基于变窗函数方法的频率检测技术研究

针对常用的频谱校正技术检测短记录信号时受负频谱的泄露干涉影响而难以应用这一技术瓶颈,提出了基于变窗函数方法的-套显式全新测频方法,并采用仿真手段对提出的方法进行研究、考核.结果表明,采用Rectangular窗、Hanning窗、Blanckman窗进行组合得出的3个频率计算公式测频绝对误差均在10r4倍频率分辨率数量级.并且运用该方法不用考虑被测信号中直流分量的影响,虽然当CiR小于0.5时误差随频率下降而增加,但这足以满足工程实践的需要.确认频率计算公式涉及到的奇点效应是引起误差变大的主要原因,只要适时调整分析样本数这一效应就能够得到很好地避免.     

Direction-of-arrival estimation in radar systems: moving window against approximate maximum likelihood estimator

In this study, we compare two radar target direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms: the classical moving window (MW) estimator, implemented in many real radar systems and the approximate maximum likelihood (AML) estimator. The first technique exploits multiple detections in the same time-on-target and the second one exploits the fact that the radar antenna mechanical scanning impresses an amplitude modulation on the signals backscattered by the target. Performances of the two estimators are numerically investigated through Monte Carlo simulation and compared in terms of root-mean-square-error (RMSE), probability of detection and probability of target splitting, the latter being defined as the probability of detecting more than one target when instead only one is present in the cell under test. Numerical results show that the AML estimator generally outperforms the classical MW estimator, also in terms of robustness to target splitting.     

Technical limitations to homodyne detection at audio frequencies

Homodyne detection relies on the beat between a relatively strong local oscillator (LO) field at the carrier frequency and a signal beam with sidebands centered around the carrier frequency. This type of signal detection, or signal readout, is widely used in quantum optics applications and is expected to be used in advanced interferometric gravitational wave detectors. We investigate experimentally the limitations to making such measurements in a laboratory environment at audio frequencies. We find that beam jitter noise, electronic noise of the photodetectors, and the LO intensity noise can limit the homodyne detection in this frequency band, and we discuss potential solutions.     

RME:基于滑动窗口的实时人脸检测算法

研究了基于滑动窗口的视频实时人脸检测,提出了刚性运动估计(RME)算法.该算法以小尺度人脸瞬时刚性运动为假设,根据几何变换对窗口图像的运动进行描述,以光流代替运动矢量计算运动参数进而识别窗口图像的刚性、非刚性运动类型,通过排除非刚性窗口以提高人脸检测效率.对比实验与分析表明,该算法在准确率与时间效率方面具有优势.     

基于局域最大亮度的靶状激光图像边缘检测

针对工程应用中靶状激光图像带有较强噪声干扰和要求图像处理速度快的特点,本文提出基于局域最大亮度的靶状激光图像边缘检测方法.该方法根据靶状激光图像由多个明暗相间的圆环组成的特征,采用一个大小适当的圆形检测模板,让模板沿着亮环按一定规则在一定范围内移动,计算模板内各像素点的亮度和,使亮度和为最大值的模板的中心点为这个区域的边缘点.用最小二乘法将由此方法获得的边缘点拟合定中.用摄像机(640像素×480像素,光靶分辨率为0.0504mm/像素)距光源10m处拍取50幅图像,处理后的定中标准差为0.0237mm.实验和应用结果表明,此方法速度快,精度高且抗噪声性能好.     

Direct optical digital detection of diaphragm deflection: maximum resolution

The direct optical digital detection of analog mechanical motion of a diaphragm is described both experimentally and theoretically. The conversion is made by a Michelson interferometer which detects deformation of the diaphragm caused by acoustic pressure. Theoretical calculation shows that the maximum resolution is strongly dependent on the detector width, it becomes 9 bits when a single-mode optical fiber is used as the detector. An 8-bit A-D conversion is experimentally obtained using a Michelson interferometer constructed with a He-Ne laser, a 2.54-cm (1-in.) diam diaphragm, and a detector of 50-microm diam multimode optical fibers.     

Cavity ringdown detection of losses in thin films in the telecommunication wavelength window

The method of cavity ringdown spectroscopy (when a tunable pulsed optical parametric oscillator was used) was extended for the loss evaluation in thin films (2-20-mum thickness). The technique was applied in two key telecommunication wavelength ranges of 1260-1330 and 1480-1650 nm. The measurement sensitivity was determined to be 50 ppm (5 x 10(-5)). The results for polymer films are in close correlation with conventional spectrophotometric data and propagation loss for planar waveguides. Films of greater thickness and better optical quality are expected to provide an even higher loss resolution.     

Low-noise solar-blind photodetectors based on LaAlO3 single crystal with transparent indium-tin-oxide electrode as detection window

The low-noise solar-blind photodetectors of indium-tin-oxide/LaAlO(3)/Ag (ITO/LAO/Ag) have been fabricated based on the properties of LAO bandgap excitation and the transparent conductance of ITO thin film. The ITO thin films are epitaxially grown on LAO wafers as the electrodes and detection windows of the photodetectors. The photodetectors have low noise and excellent electromagnetic shielding. The influence of the thickness of ITO thin films on the responsivity of the photodetectors has been studied. The photocurrent responsivity can reach 10.3 mA/W under the irradiation of 200-220 nm for a photodetector with 5 nm thick ITO film. The noise current is 1 pA order magnitude under the sunlight at midday. The experiment results suggest that ITO/LAO/Ag is one of the promising structures for the solar-blind deep-ultraviolet photodetectors.     

Performance limitations of a free-space optical communication satellite network owing to vibrations: heterodyne detection

Free-space optical communication between satellites in a distributed network can permit high data rates of communication between different places on Earth. To establish optical communication between any two satellites requires that the line of sight of their optics be aligned during the entire communication time. Because of the large distance between the satellites and the alignment accuracy required, the pointing from one satellite to another is complicated because of vibrations of the pointing system caused by two fundamental stochastic mechanisms: tracking noise created by the electro-optic tracker and vibrations derived from mechanical components. Vibration of the transmitter beam in the receiver plane causes a decrease in the received optical power. Vibrations of the receiver telescope relative to the received beam decrease the heterodyne mixing efficiency. These two factors increase the bit-error rate of a coherent detection network. We derive simple mathematical models of the network bit-error rate versus the system parameters and the transmitter and receiver vibration statistics. An example of a practical optical heterodyne free-space satellite optical communication network is presented. From this research it is clear that even low-amplitude vibration of the satellite-pointing systems dramatically decreases network performance.     

Brake lamp detection in complex and dynamic environments: Recognizing limitations of visual attention and perception

Worldwide, both brake lamps and tail lamps on motor vehicles are required to be red. Previous studies have not examined the effect of this confound in a complex, high-traffic scenario in a driving simulator or on visuomotor behavior. In the first experiment, drivers detected brake lamps on nine lead vehicles and lane changes on two rear vehicles in a 15 min simulated night time highway drive. A second experiment was used to examine the findings in the context of pre-attentive visual processing research. A third experiment analyzed visuomotor behavior and subjective workload during a vigilance task to further evaluate this hypothesis. For all studies, tail lamp color was manipulated, resulting in two conditions: the currently mandated red tail lamps and red brake lamps vs. yellow tail lamps and red brake lamps. Compared to current rear lighting, employing yellow tail lamps with red brake lamps reduced RT, error, subjective workload, improved performance in detecting lane changes and also changed visuomotor behavior. It is suggested that the mechanism allowing better performance is pre-attentive, parallel visual processing.     

A sweeping window method for detection of flaws using an explicit dynamic XFEM and absorbing boundary layers

We present a sweeping window method in elastodynamics for detection of multiple flaws embedded in a large structure. The key idea is to measure the elastic wave propagation generated by a dynamic load within a smaller substructural detecting window domain, given a sufficient number of sensors. Hence, rather than solving the full structure, one solves a set of smaller dynamic problems quickly and efficiently. To this end, an explicit dynamic extended FEM with circular/elliptical void enrichments is implemented to model the propagation of elastic waves in the detecting window domain. To avoid wave reflections, we consider the window as an unbounded domain with the option of full‐infinite/semi‐infinite/quarter‐infinite domains and employ a simple multi‐dimensional absorbing boundary layer technique. A spatially varying Rayleigh damping is proposed to eliminate spurious wave reflections at the artificial model boundaries. In the process of flaw detection, two phases are proposed: (i) pre‐analysis—identification of rough damage regions through a data‐driven approach, and (ii) post‐analysis‐–identification of the true flaw parameters by a two‐stage optimization technique. The ‘pre‐analysis’ phase considers the information contained in the ‘pseudo’ healthy structure and the scattered wave signals, providing an admissible initial guess for the optimization process. Then a two‐stage optimization approach (the simplex method and a damped Gauss–Newton algorithm) is carried out in the ‘post‐analysis’ phase for convergence to the true flaw parameters. A weighted sum of the least squares, of the residuals between the measured and simulated waves, is used to construct the objective function for optimization. Several benchmark examples are numerically illustrated to test the performance of the proposed sweeping methodology for detection of multiple flaws in an unbounded elastic domain. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A window on the Israeli patent scene

In the last 15–20 years Israel has turned into a beehive of innovation and entrepreneurship. This article focuses on what was achieved and how the Information Professional can find and monitor these innovations. The main areas of innovation in Israel are high-tech, biotechnology, medical devices, irrigation, etc. Other topics are the role of start-ups and venture capital, IP strategy of Israeli companies, the Israeli Patents, Designs and Trademarks Office, how Israeli patents are published and how to obtain Israeli patents and documents.     

Design limitations on ultra-high velocity projectile launchers

The maximum velocity attainable in a gasdynamic gun is limited by the maximum sound speed in the driver gas. For a conventional 2-stage light gas gun, the limit is 10 km/s. Higher velocities are possible, but probably not without the destruction of the gun barrel. As long as this occurs on a time scale longer than the residence time of the projectile, a useful system may still result. Using a newly developed computer code called IGUN, we have evaluated the performance of several multistage designs capable of achieving ultra-high projectile velocities. The main problem is in maintaining the integrity of the projectile. Our calculations indicate that 20 km/s should be achievable without fracturing the projectile. If it is only required to retain near original areal density, velocities in excess of 30 km/s appear feasible.     

Simultaneous detection of molecular oxygen and water vapor in the tissue optical window using tunable diode laser spectroscopy

We report on a dual-diode laser spectroscopic system for simultaneous detection of two gases. The technique is demonstrated by performing gas measurements on absorbing samples such as an air distance, and on absorbing and scattering porous samples such as human tissue. In the latter it is possible to derive the concentration of one gas by normalizing to a second gas of known concentration. This is possible if the scattering and absorption of the bulk material is equal or similar for the two wavelengths used, resulting in a common effective pathlength. Two pigtailed diode lasers are operated in a wavelength modulation scheme to detect molecular oxygen ~760 nm and water vapor ~935 nm within the tissue optical window (600 nm to 1.3 mum). Different modulation frequencies are used to distinguish between the two wavelengths. No crosstalk can be observed between the gas contents measured in the two gas channels. The system is made compact by using a computer board and performing software-based lock-in detection. The noise floor obtained corresponds to an absorption fraction of approximately 6x10(-5) for both oxygen and water vapor, yielding a minimum detection limit of ~2 mm for both gases in ambient air. The power of the technique is illustrated by the preliminary results of a clinical trial, nonintrusively investigating gas in human sinuses.     

Reflectometric study of contaminant layer on a probe window

In this study properties of a contaminant material on the surface of a probe window (prism) were investigated. The probe window, i.e., the prism, is part of the reflectometer apparatus exploited in this study. The contaminant layer was considered to originate from a pulping solution containing lignin contacting the surface of the prism. In these experiments the contact time was up to 5.0 hours. To find the values of the contaminant material properties, i.e., refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), and effective thickness (d), an optical model was proposed assuming that the contaminant layer is continuous and homogenous. In addition, the model includes an inter-diffusion layer existing between the contaminant layer and the lignin solution. From the fitting procedure using the optical model of depth profiling, it was found that the growth rate of the contaminant layer was approximately 60 nm per hour. The results obtained by theory and experiments were consistent for both s- and p-polarizations and for the various wavelengths of the light source (300, 400, and 500 nm).     

基于Hough变换的车窗提取算法

在HOV乘客数检测系统中，对车窗的定位与提取，可以极大地减少计算量，提高系统的运算速度以及检测的准确度。针对图像中车窗边缘的图像特点，提出了一种基于相位编组法进行图像分块，在图像块内进行决速Hough变换的直线检测，并结合积分投影方法对车窗进行定位与提取。实验结果表明该算法具有较快的运算速度和较高的检测准确率。     

Limitations of maximum likelihood estimation procedures when a majority of the observations are below the limit of detection

We evaluated the performance of maximum likelihood estimation procedures to estimate the population mean and standard deviation (SD) of log-transformed data sets containing serum or urinary analytical measurements with 50-80% of observations below the limit of detection (LOD). We found that maximum likelihood procedures are limited in their ability to accurately estimate the population mean and SD when the percent of censored data was large and sample size was small. The means were more likely to be underestimated and the SDs were more likely to be overestimated using these procedures. When the sample size, N, was or=70%, the procedure without imputations performed better than those with imputations. However, the procedure with multiple imputations performed better than or was comparable to other procedures when N was at least 100. This finding was consistent with the improved estimates of the mean and SD in a data set ( N = 113) of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations using multiple imputations. We recommend the use of maximum likelihood procedures with multiple imputation when N >or= 100 and P < 70%. A maximum likelihood procedure without imputation should be preferred when N < 100 and P >or= 70%. However, it should be the expected that biases for both mean and SD in these circumstances may be unacceptably high.     

A survey of some physical limitations on computer elements

Some limitations imposed on the basic attributes of computer elements that arise from physical law rather than from consideration of technology or cost are surveyed in the light of recent literature. In particular, discussions are given of the reliability of storage of information, of the physical size, and of the speed of response of elements of the memory of a large, high-speed, digital computer. The various factors affecting the reliability considered include: logical and physical redundancy, crosstalk and the resulting difficulties of single-particle memory elements; storage lifetime in a nonequilibrium (steady-state) device is also discussed. The limits on size of semiconductor devices include: the minimum size of the voltage pulse needed for nonlinear operation, the limitations set by the need for cooling, by fluctuations in impurity content, and by the resolving power of fabrication processes. The effects of the inertia of matter on the speed of operation are discussed generally, noting the different magnitudes of response of transitions involving electronic rearrangements as compared to spin rotations or nuclear motions. Finally, comments are made on the possibility in principle of ultradense packing because of the extreme smallness of the atomic scale, and on the biological examples of such ultradense packing that exist in the genetic code and the mammalian brain.