矿化垃圾制备RDF的工艺研究及应用前景分析

分析了我国矿化垃圾的产量和开发利用的资源以及环境意义。通过对比新鲜垃圾和矿化垃圾的成分、含量,发现从矿化垃圾中分选出的可燃物将更适合制备RDF,且其预测应用基低位热值约为24807kJk.g-1,相当于无烟煤的热值,具有较高的燃料品质,应用前景良好。还推荐了矿化垃圾制备RDF的工艺流程,并论述了其应用价值。     

利用城市垃圾生产车用燃料的前景分析

能源和环境问题的日益尖锐，迫使人们开发洁净的可再生能源。同时，由于城市生活水平的提高产生了大量的垃圾，对比现有的垃圾处理方式如堆肥、焚烧、填埋等，利用垃圾生产车用燃料具有相当大的发展潜力。文章简述了用城市垃圾生产制取车用燃料的主要技术手段，分析了城市垃圾生产车用燃料的可行性和发展前景。     

垃圾衍生燃料的制造和应用

从近年告的专利技术讨论了垃圾衍生燃料的生产工艺和它的一些应用。     

垃圾衍生燃料炭化物燃烧特性分析

利用热分析方法研究垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)和垃圾衍生燃料炭化物(cRDF)的燃烧特性,分析RDF和cRDF的燃烧TG-DTG曲线,得出RDF和cRDF的着火温度、燃烧特性指数和燃烧动力学参数等燃烧特性.研究表明,cRDF发热量比RDF高34%～43%,但由于挥发分含量较低,燃烧性能不及RDF,因此cRDF作为燃料时应和其它燃料配合使用,以改善其着火性能.     

可再生燃料展望

国际海事组织制定的温室气体减排目标“有可能改变航运价格,甚至整个世界航运业的格局”,DNV·GL集团的替代燃料业务总监Gerd—Michael Wursig谈到。但是如何才能使其成为现实呢?其中一个解决方案在于降低可再生能源的价格并提升其可及性。而实际上,可再生能源往往处在供大于求的局面,特别是在非高峰需求的情况下。     

垃圾衍生燃料热重法的燃烧特性

采用热重技术对由垃圾可燃物制备的垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)的燃烧特性进行了实验研究，并由微分热重曲线计算了它们燃烧反应的动力学参数．研究结果表明，草木类RDF存在二次着火现象，织物、塑料及混合原料RDF只存在固碳着火点．草木类RDF最易着火燃烧并且燃烧最猛烈但持续时间很短，塑料类RDF最耐烧，混合原料RDF的燃烧反应较平稳并且持续时间较长，易于实现稳定的燃烧．RDF的燃烧过程可由几个一级反应来描述．混合原料RDF中的各组成原料的燃烧相互影响，其燃烧特性不能由各组成原料燃烧特性简单叠加而成，各种原料RDF燃烧的难易程度可用表观活化能来表征。     

垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）的燃烧特性研究

采用热重技术对垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）的燃烧过程进行了,探讨了RDF的燃烧特性,并由它们的微分热重曲线计算出它们的反应动力学参数并对影响反应常数的因素进行了研究,研究结果表明RDF的燃烧过程包括三个失重过程,第二失重段包括RDF中的钙化物与第一失重段燃烧释放的气体反应的过程,第三失重段为第三失重过程中生成的钙化物热分解的过程,空气流速的不同使得第三失重段的机理发生变化,而钙化物的不同也引起不同的分解温度区域,导致不同的第三失重段,RDF的燃烧过程可由三个一级反应来描述,RDF中的氢氧化钙添加量的不同导致RDF燃烧过程中第二失重过程的燃烧速率的不同,RDF燃烧过程中释放的氯大部分被RDF中的钙化物所捕获,CaCl2是RDF在燃烧过程中自身脱氯的产物。     

垃圾填埋气作为可再生能源的利用

垃圾填埋气的回收和利用是一项经济可行且对环境有益的技术,叙述了目前中国垃圾填埋气利用的情况和新标准要求,结合已成功应用的实例介绍了6种不同的垃圾填埋气作为可再生能源的方式,指出了中国进行填埋气回收利用有广阔的前景。     

垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）的成型工艺及物理特性

提出了垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）的制备方法,研究了不同成型条件对RDF的物理特性及脱氯效率的影响,根据实验结果总结了制备垃圾衍生燃料的优化工艺。     

半焦与垃圾衍生燃料混烧的排放特性

在非均匀布风流化床中进行了半焦与垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）的混合燃烧实验,研究了不同半焦混烧率对烟气组分的影响以及二者混烧的可行性与经济性．实验结果表明,随着半焦混烧率的增加,H2O（气态）、CO、HCl、NO及C3H6含量均呈下降趋势,而CO2、SO2含量则呈增加趋势．同时发现,在燃烧过程中增加C1元素含量,可以促进NO的生成．     

Employment of Anaerobic Digestion Process of Municipal Solid Waste for Energy

Abstract

Jordan is a country with a population of about five million people. It is considered a developing country that is deficient in generating its own energy source, and it relies significantly on imports of fuels from other countries, which plays an important role in various environmental related problems and issues. Jordan is distinguished among the developing countries by its reasonable industrialization and significant agricultural activities. The amount of waste generated is on the increase due to a continuing significant increase in population and it currently faces pollution of its limited fresh water sources. To mitigate the current and future environmental problems facing Jordan due to fossil fuel use and associated environment problems, Jordan is taking into consideration steps including the utilization of the biogas technology to replace fossil fuel, since Jordan is a nation striving to meet the expected energy demand that grows annually by 6%. Studies of quantity per capita estimates Jordan's generated daily waste as 8,000 tons, which is comparable to that of most semi-industrialized nations. Of that, 3,200 tons is household waste and the rest of it is waste related to industry or agricultural. Much of the total waste is organic, which could be utilized through a process of anaerobic digestion and already has been in use for decades in industrialized nations to produce clean burning methane gas, electricity, fuel, and fertilizers. Anaerobic digestion process releases no greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Jordan's generated daily waste is estimated around the same as that of most moderately developing nations. Most of the total waste is organic, which could be utilized through a process of anaerobic digestion that does not release greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Renewable energy and energy conservation, if efficiently utilized, might help to meet the expected increase demand on energy that is growing rapidly. A combined facility (landfill operation and biogas plant) that is established in the capital of Jordan could help reduce the disposal and accumulation of biodegradable solid waste significantly; by 90%. This will help reduce emissions of green house gases (CO₂), reduce the dependency of foreign fossil fuel and would improve issues related to the general environment. This project would be self-supported. This project, if proved to be successful, would be an example that others will follow throughout.     

Global Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable energy sources (RES) supply 14% of the total world energy demand. RES are biomass, hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind, and marine energies. The renewables are the primary, domestic and clean or inexhaustible energy resources. The percentage share of biomass was 62.1% of total renewable energy sources in 1995. Large-scale hydropower supplies 20 percent of global electricity. Wind power in coastal and other windy regions is promising as well.     

城市垃圾焚烧与热能利用

结合城市垃圾特点，应用成熟可靠的垃圾焚烧技术，实现了能源有效回收与利用，达到了资源化的目的。     

几种值得关注的可再生能源和新能源

对传统能源的不可持续供应进行了说明，介绍了几种可以永续造福人类的可再生能源和新能源，包括：太阳能、风能、生物质能、水能、地热能、海洋能、氢能、受控核聚变能。     

Co-firing Coal and Municipal Solid Waste

Abstract

The aim of this study was to experimentally investigate how different the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) or municipal solid waste (MSW) utilizing strategies affects the gas emission in simple fluidized bed combustion (FBC) of biomass. In this study, ground OFMSW and pulverized coal (PC) were used for co-firing tests. The tests were carried out in a bench-scale bubbling FBC. Coal and bio-waste fuels are quite different in composition. Ash composition of the bio-waste fuels is fundamentally different from ash composition of the coal. Chlorine (Cl) in the MSW may affect operation by corrosion. Ash deposits reduce heat transfer and also may result in severe corrosion at high temperatures. Nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) assessments can play an important role in a strategy to control carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions while raising revenue. Regulations such as subsidies for oil, liquid petroleum gas (LPG) for natural gas powered vehicles, and renewables, especially biomass lines, to reduce emissions may be more cost-effective than assessments. Research and development (R&D) resources are driven by energy policy goals and can change the competitiveness of renewables, especially solid waste. The future supply of co-firing depends on energy prices and technical progress, both of which are driven by energy policy priorities.     

城市垃圾典型组分燃烧特性研究

本文首先分析了垃圾燃烧存在的问题,再介绍垃圾燃烧特性的热重分析原理和燃烧特性参数的确定方法.对十种工况的垃圾燃烧进行分析,通过试验得出各组分的TGA和DTGA曲线及其燃烧特征参数.经研究发现混合组分垃圾的燃烧过程具有分步性,其活化能低于单组分垃圾,比单一组分垃圾更易燃烧;混合垃圾的燃烧特性并没有发生显著变化,可以近似用...     

Waste pyrolysis and generation of storable char

Sustainable cities require the generation of energy from waste that cannot be economically reused or recycled. This study focuses on slow pyrolysis that can generate a high yield of char along with liquid and gas products from waste. Char is high in energy content, storable and transportable with low cost so that it can be used as an intermediate medium for high efficiency energy conversion. Pre‐processed municipal waste pellets, wood and grass were pyrolysed in a batch type reactor for a final temperature ranging from 350 to 700°C, and the char products were characterized. The mass yields of char ranged from 55 to 20% for the tested temperature range, recovering 70–30% of energy and 62–30% of carbon in the raw material. The gross calorific value of char was 30–35 MJ kg^?1 on a dry ash free basis. The ash content of raw materials was a key parameter for the quality of char, since its proportion increased by 2–4 times in char depending on the mass yield. A significant amount of volatile metals such as Hg, As and Pb in the waste sample was evaporated at 500°C. Therefore, evaporation of volatile metals was another important parameter in determining the pyrolysis temperature and fuel residence time. The char did not show significant morphological change in the tested range of temperatures. It was concluded that slow pyrolysis of waste for char production should be performed below 500°C in order to increase the energy yield and also to reduce the evaporation of heavy metals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧锅炉的开发与应用

对城市生活垃圾的燃料特点和燃烧机理进行了论述,并介绍了LC 120—12—1.25型城市生活垃圾焚烧锅炉的设计与结构特点。     

城市固体废弃物的燃烧特性实验研究

通过热分析技术,对城市固体废弃物中几种典型组分进行实验研究,得到了混事垃圾在热重分析仪中的燃烧特性,并对城市固体废弃物的规律开展了有益的探讨。     

生活垃圾焚烧处理及二次污染物控制

阐述了生活垃圾的焚烧处理的重要性 ,综述了各国垃圾焚烧处理的先进技术及二次污染物控制工艺 ,提出我国垃圾焚烧二次污染的控制措施。