稀燃天然气掺氢发动机的热效率与排放特性

为了分析在天然气中掺入不同体积比的氢气对发动机经济性和排放性的影响,在一台6缸火花点火天然气发动机上开展了体积掺氢比在不同工况下对热效率和排放特性影响的试验研究.结果显示掺氢可以拓宽发动机的稀燃极限,提高燃烧速度,使得最佳转矩点火提前角(MBT)相对推迟;在点火提前角不变的情况下掺氢对热效率没有明显优势,而且会使NOx排放升高.而在MBT时,掺氢可以一定程度上提高发动机的指示热效率,降低未燃CH4和CO的排放,改善NOx与未燃碳氢(主要为CH4)的trade-off关系.掺氢的优势还体现在可以让发动机高效的工作在更稀的情况下,从而有利于降低NOx的排放和传热损失.     

增压稀燃天然气掺氢发动机排放特性

为了研究20%掺氢比的增压稀燃天然气掺氢(HCNG)发动机的排放特性,通过对发动机进行了空燃比和点火提前角调整试验、ETC循环测试试验和加装氧化型催化器试验,获得了20%HCNG发动机的排放规律.CH4排放随着空燃比的增大先减少后增加;CO排放在高于理论空燃比后骤减;Nox排放随着空燃比的增大先增加后减少,在空燃比19～21 左右达到最大值,1600～1800r/min时最低.CO、Nox随着点火提前角的增大而增加;CH4随着点火提前角的增大略有增加,并且点火提前角越大,对CH4排放的影响越小.加装催化器后,CO、CH4的转化效率均＞90%.试验结果表明:增压稀燃和氧化型催化器相结合是天然气掺氢发动机节能减排的有效方案.     

不同掺氢比的HCNG燃料对天然气发动机怠速性能影响研究

为了研究在天然气中掺入不同体积比氢气对发动机怠速性能的影响,针对一台6缸天然气发动机开展了不同体积掺氢比的氢气/天然气混合燃料(HCNG)的怠速性能试验研究.试验证实掺氢后热效率提高,要达到相同的怠速转速可减少怠速旁通阀开度;在怠速情况下,掺氢使CH4、CO、NMHC排放下降,Nox排放上升,可通过点火提前角推迟来有效降低怠速Nox排放;在天然气中掺入适量氢气后有利于改善发动机怠速燃烧,从而增加怠速稳定性.在怠速条件下,掺氢后CO、CH4排放随转速升高先减小后增加;怠速转速升高,怠速稳定性变好.在天然气中掺入适量氢气后,发动机热效率提高,经济性改善.     

不同点火提前角时HCNG发动机的燃烧与排放特性

在一台火花点火天然气发动机上开展了在不同点火提前角下燃用不同体积掺氢比(O%～50%)的天然气掺氢燃料(HCNG)的试验研究,进行热效率、燃烧放热率、循环变动及排放特性的分析.结果表明:与原天然气发动机相比,HCNG发动机的最大扭矩点火提前角(MB了)减小,MBT时指示热效率变化不大;点火提前角增大时,火焰发展期增长,最大压力变动率减小,快速燃烧期和平均指示压力变动率先减小后增大;在相同点火提前角时,以上4个参数均随掺氢比的增加而减小.N0x、CO排放浓度随掺氢比增加而增大,CH4排放則相反.     

火花点火发动机燃用CNG/H_2混合燃料配合EGR的性能和排放研究

在一台火花点火天然气发动机上开展了不同掺氢比和EGR率下发动机性能和排放的试验研究。研究结果表明:引入EGR后发动机输出功率下降,但掺氢可以提高大EGR工况下发动机的输出功率。有效热效率随EGR率的增大呈现先升高后降低的趋势;小EGR率下,有效热效率随掺氢比的增加而降低,而大EGR率下,有效热效率随掺氢比的增大而升高。天然气掺氢后NOx排放增加,EGR引入使NOx排放降低,这种降低作用在大掺氢比下更显著。因此,相对于小EGR率工况,大EGR率工况下天然气掺氢表现出更好的性能和排放效果。HC排放随EGR率的增大而增加,随掺氢比的增加而降低。CO和CO2都随EGR率的增加变化不大,随掺氢比的增加而降低。研究表明,天然气掺氢结合EGR可实现火花点火发动机高效低污染燃烧,并能满足欧Ⅳ排放标准。     

增压稀燃天然气发动机排放特性

为了研究增压稀燃天然气发动机的排放特性,对发动机进行了空燃比和点火提前角调整试验、十三工况排放等试验,并在增加氧化型催化转化器后进行了相关试验,对试验结果进行研究分析,获得了天然气发动机的排放规律.结果表明:NMHC排放随空燃比增大先减少后增加,NOx排放随空燃比增大先增加后减少,在空燃比19～21左右达到最大值.NMHC比排放随转速升高略有降低,NOx排放随转速升高先减小后增加,发动机最低NOx排放点所对应的发动机转速为1600～1800 r/min.定MAP下,NMHC排放随点火提前角增大先降低后增加,NOx排放随点火提前角增大而增大.加Ⅰ型氧化催化器后发动机NOx、CH4、CO、NMHC排放值分别减少了15%、97%、78%、60%.试验结果表明,增压稀燃和氧化型催化转化器相结合是天然气发动机一种有效方案.     

不同点火时刻下天然气掺氢缸内直喷发动机燃烧与排放特性

在缸内直喷火花点火发动机上开展了天然气掺混0％-18％氢气的混合燃料不同点火时刻下的试验研究。结果表明：对于给定的喷射时刻和喷射持续期，点火时刻对发动机性能、燃烧和排放有较大影响，喷射结束时刻与点火时刻的间隔对直喷天然气发动机极为重要，喷射结束时刻与点火时刻的间隔缩短时，混合气分层程度高，燃烧速率快，热效率高。最大放热率等燃烧特征参数随点火时刻的提前而增加。HC排放随点火时刻的提前而下降，CO2和NOx排放随点火时刻的提前而增加，NOx排放的增加在大点火提前角下更明显。掺氢可降低HC排放，对CO和CO2排放影响不大。掺氢量大于10％时可提高天然气发动机热效率。     

点燃式HCNG发动机一维数值模拟研究

利用AVL BOOST软件建立天然气掺氢(HCNG)发动机的整机工作过程一维模拟模型,通过与试验结果对比,证明了模型的适用性和准确性.并对HCNG发动机进行了一系列的变参数分析研究,主要变化参数包括体积掺氢比、负荷、压缩比及配气相位.模拟计算结果表明:提高掺氢比和负荷可提高缸内燃烧温度,使传热损失和NOx排放增加;提高压缩比有利发动机的动力性和经济性;进气迟闭角和排气提前角相位对发动机的动力性和经济性有较大影响.     

重型增压预混天然气发动机动力性和排放性试验研究

为解决天然气发动机排放问题,对严重影响天然气发动机HC和NOx排放的空燃比和点火提前角这两个参数进行试验研究。结果表明,增大点火提前角可以提高发动机功率输出,降低有效燃气消耗率和HC排放,增加NOx排放;增大空燃比,发动机功率和NOx排放下降,而有效燃气消耗率和HC排放上升,且均在稀燃极限空燃比时急剧变化。     

纯氢和天然气掺氢燃料发动机的试验研究

在某点燃式发动机上,试验研究了纯氢和不同比例天然气掺氢的燃烧与排放特性。结果表明：纯氢燃料燃烧快,燃烧持续期短,缸压和放热率升高率大且峰值较高,λ=1．1时,峰值压力为3．9MPa,燃烧持续期为12℃A。氢燃料的稀燃界限宽,过量空气系数λ=3时,峰值压力降低到1．7MPa,NOx排放趋于零。天然气掺氢可以改善天然气燃烧特性,拓展天然气的稀燃极限。在相同工况下,掺氢30％的混合气燃烧持续期比天然气缩短20℃A,但缸压峰值和NOx排放增加,这可以通过稀燃和优化点火提前角来降低峰值压力和NOx排放。掺氢30％的混合气可以在λ=1．857时稳定的工作,此时峰值压力降低到1．57MPa,NOx的排放小于50×10^-6。     

氢混天然气燃气轮机加湿低氮燃烧性能研究

为了解贫预混燃烧室天然气掺氢加湿燃烧时的性能变化和容许加湿范围,解决氢混燃气轮机NO_x排放超标问题,以某燃气轮机燃烧室为研究对象,数值研究了掺氢比和加湿比对燃烧性能及污染物排放特性的影响。结果表明：燃料无加湿条件下,燃烧室出口CO和CO₂排放值随着掺氢比的增加而减小,较高燃烧温度将导致热力型NO_x排放值增加,掺氢比达到0.2以上时,NO_x排放已超出环保限值;燃料加湿条件下,随着加湿程度增加,燃气出口平均流速及水蒸气组分含量均增加,燃烧筒内全局温度、CO₂和NO_x排放值均降低,CO排放值先降低后增加;掺氢天然气加湿可实现低氮燃烧,考虑到低掺氢工况燃气轮机功率输出效能和高掺氢工况燃烧性能恶化问题,水蒸气加湿量不宜过多,当掺氢比为0.3时,推荐燃料加湿比为0.463。     

模拟沼气发动机掺氢燃烧的试验研究

在一台改装的单缸柴油机上进行了模拟沼气掺氢燃烧的试验。模拟沼气由天然气含量为50%～80%,CO2含量为20%～50%组成,掺烧氢气的比例为10%～40%。结果表明,随着模拟沼气中CO2比例的增加,发动机动力性降低,排放污染物中CO和NOx排放减少,但HC排放增加。适当增加模拟沼气发动机的掺氢比例,发动机缸内最高压力和最大转矩升高,过多的掺氢比例会降低发动机的动力性。排放污染物中随着掺氢比例的增加,CO排放增多,HC排放减少,NOx排放量与模拟沼气中CO2的比例有关。     

微型燃气轮机改烧氨气/氢气混合燃料的数值模拟研究

通过数值模拟对某80 kW微型燃气轮机环形低氮燃烧室进行适当的改造并对其燃烧及NO_x生成特性进行研究。研究结果表明：将烧天然气燃料的燃烧室改烧氨/氢混合燃料,在输出功率相同时燃料体积流量增大,通过增加燃料进气喷嘴的直径来降低燃料的进气速度;当掺氢比为0.3时,该结构的燃烧室燃烧不充分,燃烧效率达不到要求;当掺氢比在0.35～0.5、燃料华白数在19.9～21.7范围内变化时,该燃烧室可以实现高效稳定的燃烧,性能接近燃烧天然气燃料;氨/氢混合燃料中掺氢比增大,则NO_x排放量也快速增大;由于燃料型NO_x排放量占主导地位,该微型燃气轮机燃烧室不能实现低NO_x燃烧,NO_x排放远超国家标准,需要加装脱硝装置才能实际应用。     

Experimental study of a single-cylinder engine fueled with natural gas–hydrogen mixtures

The objective of this study is to evaluate the power, efficiency and emissions of an electronic-controlled single-cylinder engine fueled with pure natural gas and natural gas–hydrogen blends, respectively. Replacing the nature gas with hydrogen/methane blend fuels was found to have a significant influence on engine performance. The effects of excess air ratio and spark timing were discussed. The results show that under certain engine conditions the maximum cylinder gas pressure, maximum heat release rate increased with the increase of hydrogen fraction. The increase of hydrogen fraction in the blends contributed to the increase of NO_x and the decrease of HC and CO. The brake specific fuel consumption decreased with the increase of hydrogen fraction. Using HCNG at relatively leaner fuel–air mixtures and retarded spark timing totally improved the engine emissions without incurring the performance penalty.     

Experimental research on a blended hydrogen-fuel engine

An experimental study on the performance of a single cylinder engine fueled with hydrogen/gas fule blends was carried out. The performance of engine with different fuel components under the load characteristics of the engine was analyzed. The experimental results showed that with the increase of hydrogen blending ratio, the combustion speed was accelerated, and the maximum torque and maximum pressure in the cylinder were increased; The maximum torque of blended fuel with 40% CO₂ was 68.3% of that without CO₂; The maximum pressure in cylinder of blended fuel with 40% H₂ was 1.6 times higher than that without hydrogen; When the proportion of hydrogen was more than 30%, the torque decreased; When the mixture was blended with 30% N₂, the engine torque reached the maximum at the hydrogen ratio of 15%; With the increase of hydrogen blending ratio, the emission of CO increased and the emission of HC and NOx decreased; When the hydrogen blending ratio remained unchanged, the CO emission was the largest at medium load, the HC emission was the largest at small load, and the NOx emission was the largest at high load; When the mixture was blended with 15% H₂, with the increase of the proportion of nitrogen, emission of CO decreased, emissions of HC and NOx increased. The research of this paper provided an experimental basis for the design and development of gas fuel engines.     

Experimental study of combustion performances and emissions of a spark ignition cogeneration engine operating in lean conditions using different fuels

This work presents an experimental study describing a six-cylinder spark ignition engine running with a lean equivalence ratio, high compression ratio, ignition delay and used in a cogeneration system (heat and electricity production). Three types of fuels; natural gas, pure methane and methane/hydrogen blend (85% CH₄ and 15% H₂ by volume), were used for comparison purposes. Each fuel has been investigated at 1500 rpm and for various engine loads fixed by electrical power output conditions. CO, CO₂, HC, and NOx emissions values, and exhaust gas temperature were measured. The effect of fuel composition on engine characteristics has been studied. The results show, that the hydrogen addition increased HC emissions (around 18%), as well as performance, whilst it reduced NO_x (around 31%), exhaust gas temperature, CO and CO₂.     

Engine combustion and emission fuelled with natural gas: A review

Natural gas (NG) is one of the most important and successful alternative fuels for vehicles. Engine combustion and emission fuelled with natural gas have been reviewed by NG/gasoline bi-fuel engine, pure NG engine, NG/diesel dual fuel engine and HCNG engine. Compared to using gasoline, bi-fuel engine using NG exhibits higher thermal efficiency; produces lower HC, CO and PM emissions and higher NOx emission. The bi-fuel mode can not fully exert the advantages of NG. Optimization of structure design for engine chamber, injection parameters including injection timing, injection pressure and multi injection, and lean burn provides a technological route to achieve high efficiency, low emissions and balance between HC and NOx. Compared to diesel, NG/diesel dual fuel engine exhibits longer ignition delay; has lower thermal efficiency at low and partial loads and higher at medium and high loads; emits higher HC and CO emissions and lower PM and NOx emissions. The addition of hydrogen can further improve the thermal efficiency and decrease the HC, CO and PM emissions of NG engine, while significantly increase the NOx emission. In each mode, methane is the major composition of THC emission and it has great warming potential. Methane emission can be decreased by hydrogen addition and after-treatment technology.     

Experimental analysis of the effects of hydrogen addition on methane combustion

This paper presents gas emissions from turbulent chemical flow inside a model combustor, for different blending ratios of hydrogen–methane composite fuels. Gas emissions such as CO and O₂ from the combustion reaction were obtained using a gas analyzer. NOx emissions were measured with a NOx analyzer. The previously obtained flame temperature distributions were also presented. As the amount of hydrogen in the mixture increases, more hydrogen is involved in the combustion reaction, and more heat is released, and the higher temperature levels are resulted. The results have shown that the combustion efficiency increases and CO emission decreases when the hydrogen content is increased in blending fuel. It is also shown that the hydrogen–methane blending fuels are efficiently used without any important modification in the natural gas burner. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The influences of hydrogen on the performance and emission characteristics of a heavy duty natural gas engine

Because blending hydrogen with natural gas can allow the mixture to burn leaner, reducing the emission of nitrogen oxide (NO_x), hydrogen blended with natural gas (HCNG) is a viable alternative to pure fossil fuels because of the effective reduction in total pollutant emissions and the increased engine efficiency.In this research, the performance and emission characteristics of an 11-L heavy duty lean burn engine using HCNG were examined, and an optimization strategy for the control of excess air ratio and of spark advance timing was assessed, in consideration of combustion stability. The thermal efficiency increased with the hydrogen addition, allowing stable combustion under leaner operating conditions. The efficiency of NO_x reduction is closely related to the excess air ratio of the mixture and to the spark advance timing. With the optimization of excess air ratio and spark advance timing, HCNG can effectively reduce NO_x as much as 80%.