Heat treatment of medium-temperature Sasol-Lurgi gasifier coal-tar pitch for polymerizing to higher value products

Two coal-derived pitch samples, one a medium temperature pitch from a Sasol-Lurgi gasifier and the other from a high temperature coking process, have been heat treated to induce polymerization, both separately and as a mixture of pitches (co-pyrolysis). The initial pitch samples and the heat-treated samples have been examined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), by UV-fluorescence spectroscopy (UV-F), by solid state ¹³C NMR; elemental analyses of the initial pitch samples have been carried out. The Sasol-Lurgi pitch showed larger apparent sizes, more alkyl and carbonyl functions, and smaller polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) groups than the high temperature pitch. Co-pyrolysis of the two pitches indicated that polymerized product from the Sasol-Lurgi pitch can be used as an extender for high-temperature binder pitch.     

Direct Formation of Crystalline Gadolinium-Doped Ceria Powder via Polymerized Precursor Solution

Synthesis of Ce_0.9Gd_0.1O_1.95 (CGO) powder from a polymeric precursor solution containing a mixture of nitrates, nitric acid, and ethylene glycol was investigated with emphasis on the effect of polymerization of the precursor solution on the crystallization and morphology of the derived solid intermediate and the final oxide powder. It is shown for the first time in this work that the solid intermediate derived from the polymerized solution is present in the form of well-crystallized cerium-gadolinium formate solid solution, Ce_{1− x} Gd _x (HCOO)₃, exhibiting anisotropic growth. Further polymerization of the precursor solution resulted in the direct formation of loosely agglomerated nanoscaled CGO oxide powder from the polymerized solution at temperatures as low as 130°C.     

AlCl3/促进剂协同催化1-癸烯齐聚制备聚α-烯烃合成油

以三氯化铝为催化剂、过渡金属氯化物MCl₃（VCl₃、CrCl₃和TiCl₃）为促进剂,催化1-癸烯齐聚制备了具有高黏度指数的聚α-烯烃（PAO）合成油,系统研究了促进剂的作用机制和齐聚反应条件对齐聚反应活性和PAO性能和结构的影响。结果表明：VCl₃和CrCl₃的加入能明显增加1-癸烯齐聚反应收率和齐聚物的黏度指数。过渡金属氯化物通过双氯桥结构与三氯化铝形成双金属化合物,通过双金属间的协同效应,改变三氯化铝的吸电子能力来增加其催化活性。通过核磁氢谱（¹H NMR）和核磁碳谱（¹³C NMR）分析,确定了AlCl₃/MCl₃催化1-癸烯齐聚遵循阳离子聚合机制,1-癸烯齐聚物中主要的不饱和双键为三取代和双取代内烯烃。过渡金属氯化物促进剂可以调整优势反应途径从而改变齐聚产物的分布。     

三元体系AlCl3+CaCl2+H2O，AlCl3+FeCl3+H2O和CaCl2+FeCl3+H2O在35℃时的相平衡

缺少含AlCl₃、CaCl₂和FeCl₃的溶液相平衡,使通过蒸发结晶从粉煤灰盐酸浸取液中制备纯净的AlCl₃·6H₂O变得比较困难。采用等温溶解法研究了三元体系AlCl₃+CaCl₂+H₂O,AlCl₃+FeCl₃+H₂O和CaCl₂+FeCl₃+H₂O在35℃时的相平衡关系,测定了相应的溶解度及密度,并绘制了相应相图及密度-组成图。实验结果表明：三元体系AlCl₃+CaCl₂+H₂O和AlCl₃+FeCl₃+H₂O分别有两条溶解度曲线,两个单盐结晶区,无复盐和共溶体产生,同离子效应导致增加溶液中CaCl₂和FeCl₃浓度会有效降低AlCl₃的溶解度;CaCl₂+FeCl₃+H₂O体系会形成复盐CaCl₂·2FeCl₃·7H₂O;所得35℃相图与25℃相图相比,三元体系AlCl₃+CaCl₂+H₂O和AlCl₃+FeCl₃+H₂O中AlCl₃·6H₂O结晶区增大,CaCl₂·6H₂O结晶区转变成CaCl₂·4H₂O结晶区,CaCl₂+FeCl₃+H₂O体系中CaCl₂·2FeCl₃·8H₂O结晶区转变为CaCl₂·2FeCl₃·7H₂O结晶区。     

AlCl3·6H2O在FeCl3、CaCl2、KCl及KCl–FeCl3溶液中溶解度的实验及预测

如何将AlCl₃·6H₂O从众多组分中选择性地结晶分离是从煤矸石中提Al的关键,而AlCl₃·6H₂O在煤矸石酸浸体系中的热力学平衡数据对于结晶过程的控制至关重要。在25～85℃的温度范围内,测定了不同温度和溶液浓度下AlCl₃·6H₂O在FeCl₃、CaCl₂、KCl及KCl-FeCl₃溶液中的溶解度。实验发现温度对AlCl₃·6H₂O在所有溶液体系中溶解度的影响均不明显,溶解度只随温度的升高略有增加;溶液浓度是影响溶解度的主要因素,AlCl₃·6H₂O在所有溶液体系中的溶解度均随溶液浓度的升高而明显下降,分析其原因是由于溶液浓度的增大使得Cl^–同离子效应增强。为了提高OLI软件预测结果的准确性,对其嵌入Bromley-Zemaitis模型中“Al³⁺–Cl<...     

三氯化铝催化有机硅单体副产共沸物歧化反应密度泛函理论研究

AlCl₃催化(CH₃)₃SiCl和SiCl₄的歧化反应体系中可能存在(CH₃)₃SiCl与SiCl₄生成(CH₃)₂SiCl₂与CH₃SiCl₃(反应1),(CH₃)₂SiCl₂与SiCl₄生成CH₃SiCl₃(反应2)和(CH₃)₃SiCl与CH₃SiCl₃生成(CH₃)₂SiCl₂(反应3)等反应。本文采用密度泛函理论对这3种反应进行了研究。结果发现在AlCl₃ 催化剂上,可能发生CH₃AlCl₂中间体生成的分步反应和反应物共吸附反应,对两种情况下3种反应的反应路径均进行了计算,发现3种反应均偏向于以双分子共吸附机理进行。3种反应的能垒排序是反应2 >反应1 >反应3。同时,热力学数据分析发现,在543.15～593.15 K之间,温度变化对反应2的摩尔Gibbs反应能变基本无影响,但在593.15 K时,反应1和反应3的Gibbs自由能变显著减小。这些计算结果显示,如果适当调控反应温度,就能够在保证反应1和3进行的同时,抑制反应2的进行,从而实现歧化产物组成的调控,有利于(CH₃)₂SiCl₂的生成。     

AlCl3·6H2O在盐酸体系中的结晶行为

研究了AlCl₃·6H₂O在盐酸体系中的结晶行为,考察了铁、钙、镁、钾、钠等杂质对AlCl₃·6H₂O结晶行为的影响,并利用聚焦光束反射测量技术（FBRM）和颗粒录影显微镜（PVM）探讨了不同盐酸滴加速度下AlCl₃·6H₂O的结晶粒度分布及形貌。结果表明,AlCl₃·6H₂O的结晶量随着盐酸加入量的增加而增加,当浓盐酸加入量为AlCl₃饱和溶液体积的2.25倍时,25℃时的结晶效率可达到80%。溶液中Fe的存在可促进AlCl₃·6H₂O的结晶,在1.5 mol·kg^-1的AlCl₃溶液中,当铝铁摩尔比低于3：1时,得到的AlCl₃·6H₂O晶体中铁的含量小于0.1%。钾、钙、镁、钠等杂质对AlCl₃·6H₂O的结晶影响不大。盐酸添加速度影响AlCl₃·6H₂O的形貌,快的盐酸添加速度易使晶体发生团聚,颗粒粒径小,盐酸添加速度较慢时,可得到颗粒较大、形貌好的单晶。     

硫酸铝铵-氯化氢反应制备六水氯化铝过程中晶体形貌的研究

以十二水合硫酸铝铵为原料,采用氯化氢通气结晶法制备了六水氯化铝晶体,考察了通气速率、通气时间、反应温度、铝离子初始浓度对六水氯化铝晶体形貌的影响。结果表明,50 mL硫酸铝铵酸溶液中,当通气速率为60 mL/min、通气时间为2 h、反应温度为30 ℃、铝离子初始质量浓度为20 g/L时,可以得到形貌比较规整的棱柱形六水氯化铝晶体。该研究为提取、制备高品质六水氯化铝晶体提供了技术参考。     

氯铝酸盐离子液体催化甲苯与氯代叔丁烷烷基化反应合成对叔丁基甲苯

合成[Me3NH]Cl-2.0AlCl3、[PyH]Cl-2.0AlCl3、[Bmim]Cl-2.0AlCl3以及[Et3NH]Cl-2.0AlCl3氯铝酸盐离子液体,对[Et3NH]Cl-2.0AlCl3和[PyH]Cl-2.0AlCl3两种离子液体进行系列改性,并考察氯铝酸盐离子液体催化甲苯与氯代叔丁烷的烷基化反应,反应合成对叔丁基甲苯的催化性能。结果表明,未经改性的氯铝酸离子液体催化烷基化反应,对位产物选择性均较低,经FeCl3、CuCl以及CH3NO2改性的[Et3NH]Cl-2.0AlCl3离子液体对叔丁基甲苯选择性显著提高,而[PyH]Cl-2.0AlCl3离子液体经CuCl改性后的对叔丁基甲苯选择性则提高到85%以上。采用乙腈、吡啶为探针的红外光谱对离子液体酸性表征的结果表明,改性后离子液体的L酸和B酸均有所降低,其中B酸是影响对叔丁基甲苯选择性的主要因素,并对离子液体酸性催化甲苯与氯代叔丁烷烷基化反应合成对叔丁基甲苯的作用机制进行分析。     

A study on structural suitability of immobilized aluminum chloride catalyst for isobutene polymerization

Catalytic performance and structural suitability of immobilized AlCl₃ catalyst for isobutene polymerization have been studied. It was found that the activity, selectivity and number-average molecular weight of the product polyisobutene depend, to a certain extent, on the pore structure and the granulation of the catalyst. AlCl₃ on γ-Al₂O₃ support having macro- and meso-pore bimodal structure show excellent catalytic activity and high stability, while those on γ-Al₂O₃ with micro (d 15.6 Å) and meso-pore (d 28.6 Å) structure exhibit low stability and rapid fall of conversion with time. Granulation of the catalyst is also an important factor which affects activity and selectivity of the catalyst and average molecular weight of the product. Increasing granulation of the catalyst (particles become finer) brings about an increase in isobutene conversion, but a decrease in selectivity, resulting in lower average molecular weight and broader distribution.     

Effect of additives on the decomposition of KClO4

The effect of the addition of carbon and/or sulphur on potassium perchlorate (KClO₄) decomposition has been studied by thermo-analytical techniques, i.e. thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTGA), differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-i.r.) spectroscopy. The TGA, DTGA and d.s.c. results show that carbon catalyses the decomposition of KClO₄, and simultaneous decomposition of KClO₄ and oxidation of carbon takes place in a solid phase. Addition of sulphur to KClO₄ does not show any major effect but its presence in a ternary mixture (KClO₄, carbon and sulphur) facilitates the decomposition/oxidation reaction. The FT-i.r. emission studies show that CO₂ and SO₂ are the major combustion products detectable by infrared spectroscopy.     

Oily Grime Formed on Hard Surfaces of Kitchen Appliances: Chemical Composition and Oxidation Mechanism

The cooking of oil-containing food products at high temperatures results in an insoluble, unsightly, greasy layer of grime on appliance surfaces in residential and commercial kitchens. Over time, adsorbed grime becomes difficult to remove using normal dishwashing detergents. A number of studies have focused on the deterioration and oxidation of oils and the harmful effects that volatile compounds associated with such processes have on human health. Little attention, however, has been paid to kitchen grime. The present study examined grime obtained from the surfaces of appliances such as sirocco fans, filters, and range hoods in residential kitchens in Tokyo. The grime was characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), thermal hydrolysis methylation–gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (THM–GCMS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The chemical composition and structure of the grime differed from those of the edible oils. The grime consisted mainly of polymerized and oxidized triacylglycerols. Bridging between unsaturated acyl groups of triglycerols occurred through thermal oxidation and aging in air, yielding their dimers, trimers, and highly polymerized products while also transforming unsaturated acyl groups into saturated ones. Cross-linking reactions involving dibasic acids also caused polymerization. Those polymerized products strongly adhered to the hard surfaces of the appliances. Small amounts of cellulose fibers from air or towel may also play a role in mechanically stabilizing the dirt structure.

Physicochemical properties of amide–AlCl_3 based ionic liquid analogues and their mixtures with copper salt

The physicochemical properties of three different amide–AlCl_3 based ionic liquid(IL) analogues and their mixtures with copper salt, such as conductivity, viscosity, density and isobutane solubility were determined over a wide range of temperatures.The effects of amide structure, amide/AlCl_3 molar ratio and CuCl modification on these physicochemical properties were investigated.Results showed that the conductivity of amide–AlCl_3 based IL analogues was much lower than that of traditional Et_3NHCl–AlCl_3 IL with same ligand/AlCl_3 molar ratio due to incomplete splitting of AlCl_3, whereas the density and viscosity of amide–AlCl_3 based IL analogues were slightly higher.The viscosity of amide–AlCl_3 based IL analogues was closely related to the amide structure,and followed the order of DMA–AlCl_3AA–AlCl_3NMA–AlCl_3 with same amide/AlCl_3 molar ratio.Meanwhile,the density of amide–AlCl_3 based IL analogues ranked in the following order: AA–AlCl_3NMA–AlCl_3DMA–AlCl_3.Increasing the amide/AlCl_3 molar ratio decreased the conductivity and density, while increased the viscosity.The solubility experiment indicated that the isobutane solubility in NMA–AlCl_3 was highest than that in two other IL analogues.Under the modification of CuCl, the conductivity, viscosity and density of these IL analogues increased, whereas the isobutane solubility decreased.These results provide the foundation for the development of a suitable IL analogue catalyst for isobutane alkylation.     

Thermal decomposition of Li3AlH6 with TiAl3 catalyst

It has been found that the reaction products between TiCl₃ and Li₃AlH₆ by mechanical milling consist of LiCl and TiAl₃ together with TiH₂. Thermodynamic calculation also predicts that TiAl₃ becomes dominant over TiH₂ with increasing temperature. Based on this, ultra-fine TiAl₃ powder having the primary particle size of about 100 nm has been mechanochemically synthesized from a mixture of TiCl₃, AlCl₃ and Mg. The addition of this TiAl₃ powder into Li₃AlH₆ clearly shows a good catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of Li₃AlH₆ as expected. The use of fine TiAl₃ catalyst is certainly more favorable than TiCl₃ in terms of hydrogen storage capacity as it does not produce irreversible chloride byproduct in alanates.     

AlCl3-季戊四醇络合催化剂催化１-辛烯齐聚工艺

聚α-烯烃是高品质的润滑油基础油。使用AlCl₃-季戊四醇络合催化剂,对1-辛烯齐聚反应进行研究,考察催化剂物质的量分数、季戊四醇与A1Cl₃物质的量比、反应温度和反应时间对聚烯烃收率及不同聚合物选择性的影响。结果表明,1-辛烯齐聚合成聚α-烯烃最佳工艺条件：AlCl3物质的量分数为2％,季戊四醇与AlCl₃物质的量比为0.5,反应温度为50 ℃,反应时间为4 h,聚烯烃收率约为93.4％,合成的聚α-烯烃产品中润滑油的理想组分三聚体和四聚体选择性较好。     

介孔氧化铝的结构调控及除氟性能研究

以铝酸钠（NaAlO₂）和氯化铝（AlCl₃·6H₂O）为铝源,分别以葡萄糖、壳聚糖、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）为结构导向剂,采用水热反应和高温煅烧技术制备了纳米氧化铝粉体材料。用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、氮气吸附-脱附和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）等手段对产物进行了表征。结果表明,产物均为介孔γ-氧化铝（γ-Al₂O₃）,呈纳米颗粒状形貌,分散较为均匀。其中,葡萄糖调控的γ-氧化铝具有较大的比面积（437 m ²/g）和孔体积（0.60 cm ³/g）。4种γ-氧化铝对氟离子（F ^-）的吸附结果表明,葡萄糖调控的γ-氧化铝除氟效果最好。     

精细化工与催化 阳离子交换树脂改性及其在乙醇酸甲酯水解制备乙醇酸反应中的应用

采用AlCl₃和SnCl₄对苯乙烯系强酸性阳离子交换树脂进行改性,考察树脂改性条件对乙醇酸甲酯水解制备乙醇酸反应的影响,并优化水解工艺条件。结果表明,最佳树脂改性条件为:采用AlCl₃-SnCl₄等物质的量混合物联合改性,其添加量为树脂质量的8%~10%,改性水浴温度(70~75) ℃,改性时间(8~10) h;优化的乙醇酸甲酯水解制备乙醇酸的工艺条件为:空速(3~6) h^-1,水解温度(75~85) ℃,去离子水与乙醇酸甲酯物质的量比(10~20)∶1。经过300 h的稳定性实验表明,树脂改性后稳定性良好。     

[Bmim]Cl中CrCl3-AlCl3催化纤维素降解制取5-羟甲基糠醛

5-羟甲基糠醛是一种具有很高利用价值的化学平台化合物。以离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐（[Bmim]Cl）为溶剂,以CrCl₃和AlCl₃为复合催化剂,在油浴加热条件下催化纤维素降解制取5-羟甲基糠醛,研究了催化剂种类、催化剂量、温度、纤维素浓度、气氛、纤维素聚合度、反应规模等不同因素对纤维素降解制取5-羟甲基糠醛的影响。结果表明,[Bmim]Cl用量为10 g,棉花添加量为0.5 g,x（CrCl₃）=25%（mol）,x（AlCl₃）=2.5%（mol）,反应温度为120℃,反应气氛为N₂（dry）气氛,反应时间为4 h时,HMF产率最高,达到59%。此外,反应过程中水的作用机理也被给予了相应解释。     

Stereoselective alternating copolymerization of aliphatic acetylenes with sulphur dioxide

A number of purified terminal aliphatic acetylenic hydrocarbons has been copolymerized with liquid sulphur dioxide in the presence of t-butyl hydroperoxide at low temperature. Benzoyl peroxide, hydrogen peroxide and m-chloroperbenzoic acid were ineffective. Neither sulphur dioxide nor t-butyl hydroperoxide alone was capable of polymerizing pure alkynes. Aged (impure) alkynes were copolymerized with sulphur dioxide in the absence of t-butyl hydroperoxide. All resulting alkyne-SO₂ copolymers were alternating with 100% trans configuration regardless of the nature of the alkyne, the solvent, or temperature. Several studies were performed to characterize the polysulphones, such as infra-red spectroscopy, ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, melting point, viscosity, elemental analysis, solubility, film formation and flammability. A mechanism is proposed in which sulphur dioxide homolytically decomposes the organic hydroperoxide into free radicals which initiate the polymerization. The alkyne-SO₂ charge transfer complex is formed in solution, and the initiation and propagation steps probably involve this complex in equilbrium with its monomers.     

Growth, polymerization and oxidation characteristics of PA-PDA single crystals

The growth, polymerization and oxidation characteristics of PA-PDA (polyacetylene-polydiacetylene) crystals are described. Simultaneous crystallization and polymerization of (HCC(CH₂)₈---CC---)₂ from a solution in 1,11-dodecadiyne was found to be the best means for obtaining fully polymerized PA-PDA crystals. The electrical conductivity of PA-PDA decreased by approximately two orders of magnitude upon exposure to air over the period of a year. The oxidation characteristics of the polyacetylene chain in PA-PDA were essentially similar to that of trans-polyacetylene by itself. However, oxygen probably remained as a dopant in these crystals for a long time before chemically bonding to the backbones.