to the advantages of good linearity, low cost of fabrication and convenient operation, the proposed sensor is promising for simultaneously measuring humidity and temperature.     

Sensitivity-optimized long-period fiber gratings for refractive index and temperature sensing

A long-period fiber grating sensor was fabricated by periodically changing the structure of single-mode fiber with an electric arc discharge technique. After the fabrication, the refractive index and temperature sensitivities were optimized by etching the cladding with hydrofluoric acid solution. The experimental results illustrate that the thinner cladding shows relatively higher refractive index and temperature sensitivities for the same order cladding mode, which are accordant with that of numerical simulation. After the long-period fiber grating was etched for 15?min, average refractive index sensitivities of 214?nm/refractive index unit (RIU) (1.3333?–?1.3931) and 1987?nm/RIU (1.4115–1.4555) were achieved. An extremely higher refractive index sensitivity of 2731?nm/RIU appears near 1.4555. By systematically studying the temperature sensing characteristic of cladding-etched long-period fiber grating in this work for the first time, the temperature sensitivity can reach as high as 144.23?pm/°C when the ambient temperature changes from 30 to 80°C. This work provides a theoretical reference for the fabrication of a high-sensitivity refractive index and temperature sensor based on arc-induced long-period fiber grating.     

光纤傅里叶变换光谱术在光纤光栅传感解调中的应用

介绍了光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪的基本原理和光纤傅里叶变换光谱仪(FFTS)的结构;基于光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪,采用傅里叶变换光谱算法对光纤Bragg光栅传感器的波长进行了解调。宽带光源发出的光经过光纤耦合器进入光纤Bragg光栅,其反射光由耦合器返回进入到FFTS中进行测量,FFTS的最高光谱分辨率达到0.05 cm-1,即在近红外1 550 nm波长处分辨率为0.012 nm。分别对光纤Bragg光栅的应变特性和温度特性进行了测量。测量显示:光纤Bragg光栅的应变灵敏度为0.833 pm/με,温度灵敏度为19.78 pm/℃。得到的结果表明FFTS系统具有高分辨率、大测量范围的特点,可满足光纤Bragg光栅传感器波长解调的需求。     

用于光束整形的表面等离子体双光栅结构

为了对双边布拉格反射波导半导体激光器的远场双瓣特性进行整形,使之合并成为单瓣出光远场,在布拉格反射波导的出光腔面上制作了表面等离子体双光栅结构。利用Au-SiO₂光栅结构对表面等离子体的耦合效应和表面等离子体的透射增强现象将双瓣远场耦合成为单瓣出射,然后通过Au-Si₃N₄光栅结构将透射的表面等离子体耦合成为光子进行准直出射,最终得到单瓣准直的远场光斑。计算结果表明：当Au-SiO₂光栅厚度为50 nm,填充因子为0.5,光栅周期为350 nm;Au-Si₃N₄光栅厚度为70 nm,填充因子为0.5,光栅周期为660 nm时可以得到远场发散角压缩到6.1°的整形光斑,比没有双光栅结构的发散角缩小了3.6倍;其远场透射光功率达到了模式光源的62%,是没有双光栅结构单瓣出射功率的1.59倍;同时腔面反射率也降低到12.4%,是没有双光栅结构的0.53倍。结果显示,提出的双光栅结构优化了布拉格反射波导半导体激光器的出光远场特性。     

Fiber optic temperature sensor using the orbital angular momentum and gaussian beams

A fiber optic temperature sensor is reported based on the interference between the orbital angular momentum and Gaussian beams. A Mach-Zehnder interferometer was employed to convert the temperature signal to a light signal of the phase difference between the reference and measuring paths. The fiber Bragg grating is included in the fiber of the measuring path. Different from the traditional sensing of fiber Bragg gratings by wavelength interrogation, the temperature-dependent phase delay near Bragg wavelength was utilized in this design. The resolution of system was better than 0.01°C. Moreover, the sensitivity of the system was obtained across various ranges of temperature. This system has potential applications in temperature measurements that require high resolution.     

光纤光栅空分光复用传感系统的研究

介绍了一种光纤光栅空分复用传感系统,并将光纤光栅的传感特性应用于结构健康检测系统中。宽带光源发出的光波进入光栅阵列时,利用光开关选通不同光路实现FBG空分复用传感系统。系统采用等腰三角形悬臂梁调谐装置对FBG进行挠度加载,利用非平衡M-Z干涉技术对传感信息进行解调,将包含被测应变信息的FBG波长信号转变成相位信号,从而得到被测应变的大小,成功地实现了空分复用传感。该系统可用于静态应变和动态应变的检测,具有高分辨力、大测量范围的特点,其传感分辨率为7.3 nε,灵敏度的实验值为0.82°/με。     

Multiplex and simultaneous measurement of displacement and temperature using tapered fiber and fiber Bragg grating

A simple method to work out the multiplexing of tapered fiber based sensors is proposed and demonstrated. By cascading a tapered fiber with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG), the sensor head is provided with a wavelength identification, different FBGs provide the sensor heads with different reflective peaks and they can be distinguished in optical spectrum. By compositing several such sensor heads with a multi-channel beam splitter, a star-style topological structure sensor for multipoint sensing is achieved. At the same time, the output intensity at the peak wavelength is sensitive to one external physical parameter applied on the related FBG-cascaded tapered fiber and the central wavelength of the peak is only sensitive to temperature, so that that parameter and temperature can be measured simultaneously. A sensor for dual-point measurement of the displacement and temperature simultaneously is experimentally demonstrated by using a 2 × 2 coupler in this paper. Experiment results show that the sensor works well and the largest sensitivities reach to 0.11 dB/μm for displacement in the range of 0-400 μm, and ～0.0097 nm/°C for temperature between 20 °C and 70 °C.     

一种基于光纤光栅新型位移传感器的研究

介绍了一种应用光纤光栅传感器测量狭窄曲面空间位移的方法.随着外界应力的变化,光纤光栅传感器的中心发射波长将发生相应的移动.利用此特性,提出并实现了一种用光纤光栅作为敏感元件测量狭窄曲面空间位移的方法,解决了特殊场合狭窄曲面空间位移的测量存在许多难以解决的问题,并对实验结果进行数据分析.     

High temperature and force measurements using a type II cascaded regenerated fiber Bragg grating (RFBG)

Abstract

A Type II-IR (infrared) grating cascaded with a regenerated fiber Bragg grating (RFBG) is described for force measurements at high temperature. The sensor was fabricated by fusion splicing a Type II grating with a Type I seed grating that was subjected to isothermal annealing in order to obtain the RFBG. Due to the different responses to temperature and force, these parameters were determined by measuring the reflection peak of the Type II grating and RFBG. The experimental results indicate that the sensor may be used for simultaneous measurement of temperature and force from 250?°C to 500?°C and 0.003?N to 0.797?N.     

波登管式光纤布拉格光栅压强传感器

基于光纤布拉格光栅传感模型，提出了一种悬臂梁与波登管相结合的光纤光栅压强传感器的组合设计，推导了光纤布拉格光栅中心波长偏移量与压强之间的解析关系式。理论和实验结果表明，压强调谐光纤布拉格波长的灵敏度系数的理论值与实验值分别为0．2246nm／MPa、0．2218nm／MPa，在0～6MPa测压范围内，调谐范围为1．35n／n．     

AN OPTICAL FIBER TEMPERATURE SENSOR BASED ON AN ETHANOL FILLED FABRY-PEROT CAVITY

Optical fiber Fabry-Perot interferometers have been widely used as sensors. A novel anhydrous ethanol-filled optical fiber Fabry-Perot temperature sensor was reported in this article. Based on the characteristics of the temperature-controlling refractive index, the ethanol may serve as a sensitive medium for a sensor. According to the experimental results, the refractive index of the ethanol was changed by approximately 0.02617 when the temperature increased from 16°C to 74°C. A cavity length of 94 μm was used to demonstrate the feasibility of this sensor. The resonance wavelength of the sensor shifted about ?0.42 nm/°C. The novel optical fiber Fabry-Perot temperature sensor was simple, compact, sensitive, and immune to electromagnetic interferences.     

Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature by integrating an external Fabry-Perot cavity with a fiber Bragg grating

A fiber sensor for simultaneous measurements of refractive index and temperature based on the integration of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) with an external Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity is presented. The fringe contrast of the interference spectrum generated by the F-P cavity is used to determine the external refractive index, while the wavelength shift of the FBG is used to measure temperature. The result showed that the refractive index and temperature sensitivity for the integrated sensor is 8.1 × 10(-6) and 0.01006 nm/°C, respectively.     

Non-contact measurement of the coefficient of thermal expansion of Al 6061-T6 with fiber Bragg grating sensors

An experimental study describing the non-contact measurement of the coefficient of thermal expansion of an aluminum (Al-6061-T6) specimen with two fiber Bragg grating sensors using a pair of C-lens collimators was carried out. The collimators were used for the freespace coupling between the fiber Bragg sensors and the optical sensing interrogator. During the experiment, the wavelength distortion of the optical signals was observed. Consequently, the measured thermal strains were corrected using an estimated collimator correction factor of 0.8466. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the specimen was then calculated to be (22.0 ± 0.1)×10^?6°C^?1 for every 5°C step in the range 35°C～75°C, which was in good agreement with the typical value of 23.6×10^?6°C^?1 for aluminum.     

基于LabVIEW的光纤布拉格光栅多节点应变监测技术

针对光纤光栅传感系统多节点有源地址查询技术,发展了一种基于LabVIEW软件平台的虚拟仪器,控制模拟电子开关各信道的导通时间,将来自传感光栅的脉冲信号按时序分配至各光纤光栅对应的输出信道,而且使开关动作与环行腔激光器中F-P滤波器的扫描同步。系统的测量范围为-672~672με,分辨力为5.9n,ε1540nm波长时系统传感灵敏度的实验值为1.57°/με,与理论值1.59°/με基本吻合。     

一种倾角及温度同时测量的光纤传感器

叙述了一种用于倾斜角及温度同时测量的传感器。该传感器由光纤锥和光纤布拉格光栅构成,当传感器倾角发生改变时引起光纤锥的通光损耗改变,通过测量通光损耗的变化而测量倾角,通过测量光纤光栅的反射波长的变化而实现温度测量,此外光纤布拉格光栅还有提高倾角测量灵敏度的作用。     

便携式光纤Bragg光栅波长解调仪的研制

近年来光纤光栅在传感领域中的应用研究日益得到关注，其中光纤光栅波长解调是光纤光栅传感器得到应用推广的关键之一。针对大型建筑结构监测应用领域，研制了一种便携式光纤Bragg光栅波长解调仪。解调仪基于无源比例解调原理，以熔融拉锥器件作为线性滤波器，采用锁相放大技术提取微弱信号，并利用单片机控制光纤Bragg光栅波长信息的采集、显示以及存储。解调仪结构简单、成本低，可实现大量程波长测量。实验表明，该光纤光栅解调仪解调范围达15nm，波长测量精度为12．4pm。     

温度自动补偿超磁致伸缩材料布拉格光栅光纤电流传感器

基于超磁致伸缩材料,提出了一种传感光纤光栅(S-FBG)和参考光纤光栅(A-FBG)相结合的温度自动补偿全光纤交流电流传感器。此传感器将传感光纤光栅和参考光纤光栅级联呈"十字形"后粘贴在超磁致伸缩材料上,然后将其置于聚磁回路狭缝内;同时控制传感光纤光栅的径向与磁场方向相同,而参考光纤光栅的径向与磁场方向相反。最后,将S-FBG的中心波长置于A-FBG反射谱的边带上,通过检测两光纤光栅级联反射光强的变化实现了电流测量及温度自动补偿。选用3dB谱宽分别为0.23nm和0.08nm的A-FBG和S-FBG进行了实验测试,结果表明:有效安匝电流为1.0~138.2A时,该传感器可实现线性测量,线性度为0.996 3,测量灵敏度为16.0 mV/A,最小可测有效安匝电流为1.0A。     

Monitoring of sea bed level changes in nearshore regions using fiber optic sensors

This work reports the implementation and test of a pressure optical sensor suitable to measure, in situ, the sea bed level changes in the nearshore regions. The sensor is based on a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) embedded in a polymeric resin block. The increase of the pressure on the top face of the sensor, due to the change of sediments layer height, results in a change of the FBG Bragg wavelength. The sensor response reveals the capacity to discriminate sea bed level changes down to 2.5 cm, under field survey conditions. Finally, the sensor was successfully tested in a field trial survey at Costa da Caparica, Portugal.