不同电火花加工条件对Cr12MoV钢表面残余应力的影响

电火花加工模具所产生的残余应力会使材料的抗疲劳强度下降,造成表面裂纹等缺陷.采用X-350型X射线残余应力分析仪和DJP-2型电解抛光仪逐层去除的方法,在不同的加工条件下,分别测到了冷作模具钢(Cr12MoV)电火花加工表面残余应力的分布,结果表明,表面残余应力的产生和控制取决于放电规准、工作液、电极和工件材料、热处理等因素的选择,为减小残余应力可采用高温回火热处理,但回火温度不得超过电火花加工前的最高回火温度.     

“ISEM—9”论文简介

用掺入粉末的工作液进行电火花加工由于工具电极和工件表面间形成大的静电电容,大面积电火花加工难以获得光洁表面。本文作者们曾用硅电极有效地解决了这一问题,并使加工表面耐腐蚀、耐磨损。然而用很硬很脆的硅作为工具电极材料有难于成形的缺点。本文介绍在工作液中掺入硅、铝、石墨等粉末后对电火花精加工所产生的效果。实验结果表明,即使所用的工具电极是紫铜电极,在石油类工作液中掺入上述粉末对于获得光洁表面非常有效。在同样的加工条件下,用铝粉或石墨粉能使加工表面比用硅粉时更为光洁。当在每升工作液中掺入2克铝粉而用紫铜工具电极加工 SKH—51高     

轮胎模具电火花加工中石墨材料的应用研究

通过分析石墨电极材料的性能和特点,总结出石墨材料用于轮胎模具电火花加工的优势,并在实际电火花轮胎模具加工机上对多种牌号的石墨材料进行放电加工对比试验,得出采用不同石墨材料电极进行放电加工时的加工工艺结果.     

高硅钼球铁排气歧管高温氧化开裂原因分析

通过电镜、金相、能谱分析等手段对高硅钼耐热球铁的排气歧管开裂进行综合分析.该耐热铸铁在高温条件下,氧化由外向内推进,由于材料表面不当的应力强度及分布在氧化区诱发了裂纹,同时,氧化层的破裂造成氧化呈管道向内突进;而排气歧管基体中局部区域石墨的非球形态促进了裂纹的萌生及扩展.因此该排气歧管的开裂为氧化腐蚀疲劳开裂.     

石墨电极在彩电模具电火花加工中的应用

通过彩电前壳模具喇叭网孔镶件电火花加工,对紫铜电极和石墨电极加工结果进行分析比较,指出石墨材料在制作大电极,特别是在对电极损耗有严格要求的电火花加工时,石墨电极比紫铜电极有许多优点。指出专用石墨作电火花加工电极的优势正逐渐被大家认识,将成为企业首选的电火花加工电极材料。     

半导体硅电火花成形持续加工条件研究

采用紫铜电极进行半导体硅电火花成形加工时,加工表面经常会生成黑点物质,导致加工无法进行。分析表明,该黑点物质为不具有导电性的铜氧化物。为避免该物质的产生,首先通过选用石墨电极改变电极材料,并选用不含有氧元素的工作介质,杜绝非导电金属氧化物形成的条件;其次,通过增加电极的附加振动或旋转,使极间的洗涤、冷却能力增强,改善了极间的排屑条件,从而使半导体硅电火花成形加工得以稳定顺利地进行。     

低温冷却工具电极电火花加工研究

以高温镍基合金Inconel718为加工材料,利用液氮蒸发气与空气混合形成低温冷却气体对电火花工具电极进行冷却,以降低电火花工具损耗。以冷却温度为变量进行电火花加工研究。利用粗糙度测量仪TR200和扫描电镜Quanta250对工件表面粗糙度和表面形貌进行分析。结果表明:当脉冲作用时间较短时(脉冲宽度90μs),在相同电参数下,低温冷却电火花加工可降低加工工件的表面粗糙度,在0℃时的表面粗糙度最低,比普通电火花加工的低3.7%～9.5%;随着冷却温度的降低,表面粗糙度会有所增加。电极损耗随着冷却温度的降低而降低,冷却温度在-60℃时的电极损耗比0℃的降低了40%以上。当电参数较小时,低温冷却电火花加工后的工件表面形成微裂纹且裂纹密度随冷却温度的降低而增加。在一定参数下,低温冷却工具电极对降低工件表面粗糙度和工具电极损耗效果显著,某些情况下可能会增加表面的微裂纹。     

电火花精密镜面加工

<正> 据日刊报道,用大面积电极进行电火花精密加工时,由于放电的集中而使加工面表面粗糙度差。采用半导体材料硅制作电极时,加工面非常均匀、精细。也可以用铜或石墨村     

硅电极电火花放电的表面改性技术研究

采用单晶硅材料作工具电极,选择合适的脉冲放电参数对碳素工具钢进行电火花表面强化,在工件表面上形成一层硅及硅的化合物.研究结果表明,表面硅化处理后的工件表面硬度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性均明显提高,可有效提高工件的性能和使用寿命.     

混粉电火花加工表面显微裂纹的研究

对混粉电火花加工表面的显微裂纹进行了研究.选用铝粉工作液和硅粉工作液,在不同的参数条件下对两种工件材料进行了加工实验,得到了相应的裂纹分布图.结果表明,脉冲宽度对加工后表面显微裂纹的影响十分明显,峰值电流、粉末种类、工件材料等因素对显微裂纹的影响则并不明显.     

EDM performance of Cr/Cu-based composite electrodes

Electrode materials for electrical discharge machining (EDM) are usually graphite, copper and copper alloys because these materials have high melting temperature, and excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. The electrodes made by using powder metallurgy technology from special powders have been used to modify EDM surfaces in recent years, to improve wear and corrosion resistance. However, electrodes are normally fabricated at high temperatures and pressures, such that fabrication is expensive. This paper proposes a new method of blending the copper powders contained resin with chromium powders to form tool electrodes. Such electrodes are made at low pressure (20 MPa) and temperature (200 °C) in a hot mounting machine. The results showed that using such electrodes facilitated the formation of a modified surface layer on the work piece after EDM, with remarkable corrosion resistant properties. The optimal mixing ratio, appropriate pressure, and proper machining parameters (such as polarity, peak current, and pulse duration) were used to investigate the effect of the material removal rate (MRR), electrode wear rate (EWR), surface roughness, and thickness of the recast layer on the usability of these electrodes. According to the experimental results, a mixing ratio of Cu–0wt%Cr and a sinter pressure of 20 MPa obtained an excellent MRR. Moreover, this work also reveals that the composite electrodes obtained a higher MRR than Cu metal electrodes; the recast layer was thinner and fewer cracks were present on the machined surface. Furthermore, the Cr elements in the composite electrode migrated to the work piece, resulting in good corrosion resistance of the machined surface after EDM.     

Effect of electrode material on electrical discharge machining of alumina

Technologies for machining advanced insulating ceramics are demanded in many industrial fields. Recently, several insulating ceramics, such as Si₃N₄, SiC and ZrO₂, have been successfully machined by electrical discharge machining (EDM). As unstable discharges occur during the machining of Al₂O₃ ceramics, inferior machining properties have been obtained. The formation mechanism of the electrical conductive layer on the EDMed surface is much different as compared to other ceramics. In addition to this, the electrically conductive layers are not formed sufficiently to adhere to the EDMed workpiece surface and keep a stable and continuous discharge generation on the ceramics. Graphite is widely used as electrode material in EDM. It is expected that carbon from graphite electrode implant and generate a conductive layer. Copper, graphite (Poco EDM-3) and copper-infiltrated-graphite (Poco EDM-C3) electrodes were used to compare the effects of generation of a conductive layer on alumina corresponding to EDM properties. The electrical discharge machining of 95% pure alumina shows that the EDM-C3 performs very well, giving significantly higher material removal rate (MRR) and lower electrode wear ratio than the EDM-3 and copper electrodes. The value of MRR was found to increase by 60% for EDM-3 with positive electrode polarity. As for EDM-C3, MRR was increased by 80% under the same condition. When the results were investigated with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), no element of copper was observed on the conductive layer with both EDM-3 and EDM-C3. However, surface resistivity of a conductive layer created with EDM-C3 is less than with EDM-3. Surface roughness was improved to 25 μm with positive polarity of EDM-C3.     

Probability of precision micro-machining of insulating Si3N4 ceramics by EDM

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is used as a precision machining method for the electrically conductive hard materials with a soft electrode material. But recently we succeeded to machine on insulating material by EDM. The technology is named as an assisting electrode method. The EDMed surface is covered with the electrical conductive layer during discharge. The layer holds the electrical conductivity during discharge. For micro-EDM, the wear of tool electrode becomes lager ratio than the normal machining. So the micro-machining is extremely difficult to get the precision sample.

In this paper to obtain a fine and precise ceramics sample, some trials were carried out considering the EDM conditions, tool electrodes material and assisting electrode materials. Insulating Si₃N₄ ceramics were used for workpiece. The machining properties were estimated by the removal rate and tool wear ratio. To confirm the change of micro-machining process, the discharge waveforms were observed. The micro-machining of the Ø0.05 mm hole could be machined with the commercial sinking electrical discharge machine.     

A comparative study of surface integrity of Ti–6Al–4V alloy machined by EDM and AECG

The electrical discharge machining (EDM) process produces the recast layer with or without cracks on the surface that requires a remedial post-treatment in the manufacture of critical or highly stressed surfaces. One of the frequently used post-treatment processes is also the abrasive electrochemical grinding (AECG) and it has been widely used in the precision machining of difficult-to-cut materials due to an enhanced surface integrity and productivity. The aim of this study is to investigate improvability of surface integrity in terms of machining voltage, electrolyte flow rate and table feed rate parameters of AECG in EDMed Ti6Al4V alloy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectrograph (EDS) and surface roughness measurement were performed to study the surface characteristics of the machined samples. Experimental results indicate that the AECG process effectively improves the surface roughness and eliminates the EDM damages completely by setting suitable grinding parameters.     

Studies on the material removal rate of two-phase eutectic alloys by EDM process

Two types of permanent mould materials, spheroidal graphite (SG) cast iron and Al-Si alloy with various compositions, were selected to study the effect of heterogeneous second phase on material removal rate (MRR) by the electro-discharge machining (EDM) process. Fe-Si alloy and Al-1wt%Si alloy with a mainly single-phase structure were also prepared for comparison.

Experimental results indicated that the amount and morphology of second phase particles significantly influence the material removal rate (MMR). This is closely related to ridge density and discharge density during the EDM process.

The EDMed surface of the specimens had a continuously ridged appearance and the ridge density increases with higher amount of second phase. Worthy of notice is that the graphite particles are embedded in the troughs on the EDMed surface of SG cast iron, while the eutectic silicon particles are located on the ridge region in the case of Al-Si alloys.     

Surface modification of Al–Zn–Mg alloy by combined electrical discharge machining with ball burnish machining

The study investigated the feasibility of modifying the surface of Al–Zn–Mg alloy by a combined process of electric discharge machining (EDM) with ball burnish machining (BBM). A novel process that integrates EDM and BBM is also developed to conduct experiments on an electric discharge machine. Machining parameters of the combined process, including machining polarity, peak current, power supply voltage, and the protruding of ZrO₂, are chosen to determine their effects on material removal rate, surface roughness and the improvement ratio of surface roughness. In addition, the extent to which the combined process affects surface modification is also evaluated by microhardness and corrosion resistance tests. Experimental results indicate that the combined process of EDM with BBM can effectively improve the surface roughness to obtain a fine-finishing and flat surface. The micropores and cracks caused from EDM are eliminated during the process as well. Furthermore, such a process can reinforce and increase the corrosion resistance of the machined surface after machining.     

石墨电极电火花加工性能的影响因素分析

影响石墨电极电火花加工性能的因素很多，各因素的合理配合对电火花加工特性有重要的影响。分析了主轴性能、脉冲电源及智能控制、工作液、电参数和加工极性选择等对石墨电极加工性能的影响，为生产实践提供了理论依据。     

Some Considerations to Machining Characteristics of Insulating Ceramics-Towards Practical Use in Industry-

Machining of insulating ceramics can be realized in EDM by using the assisting electrode method. After a tool electrode cuts through the assisting electrode, a carbon layer covers the ceramics' surface during EDM. This carbon layer, formed from the decomposition of the hydrocarbon working oil, enhances the ceramics surface's conductivity. In this paper, machining phenomena of insulating ceramics are considered towards practical use in industry. Several kinds of insulating ceramics and assisting electrode materials are investigated under considerations of various machining characteristics; and high speed machining in W-EDM is carried out under conditions of lower tension than usual.     

电火花加工精度的提高措施

通过对电极的优化设计制造、工件定位的精度保证、工件的定位加工3个方面提高电火花加工的精度。详细讨论了如何降低和消除电极加工精度误差、电火花加工机的几何精度误差、工件电极的校正精度误差、定位精度误差等对电火花加工精度的影响,从而提高电火花加工精度。     

绝缘性陶瓷电火花加工中生成导电膜的特性分析

采用辅助电极法，在设定加工条件下对绝缘性陶瓷材料Si3N4进行了电火花加工实验，分析了加工中生成导电膜的原因，研究了加工条件、加工深度与生成导电膜的厚度、电阻等特性的关系，指出了加工深度对生成导电膜的影响较大，且加工深度越深，生成导电膜厚度越厚、电阻越小。