Sexual intimacies in psychology revisited.

Investigated the responses of 287 female doctorates in psychology to a questionnaire designed to evaluate sexual harassment experiences and attitudes of female psychologists. Typical age of the Ss at the time that the terminal degree was earned was 26–30 yrs. Ss were members of the American Psychological Association and represented a number of specialty areas in psychology, with the clinical specialty being represented somewhat more than others. Ss reported more experiences involving sexual seduction than sexual contact, with both seduction and contact experiences occurring at much higher frequencies during the student years than during employment. Younger Ss were more likely to have experienced sexual seduction and contact as students but not as employees. Most of the Ss felt that these relationships were likely to be detrimental to one or both parties involved. Findings support organizational and sociocultural explanations of sexual harassment rather than a natural–biological explanation. Recommendations for prevention are discussed. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychology and proverbs: Folk psychology revisited.

Comments on T. B. Rogers's (see record 1991-03999-001) article on the role of proverbs in psychology, viewing Rogers's exposition as an advocacy of folk psychology. Rogers's contention that psychologists have set out to test proverbs as psychological hypotheses with some frequency is criticized, and potential uses of proverbs in psychological research on the human condition are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical psychology and counseling psychology: On similarities and differences revisited.

As psychology specialties, clinical and counseling psychology appear similar in many respects. Although each specialty is considered to possess its own distinctive features, some researchers have recently examined clinical-counseling convergences, which suggests that the two specialties may now be nearer to an integration than in previous times. In an effort to further consider and examine possible convergences between clinical and counseling psychology, we replicated the comparative study of Osipow, Cohen, Jenkins, and Dostal (1979). Osipow et al., drawing on data in the 1975 American Psychological Association (APA) directory, compared clinical and counseling psychologists in major fields, interest areas, and work settings. We drew on data from the 1985 APA directory to determine current clinical-counseling similarities and differences for the same three areas. Comparisons are made between the 1975 and 1985 data, and some of the data's implications about convergences and divergences between the clinical and counseling specialties are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Determinism-freedom in contemporary psychology: An ancient problem revisited.

Perhaps "no other issue than the by now all too familiar determinism-free-will dichotomy brings the antimony between rigorous scientific formulations and other approaches to the theory of behavior into sharper focus." Major sections are: A Philosophic Paradox; "Acausality" in Physics; Some Implications of Modern Physics; Determinism in Modern Psychology; Psychologists Divided; Probability and Determinism; Choice, Freedom and Response Variability; Freedom: Levels of Perceiving; A Necessary Illusion; Epilogue. The notion of free-will possesses perhaps a "surface validity" but it may be a necessary human percept—an unavoidable illusion. Logically, it is "inconceivable to think of a science of behavior without a systematic deterministic position." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Meehl revisited: A look at paradigms in psychology.

Comments on Meehl's (see record 1979-25042-001) article on the nature of psychological debates. The author is in agreement with Meehl that there is a need to reconsider how research is designed and carried out within psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Freud's group psychology revisited: An opportunity missed.

This brief essay was sparked by a long overdue new book (Person, 2001) dealing with Freud's 1921 monograph on group psychology. This volume, regrettably, failed to relate Freud's promising, precursory ideas to his own behavior as a leader, as well as to subsequent seminal contributions to psychoanalytic and group theories and to group psychotherapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Applying cluster analysis in counseling psychology research.

As a research technique that has grown rapidly in applications in many scientific disciplines, cluster analysis has potential for wider use in counseling psychology research. We begin with a simple example illustrating the clustering approach. Topics covered include the variety of approaches in clustering, the times when cluster analysis may be a choice for analysis, the steps in cluster analysis, the data features, such as level, shape, and scatter, that affect cluster results, alternate clustering methods and evidence indicating which are most effective, and examples of clustering applications in counseling research. Although we make an attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of major issues, the reader is encouraged to consult several good recent publications on the topic that are especially relevant for psychologists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Husserl revisited: The forgotten distinction between psychology and phenomenology.

Argues that as phenomenology attracts growing attention in current psychology, it is increasingly important for psychologists to understand that phenomenology encompasses much more than a mere appreciation for subjective self-report data. The ideas of E. Husserl, the so-called founder of phenomenology, are reexamined to enlighten psychologists about phenomenology's contrasting approach to the study of consciousness. Whereas psychology studies actual subjective responses to actual environmental events (empirical data), phenomenology studies the essential character of consciousness in meaning-conferring acts (essential knowledge). Husserl proposed phenomenology as a positive alternative to the experimental methods of the new scientific psychology. Husserl believed phenomenology was needed to clarify the essential, but unanalyzed, pre-understandings of mental phenomena that guide psychology's experimental investigations. (36 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Applying antitrust laws to the professions: Implications for psychology.

Reviews recent legal developments applying antitrust principles to selected professional practices such as accreditation, licensing, specialty certification, restrictions on advertising, and fee setting. A series of questions about these practices are presented. It is suggested that psychologists should assess their professional policies and procedures to see if they could withstand antitrust scrutiny. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Human diversity and professional competence: Training in clinical and counseling psychology revisited.

Psychologists have increasingly recognized the need to appropriately train students to serve individuals from diverse groups. These groups have been characterized by racial-ethnic membership or defined by sexual orientation, SES, gender, and physical ability. Recent reports have documented that many applied graduate training programs still do not provide courses and experiences specific to working with diverse populations. This study presents results from a survey of 259 graduates of counseling and clinical psychology programs. Respondents were asked about training and professional work experiences with diverse groups. Results indicate restricted opportunities for training with diverse clients. Training experiences reported to be most effective are presented. Findings are discussed in light of continuing efforts to promote appropriate services. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Applying psychology: Some real world possibilities for scientists and practitioners.

Proposes that the long-term welfare of psychology as a discipline lies in having a significant portion of both scientists and practitioners intentionally choosing to become engaged in and collaborate on issues that have a direct effect on the well-being of humanity. While departing from traditionally limited spheres of enquiry and/or practice may result in errors such as a confusion of values and beliefs with facts, psychological knowledge and skills can be applied to effectively address such issues. Three reasons for psychologists to become actively involved are offered: new scientific insights would be gained, a common purpose would link this diversely talented discipline, and the discipline would gain a sense of integrity both within itself and in the eyes of society. An action plan based on successful experiences in large scale change is proposed to mobilize psychologists as a discipline. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The history of psychology revisited: Or, up with our foremothers.

Discusses the lack of general awareness of women who have made major contributions to psychology. It is suggested that this lack of recognition is partially caused by the practice of appending initials only to the surnames of authors of tests and journal articles. Numerous examples are presented of women who developed tests (e.g., the Taylor Manifest Anxiety scale and the Bender Gestalt Test), wrote textbooks, and made major theoretical contributions to the study of human behavior. (59 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Canadian space psychology: The future may be almost here.

The Canadian Space Agency (CSA) has played an active role in diverse aspects of space exploration, including human space flight. However, it has only very recently begun to consider becoming involved in psychosocial research. In a series of meetings beginning in 2000, the CSA selected two major research areas in which Canadian psychology has a long-established prominent place: the effects of isolated, confined, extreme environments, and the interaction of multicultural groups. Both of these areas are of growing importance to current and foreseeable human space missions, which involve long durations of capsule living by crews comprising both sexes, various professions, and a diversity of national, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds. The CSA's new receptiveness, and its willingness to fund research in these areas, provide Canadian psychologists with interesting and important opportunities for space-related research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mixed agency in military psychology: Applying the American Psychological Association ethics code.

Military psychology can diverge significantly from traditional psychological practice. Mixed-agency conflicts--those arising when a military psychologist's obligations to individual patients compete with obligations to the Department of Defense or federal regulations--can generate challenging ethical dilemmas. This article explores the notion of mixed agency within the military setting and addresses the most pertinent aspects of the American Psychological Association's (2002) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct related to this ethical challenge. Case vignettes are presented as a means of illustrating key mixed-agency dilemmas and the effective navigation of these conflicts. The article concludes with several recommendations for military psychologists as they work to anticipate and effectively manage ethical dilemmas bearing on their dual identities as officer and health care provider. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effective dissemination of energy-related information: Applying social psychology and evaluation research.

Reviews deficiencies in energy information programs that are based on the rational–economic model to change individual-level behaviors. Literature from social psychology, environmental psychology, evaluation research, and innovation diffusion is used to address 2 needs. The 1st is the need to supplement the rational–economic model with social and behavioral theories to understand the problem. The 2nd is the need to use some of the tools from these fields to make energy information-dissemination programs more effective at the individual level. Government agencies commonly seek to change public behavior using informational energy programs; however, program designs rarely take into account psychological theories about how people perceive or use the information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Husserl revisited: The forgotten distinction between psychology and phenomenology": Comment on Jennings.

Comments on J. L. Jennings' (see record 1987-05956-001) discussion of E. Husserl's (1931) concept of phenomenological investigation, suggesting a distinction between Husserl's goal of absolute knowledge and the psychological researcher's goal of relativistic knowledge. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Applying social cognitive theory to interest in research among counseling psychology doctoral students: A path analysis.

In this study, the R. W. Lent, S. D. Brown, and G. Hackett (see record 1994-47157-001) social cognitive model of interest development was applied to the prediction of interest in research. Participants included 184 counseling psychology doctoral students. Results of a path analysis indicated that 5 variables were significant predictors of interest in research: research outcome expectations, research self-efficacy beliefs, investigative interests, artistic interests, and age. In addition, several factors indirectly affected interest in research through effects on research self-efficacy—the research training environment, Holland Investigative interests, and year in program. Research training environment, Holland Investigative interests, and research self-efficacy beliefs also had an impact on interest in research indirectly through their effects on research outcome expectations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Effective dissemination of energy-related information: Applying social psychology and evaluation research": Rejoinder.

Responds to comments by E. S. Geller (see record 1992-37385-001) and P. B. Crabb (see record 1992-37381-001) on the M. L. Dennis et al (see record 1991-08669-001) review of social and behavioral science literature related to energy conservation (EC). The Dennis et al article was not an attempt to recommend a comprehensive EC policy but rather intended to show how prior research and experience could be used to make information more effective in producing changes in public behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Animals foraging in the lab: Problems and promises.

Foraging has become a popular catchword in literature like that published in this Journal. Several different kinds of psychological research on foraging can be distinguished. These include tests of optimal foraging models using operant schedules and other simulations, analyses of the mechanisms assumed as constraints in optimality models, tests of the optimality of behavior on arbitrary schedules, and use of seminaturalistic laboratory situations. This kind of work is not without problems. One is that the gap between "real" and simulated foraging has been insufficiently explored. More important, accounts of behavior in terms of function (e.g., optimal foraging theory) are often confused with those in terms of mechanisms of learning, memory, and choice. The most productive research strategy in this area is to juxtapose predictions of functional and mechanistic models and attempt to understand any differences between them. Studies of foraging behavior can also reveal new or poorly studied phenomena. Because optimal foraging theory makes ideas about function explicit and precise, well-formulated investigations of foraging behavior can contribute substantially to understanding learning, memory, and decision processes as biological adaptations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The future of military psychology: Paramilitary psychology.

"It is well for us to examine periodically the status and prospects of our direct professional participation in defense." Major sections are: A Historical Perspective, A Linear Extrapolation, The Next Mutation, Portrait of the Mutant, and Summary. 3 tables: (1) on federal obligations for research in the psychological sciences, 1960, 1961, and 1962; (2) federal obligations for research in the social sciences, 1960, 1961, and 1962; and (3) duties and skills required of personnel for participation in socioeconomic development, are presented. "We are forecasting a trend away from emphases on human components for hardware systems toward emphasis on human components of social systems, and an increase in the study of human interaction and communication across cultural boundaries." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)