垂直及倾斜上升管内气液两相弹状流壁面切应力的模拟

用VOF模型对垂直及倾斜上升管内弹状流壁面切应力进行数值模拟。计算结果表明,垂直上升流动时,液膜厚度始终小于对应位置倾斜上升弹状流的液膜厚度,壁面切应力从气弹头部至尾部逐渐增大至恒定不变,在尾流区呈杂乱无章状态。倾斜上升流动时,气泡头部顶点偏向管中心线上方,倾角越小,相同轴向位置处测得的液膜厚度越大。当FrTB较小时,倾斜管内弹状流上管壁面的切应力曲线在液膜区有明显波动,而下管壁面在对应区域的切应力分布则比较光滑。随着FrTB的增大,上下壁面切应力分布曲线越来越靠近。     

矩形截面螺旋通道内弹状流的流动特性

对水平放置矩形截面螺旋通道内弹状流的流动特性进行了实验研究.通过实验获得了不同周角下的气弹演变过程和局部流动特征,结果表明,其流动特性会随着螺旋周角位置的变化而变化.根据实验数据分析发现,同一工况下,不同转角气弹的运动速度、频率和长度分布不尽相同.重力和离心力的相对大小决定着内外壁面液膜的厚度,给出了同一条件下,不同时刻的液膜厚度的演变过程.最后对下降液膜的运动速度展开了分析研究,在螺旋上升过程中,液膜下降速度逐渐减小,在螺旋下降段,液膜速度明显增大.     

湍流泡状流混合层流动的PIV测量

在单相实验的基础上,使用PIV对不同位置注入气泡的泡状流湍流混合层流动进行实验研究。混合层高低侧流速比为4∶1,基于两股流体速度差和管道水力直径的Reynolds数范围为4400～158400。与单相相比,气液两相混合层流动脉动速度的测量结果表明,在低Reynolds数时气泡的加入会增强混合层的速度脉动,但随着Reynolds数的增大气泡的加入反而会减弱速度脉动。雷诺应力集中在隔板下游一个较窄的区域内,并随Reynolds数的增大而增大。从流动横截面上雷诺应力的分布可以看出,气泡的加入减小了混合层内的平均雷诺应力,并且与单相相比泡状混合层流动在同一横截面上的雷诺应力分布曲线会产生波动。     

壁面润湿性对微通道内二氧化碳-水两相流流动及传质性能的影响

在1 mm×1 mm矩形截面下微通道内,以二氧化碳-水为工作流体,研究壁面润湿性和气液表观流速对气-液两相流型和气液传质的影响,并研究了气、液表观流速对弹状流流体力学性质的影响。在亲水微通道中观测到了泡状流、泡状-弹状流、弹状流;在疏水微通道中观测到了非对称弹状流、拉长的非对称弹状流、分层流。实验表明亲水微通道中弹状流区域下气泡长度大体上随气相表观流速的增大而增大,随液相表观流速的增大而减小;液弹长度大体上随气相表观流速的增大而减小,随液相表观流速的增大先增大后减小;液侧体积传质系数k_La均随气、液相表观流速的增大而增大,随通道壁面润湿性的增强而增大。     

基于MUSIG模型的低温流体过冷沸腾数值模拟

在低温泡状流中,鉴于液相中离散的气泡尺寸大小不一,文中将MUSIG模型应用于低温流体过冷沸腾计算中。通过模拟液氮在竖直圆管内过冷流动沸腾过程,对各尺寸组气泡的分布、轴向空泡份额的分布规律及流动不稳定性进行了分析。计算结果表明:各尺寸组气泡在壁面和中心区呈现不同的分布规律;平均空泡份额沿轴向呈非线性递增变化;由于流型的转变,管内压降将出现突变。     

入口角度及壁面性质对蛇形微通道内弹状流流动特性影响的格子Boltzmann模拟

在Y型汇流的矩形截面蛇形微通道内,采用格子Boltzmann方法对不同壁面性质的蛇形微通道内弹状流流动进行了数值计算。首先以空气和水为工作流体对气液两相流动进行模拟研究并通过实验进行验证。通过验证实验后,模拟计算了气相速度,Y型夹角和壁面性质对气泡长度的影响,以及Y型夹角对微通道内弹状流压降和流动阻力的影响;探讨了粗糙度与壁面润湿性对流动阻力的影响;同时,针对蛇形微通道弯管部分,分析了角度和壁面性质对弹状流流动的影响。通过计算,发现当壁面接触角及Y型夹角为90?时,气泡长度最大;当直微通道为亲水性光滑壁面,回转弯道为粗糙度较大的疏水壁面时,Po数较小。     

气体入口角度和截面宽高比对微通道内泰勒气泡行为的影响

微通道的几何参数对于气泡或者液滴在其中的形成过程有着显著的影响。采用流体体积法(VOF法)研究了不同气体入口角度以及不同通道截面宽高比对微通道内气液两相流流动状况的影响。在所研究的操作范围内,各个微通道内的两相流流型均为泰勒流,并且在大多数情况下气泡长度分布均匀。在通道截面宽高比为0.5～2条件下,60°的气体入口角度有利于产生较短的气泡;如果通道截面宽高比达到4或8时,45°的气体入口角度更有利于形成较短的气泡。此外,随着通道截面宽高比的增大,通道内气泡的量纲1长度也随之增大,气泡长度分布的均匀性也逐渐变差。当通道截面宽高比增大到8时气泡长度分布变得很不均匀。     

R32在水平微细圆管内凝结换热的数值模拟

采用VOF模型对R32在内径为1 mm水平圆管内的凝结换热进行了数值模拟.圆管进口饱和蒸气和壁面温度分别为40℃和30℃.假设气相为湍流、液相为层流,考虑重力和表面张力的影响,模拟分析了干度、液膜厚度和轴向速度沿管长的变化.结果表明,沿管轴向顶部液膜先增厚后基本保持不变,管底部液膜持续增厚.表明当量直径在1 mm时重力作用仍不可忽略.传热系数的模拟值随干度的增大而增大;与实验结果相比,模拟值小于实验值,但二者差别在实验误差范围内.     

垂直管内弹状气泡上升中壁面传递的实验研究

垂直管内弹状流壁面传递是诸多工业应用中需研究的重要问题之一。今用极限扩散电流技术,对弹状气泡上升时瞬时壁面剪应力和传质系数进行了测定,结果显示:当基于表观气速的Froude数FrG < 0.74时,壁面剪应力随弹状气泡和液塞的到来呈现方向相反的交替变化,壁面传质系数亦相应变化;而当FrG > 0.74时,剪应力方向一直向下,说明液膜向下流动,且弹状气泡和液塞的到来对壁面传质系数的影响很小。这说明下落液膜射流穿透了液塞段,控制了整个壁面传递过程。研究还对下落液膜区、尾迹区及液塞段的不同传递特征及机理进行了分析, 并结合气泡塔熔融结晶器中弹状气泡上升时的传热,对结晶操作条件的合理选择进行了讨论。     

微型多进口旋流器内气流形态的数值模拟

为探究不同进口个数的结构设计对微型旋流反应器气相流场的影响,文中采用雷诺应力(RSM)湍流模型,对进口速度分别为10,20和50 m/s时的单进口、双进口和四进口微型旋流反应器气相流场进行数值模拟。基于模型有效性验证的数值结果表明:进口个数会影响流场对称性和截面速度分布。多进口旋流反应器的切向流场轴对称性较好,在各截面上最大切向速率较大。多进口旋流反应器的轴向速度则随着截面高度的增大明显减小,而单进口旋流反应器截面轴向速度变化并不明显。多进口旋流反应器之间的流场基本相似。进口速度的增大则会使旋流反应器截面上的切向速度和轴向速度相应增大,另外进口速度并不影响截面最大切向速度的径向位置。     

Liquid-wall shear stress in stratified liquid/gas flow

Stratified liquid/gas flow was experimentally investigated in a horizontal or slightly inclined circular pipe. The polarographic method was used to determine the liquid-wall shear stress. Both the liquid fraction and pressure gradient were also measured. Sixteen wall electrodes were positioned around the tube perimeter. Local liquid-wall shear stress profiles are presented for horizontal and near-horizontal flows. The averaged values are compared with the results obtained from a stratified flow model and models using the experimental data of liquid fraction and pressure drop. This paper was presented at the International Workshop on Electrodiffusion Diagnostics of Flows held in Dourdan, France, May 1993.     

Hydrodynamics of an external-loop gas-lift system with restrictions located in the downcomer

Experiments were conducted to study the fluid dynamics in the case that slug flow occurs in the riser of an external-loop gas-lift system with a restriction section located in the downcomer. Complex fluctuation behaviors of the liquid circulation velocity and the wall shear stress in the riser were observed and discussed. Based on the slug flow hydrodynamic behaviors and the balance of momentum and pressure drop over the circulating loop, a model was developed to predict the main parameters of the system: the liquid circulation velocity, the void fraction, the length and velocities of Taylor bubbles and liquid slugs. The predicted results of these parameters were compared with the experimental data and a good agreement was obtained.     

Experimental detection of bubble-wall interactions in a vertical gas-liquid flow

Bubble motions and bubble-wall interactions in stagnant liquid were experimentally investigated by high-speed CCD and PIV technique with the main feature parameters such as E(o)tv(o)s numbers Eo =0.98-1.10,Morton number Mo =3.21 × 10-9 and Reynolds numbers Re =180 ～ 190.The effect of bubble injecting frequency and the distance S between the gas injection nozzle and the wall on the statistical trajectory of bubbles,average velocity distribution of flow field and Reynolds shear stress were studied in detail.It was shown that the combination of bubble injecting frequency and the distance S caused different bubble motion forms and hydrodynamic characteristics.When the normalized initial distance was very little,like S* ≈ 1.2 (here S* =2S/de,and de is the bubble equivalent diameter),bubbles ascended in a zigzag trajectory with alternant structure of high and low speed flow field around the bubbles,and the distribution of positive and negative Reynolds shear stress looked like a blob.With the increase of distance S*,bubbles' trajectory would tend to be smooth and straight from the zigzag curve.Meanwhile,with the increase of bubble injecting frequency,the camber of bubble trajectory at 20 ＜ y ＜ 60 mm had a slight increase due to the inhibitory effect from the vertical wall.Under larger spacing,such as S* ≈ 3.6,the low-frequency bubbles gradually moved away from the vertical plane wall in a straight trajectory and the high-frequency bubbles gradually moved close to the vertical wall in a similar straight trajectory after an unstable camber motion.Under the circumstances,high-speed fluid was mainly distributed in the region between the wall and the bubbles,while the relative large Reynolds shear stress mainly existed in the region far away from the wall.     

CFD approaches for the simulation of hydrodynamics and heat transfer in Taylor flow

Previous studies on heat and mass transfer in the Taylor flow regime in microchannels have shown the transport (heat/mass) rates to be dependent on the length of the liquid slug. In order to understand the effect of slug length on transport rates and to have a one-to-one comparison with experimental data, a computational approach is required to simulate flows with liquid slugs and bubbles of controlled lengths.Here we describe and benchmark two approaches. The first, and conceptually simplest, is to generate bubbles and slugs in a long tube using a time-dependent boundary condition. In the second method, the flow and heat transfer in a single unit cell, consisting of a bubble surrounded by liquid slugs, is solved in a frame of reference moving with the bubble velocity. Both methods were implemented in ANSYS-Fluent.Simulations for a two-phase (liquid-only) Reynolds number of 713, Capillary number of 0.004 and void fraction of 0.366 for nitrogen-water flow were performed to compare the two techniques. There was a very large difference between the required computational mesh sizes and times for the two methods, with a wall clock time of 38 h on a single processor for the moving domain compared with 1460 h using four processors for the stationary domain approach. In addition, for a constant wall heat flux boundary condition, even with 14 bubbles present in a long tube thermal development was not achieved. The hydrodynamic and heat transfer results obtained from the two approaches were found to be very similar to each other and with results from our earlier verification and validation studies, giving a high degree of confidence in the implementation of both methods.     

Shear viscosity,extensional viscosity,and die swell of polypropylene in capillary flow with pressure dependency

The shear and extensional viscosities of a polypropylene resin were studied using a capillary rheometer and capillary dies of 1‐mm diameter and length of 10, 20, and 30 mm. Melt temperatures at 190, 205, and 220°C and shear rates between 100 and 5000 s^?1 were used. At the highest shear rate a visible melt fracture was observed. An equation relating the pressure drop and die length was derived with consideration of pressure effects on melt viscosities and the end effect. After the correction for pressure effects the true wall shear stress and end effect at zero pressure were calculated. The end effect showed a critical stress of melt fracture around 10⁵ Pa, and increased rapidly when shear stress increased above the critical stress. From shear stress the shear viscosity was calculated, and a power law behavior was observed. Extensional viscosity was calculated from the end effect and showed a decreasing trend when strain rate increased. After time–temperature superposition shift shear viscosity data correlated well, but an upward trend was observed in extensional viscosity when melt fracture occurred. Die swell ratio at different temperatures can be plotted as a function of wall shear stress and was higher for shorter dies. © 2002 Wiley Perioodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1269–1276, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10466     

Counter-current gas-liquid flow and incipient flooding in inclined small diameter tubes

Free flowing liquid layer characteristics, counter-current gas-liquid two-phase flow and incipient flooding were studied in small diameter inclined tubes (7 and 9 mm). Experiments were carried out at various inclination angles from the horizontal (30°, 45°, 60° and 75°), while several liquids covering a wide range of physical properties were employed. Fast video recordings and conductivity probes were used for liquid layer thickness measurements, from which mean layer thickness and its statistical quantities were calculated. The wall shear stress at the tube bottom was also measured using an electrodiffusion technique.The new experimental data confirm previous interpretation that in almost all cases the dominant flooding mechanism is wave growth and upward dragging by the gas phase. Consequently, incipient flooding is strongly affected by the liquid layer characteristics, which in turn are influenced by the liquid properties. New correlations based on dimensionless groups for the prediction of flooding in inclined small diameter tubes are proposed.     

Investigation of the wall region of gas-liquid flow using an electrodiffusional technique

Measurements of the hydrodynamic characteristics of upward gas-liquid flow in an inclined channel were performed. Experiments were made by an electrodiffusional method using microprobes for wall shear stress and liquid velocity measurements. Special attention was paid to the study of two-phase flow structure in the vicinity of the wall. A strong effect of the channel orientation on the characteristics of the flow was demonstrated. The results show that maximum wall shear stress values correspond to an intermediate channel inclination. High values of near-wall void fraction result in the reduction of liquid velocity fluctuations in horizontal and near-horizontal channel positions. This paper was presented at the International Workshop on Electrodiffusion Diagnostics of Flows held in Dourdan, France, May 1993.     

倾斜管内低温液弹和Taylor汽泡的长度分布

An experimental study was carried out to understand the phenomena of the boiling flow of liquid nitrogen in an inclined tube with closed bottom by using a high speed motion analyzer.The experimental tube is 0.018 m ID and 1.0 m in length.The range of the inclination angle is 45°-90° from the horizontal.The experiment focused on the effect of the inclination angle show that the mean liquid slug length and Taylor bubble length increase with the increasing x/D at various inclination angles.At the same x/D,the mean liquid slug length and Taylor bubble length increase first,and then decrease with decreasing inclination angles,with the maximum at 60°.In the vertical tube,standard deviation of the nitrogen Taylor bubble length increase with the increasing x/D.For the inclined tube,standard deviation of the nitrogen Taylor bubble length increases first,and then decreases with the increasing x/D.Standard deviation of the liquid slug length increases with increasing x/D for all inclination angles.