~(11)C标记雷氯必利合成效率的影响因素

本文以11 C-Triflate-CH3为甲基化试剂,使用国产模块PET-CM-3H-IT-I合成11 C标记化合物雷氯必利(11 C-Raclopride),研究其合成过程中的碱量、溶剂、反应温度、前体量及产品淋洗条件对合成效率的影响,优化11 C-Raclopride的合成条件。优化后的合成条件为:以0.2mL丙酮为溶剂,前体浓度1.5~3.0g/L,反应温度为室温(25℃),碱量0.30~1.25eq,11 C-Raclopride的合成效率(64.82±4.74)%(n=46,以11 C-Triflate-CH3计校正效率),产品的放化纯度大于97%,比活度为(423.61±13.43)GBq/g,从收集11 C-CO2至得到11 C-Raclopride终产品的总合成时间为23 min,产量(6.9±0.87)GBq(n=46)。通过优化合成工艺,实现了稳定性和重复性良好的全自动化合成11C-Raclopride,且产品满足临床使用需要。     

国产碳-11多功能模块全自动化合成~(11)C-乙酸盐

采用国产碳-11多功能合成模块,研究全自动化合成11 C-乙酸盐的工艺流程。用0.1mL 1.5mol/L的溴化甲基镁在Loop环中与11 C-CO2反应生成中间体乙酰溴化镁,中间体由乙酸水解,再经纯化、洗脱、盐酸酸化,通入氮气除去未反应的11 C-CO2,以磷酸三钠中和后过无菌滤膜得11 C-乙酸盐注射液。总合成时间约为10min,校正放化产率为(58.5±6.7)%,放化纯度大于99%。使用气相色谱仪测得产品中有机溶剂丙酮和乙腈的残留浓度分别为(0.007±0.002)%和(0.005±0.002)%。整个合成过程实现全自动化,操作简单、灵活,合成产率和放化纯度较高,可以满足临床使用需求。     

肿瘤PET分子探针3-O-(2-18F-氟乙基)-L-多巴的合成及初步生物学评价

正电子类氨基酸显像剂是¹⁸F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖（¹⁸F-Fluorodeoxyglucose,¹⁸F-FDG）在临床肿瘤PET显像应用中的重要补充。针对6-¹⁸F-氟-L-多巴（¹⁸F-FDOPA）前体制备及标记过程的复杂性,本研究设计合成了一种新型¹⁸F-标记的氨基酸类肿瘤PET显像剂3-O-(2-¹⁸F-氟乙基)-L-多巴（3-O-(2-¹⁸F-fluoroethyl-L-DOPA,¹⁸F-FEDOPA）,并对其内生物分布及肿瘤PET显像进行了评价。以L-多巴（L-DOPA）为原料经多步反应合成标记前体化合物-N-叔丁氧羰基-(3-O-甲苯磺酸酯乙基-4-O-叔丁氧羰基)-L-多巴甲酯,通过¹⁸F-亲核取代反应实现放射性标记,经半制备高效液相色谱纯化、盐酸水解、NaOH中和后得到¹⁸F-FEDOPA注射液。放化合成时间为90 min,放化产率（33±6）%（n=10,衰减校正）,放射性比活度为55 GBq/μmol,放化纯度>99％,4 h后测定放化纯度>95%,稳定性良好。小鼠体内生物分布表明,¹⁸F-FEDOPA主要经肾脏代谢,心脏和脑组织摄取值较低,骨骼摄取随时间无明显变化。microPET/CT显像显示,¹⁸F-FEDOPA在H22和S180肿瘤组织有明显摄取;与¹⁸F-FDG相比,¹⁸F-FEDOPA在注射60 min时肿瘤与心（或脑）的比值高。因此,¹⁸F-FEDOPA有望成为一种新型氨基酸代谢类肿瘤PET显像剂。     

Synthesis of 16-Epiestriol and its Radiolabeling Procedure

To explore novel synthetic routes of 16-epiestriol (Estra-1, 3, 5(10)-triene-3, 16β, 17β-triol), we used the estrone as the starting material. After some simple synthetic steps, 16-epiestriol was yielded. Identification and purity of intermediates in the synthetic routes were characterized by melting point and ¹H NMR spectrum analysis, respectively. In addition, the structure of 16-epiestriol was modified and radiolabeled with¹⁸F-fluoride to yield¹⁸F-FES. The corresponding quality control analysis of the injection were performed. The yield of two synthetic routes of 16-epiestriol were about 20% starting from estrone. Radiosynthesis of¹⁸F-FES was finished in 60 minutes with a radiochemical yield of (30±4)% and radiochemical purity greater than 99%. The¹⁸F-FES injection was colorless and clear and the pH value was 6.5-7.5. The specific activity of the injection saline was (1.75±0.25) Ci/μmol. In this study, 16-Epiestriol was yielded with a relatively high yield in two novel routes.¹⁸F-FES was finally yielded after structure modification of 16-epiestriol and the corresponding radiolabeling procudure. The quality control results of the¹⁸F-FES injection could meet the need in clinical examination.     

99Tcm-MAG3-RRL肿瘤靶向肽的标记和性质鉴定

将具有肿瘤靶向性的精氨酸-精氨酸-亮氨酸（RRL）多肽与双功能螯合剂MAG₃相连,摸索其螯合⁹⁹Tc^m的适宜标记条件并评价探针的体外稳定性。标记利用SnCl₂还原法进行⁹⁹Tc^m标记,对影响标记的主要变量因素分别进行探究以获得适宜标记条件,采用纸层析法测定标记率和放射化学纯度。实验所得MAG₃-RRL纯度为98.94%,适宜标记条件下,标记率为93.67%±1.10%,纯化后放射化学纯度为94.32%±0.19%（n=3）。⁹⁹Tc^m-MAG₃-RRL在生理盐水和50%牛血清白蛋白（BSA）中放置,6 h内放射化学纯度均大于90%（n=3）,在半胱氨酸溶液中的最高置换率为0.57%±0.21%,生理盐水对照为0.41%±0.04%（n=3,P＞0.05）。⁹⁹Tc^m-MAG₃-RRL的脂水分配系数为lg P=-0.15±0.01（n=3）。结果表明：MAG3可成功连接RRL多肽,并能进一步提高标记率;探针制备方法简单快速,体外稳定性好,为进一步的生物学实验提供了良好的基础。     

医用裂变99Mo分离纯化工艺中131I-和131IO-3的去除

为评价已建立的裂变⁹⁹Mo分离纯化工艺,即AgNO₃沉淀法、α-安息香肟沉淀法、阴离子交换色层法与活性炭色层法联用工艺流程,对放射性碘的去除效果,本研究以¹³¹I为放射性示踪剂,研究两种不同放射性碘化学形态¹³¹I^-与¹³¹IO^-₃在⁹⁹Mo分离纯化工艺中的行为及其去除效果。结果表明,对于¹³¹I^-,AgNO₃沉淀能够去除模拟溶液中98.2%¹³¹I^-,α-安息香肟沉淀法分离⁹⁹Mo工艺能够去除97.9%¹³¹I^-,AG1-×8树脂上阴离子与I-发生交换可以除去Mo样品中99.9%的¹³¹I^-,活性炭色层法通过吸附作用除去75%的¹³¹I^-,最终¹³¹I^-的累积去污系数为1.90×10⁶,¹³¹I^-的去除率大于99.99%。对于¹³¹IO^-₃,加入AgNO₃对其去除没有影响,ɑ-安息香肟沉淀法能除去99%以上的¹³¹IO^-₃,AG1-×8树脂上阴离子与¹³¹IO^-₃发生交换可以除去Mo样品中99.9%的¹³¹IO^-₃,活性炭色层法能除去约70%¹³¹IO^-₃,最终¹³¹IO^-₃的累积去污系数为2.52×10⁵,¹³¹IO^-₃的去除率大于99.99%。已建立的裂变⁹⁹Mo分离纯化工艺流程对¹³¹I^-与¹³¹IO^-₃均具有出色的去除效果。     

Preparation and Biological Evaluation of Novel 18F-labeled Phosphonuim Cation for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging with PET

In order to develop new PET myocardial perfusion imaging agent, a novel¹⁸F labeled phosphonium cation: (3-(［¹⁸F］fluoromethyl)benzyl) tris (2, 6-dimethoxyphenyl) phosphonium salt, ¹⁸F-2, had been designed and prepared. Biological evaluation of¹⁸F-2 had been performed in Kunming normal mice.¹⁸F-2 was obtained by a simple one-pot method and the radiochemical yield was (31±3)%. The total radio-synthesis time was less than 60 min and the radiochemical purity of final radiotracer was more than 95%. The biodistribution of¹⁸F-2 displayed a high heart uptake and good retention. The heart uptake of¹⁸F-2 at 5 and 60 min post-injection were (53.88±7.45)%ID/g and (23.93±3.28)%ID/g, respectively.¹⁸F-2 exhibited low radio-accumulation in non-target tissues and rapid clearance in liver, lung and blood. The heart to liver, heart to lungs and heart to blood ratio values were 3.99, 3.80 and 9.17, respectively. The results indicated that¹⁸F-2 could be as a promising myocardial perfusion imaging agent for PET imaging.     

Synthesis of 11C-CIC for PET Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disorder of central nervous system. Imaging of myelin tracts in vivo would greatly improve the diagnosis and monitoring of MS. The ¹¹C-CIC was synthesized with¹¹C-CH₃-Triflate at high yields, and was confirmed by biodistribution and imaging. ¹¹C-CH₃-Triflate was distilled and trapped into a reaction vial containing the 2 mg precursor. The final production was purified by semi-HPLC to get¹¹C-CIC. The in vitro stability of¹¹C-CIC was studied at RT with or without Vc. The normal NH mice were sacrificed at different time after injection of¹¹C-CIC for biodistribution. The micro PET/CT was performed at 30 min post-injection. The radiochemical yield was 55% 65% decay corrected to¹¹CH₃-Triflate. The radiochemical purity was over 99% at specific activity of 60 GBq/μmoL. The HPLC showed the poor stability of¹¹C-CIC in vitro. The¹¹C-CIC was very stable after the 10 g/L Vc used as stabilizer. The initial uptake of the cerebrum was 2.78%ID/g. The radioactivity were excreted from the digestive system and urine. The micro PET/CT imaging showed good uptake in the cerebrum. The stability of¹¹C-CIC can be improved with Vc as stabilizer. The¹¹C-CIC was a candidate for imaging of myelin tracts for diagnosis or monitor MS.     

Full Automated Synthesis of18F-FDOPA and Preliminary PET/CT Imaging

¹⁸F-fluoro-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (¹⁸F-FDOPA) as a dopamine neurotransmitter imaging agent has been widely used for diagnosis and therapy evaluation of Parkinson's disease, brain tumors and neuroendocrine diseases with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in clinical setting and research. To meet the increasing clinical demand in oncology and neurology, a routine protocol for the automated synthesis of¹⁸F-FDOPA with a disposable cassette system on an imported multifunctional synthesizer was studied and discussed.¹⁸F-FDOPA was automatically synthesized via a multiple-step reaction, including fluorination, reduction, iodization alkylation and hydrolysis, following purification by using a semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system which was built in the multifunctional synthesizer. After HPLC purification, the purified¹⁸F-FDOPA solution was collected and passed through a sterilizing filter into a collection bottle. The final¹⁸F-FDOPA injection was obtained for quality control (QC) determination. The QC indexes of the final products were detected： the injection was colorless and transparent, pH value was at 4 to 5.5, radiochemical purity >98%, radionuclide purity >99%, specific activity >1.9 GBq/μmol, K_2.2.2 content <50 mg/L, methanol content <0.01%, alcohol content <0.01%, dichloromethane content <0.01 mg/L, dimethylformamide content <15 mg/L, bacterial endotoxin test <0.100 EU/mL, sterility test 0 cfu/mL,and abnormal toxicity test was negative. PET/CT imaging of rats was performed by intravenous injection of¹⁸F-FDOPA half an hour after the intraperitoneal injection of carbidopa, PET/CT scan was performed after 100 min post-injection. The imaging of¹⁸F-FDOPA showed symmetry high uptake in the bilateral striatum of normal rats. The decay-corrected radiochemical yield of¹⁸F-FDOPA from the¹⁸F-fluoride was (63.1±3.8)% (n=10) at the end of synthesis (EOS), the radiochemical purity was no less than 98%, and the total radiosynthesis time was within 80 min. The quality control results demonstrated that the quality indexes of the final injection solution met the relevant requirements of radiopharmaceutlcals, which were well-suited for clinical application. An efficient and high reproducible automatic method for the radiosynthesis of¹⁸F-FDOPA with high radiochemical yields and good radiochemical purity is obtained and performed via a multi-step reaction on the multifunctional synthesizer.¹⁸F-FDOPA can be used for animal and human PET imaging.     

Improved AutomatedSynthesis and Preliminary Animal PET/CT Imaging of 11C-acetate

To study a simple and rapidautomated synthetic technology of ¹¹C-acetate(¹¹C-AC), automatedsynthesis of ¹¹C-ACwas performed by carboxylation of MeMgBr/tetrahydrofuran (THF) on apolyethylene loop with ¹¹C-CO₂,followed by hydrolysis and purification on solid-phase extraction cartridgesusing a ¹¹C-Choline/Methioninesynthesizer made in China. A high and reproducible radiochemical yield of above40% (decay corrected) was obtained within the whole synthesis time about 8 minfrom ¹¹C-CO₂.The radiochemical purity of ¹¹C-ACwas over 95%. The novel, simple and rapid on-column hydrolysis-purificationprocedure should adaptable to the fully automated synthesis of ¹¹C-AC at several commercialsynthesis module. ¹¹C-ACinjection produced by the automated procedure is safe and effective, and can beused for PET imaging of animals and humans.     

LOOP环改良法全自动化制备11C-胆碱

为研究国产¹¹C-多功能合成模块经LOOP环法合成放射性药物［N-甲基-¹¹C］胆碱(¹¹C-Choline，¹¹C-CH)的合成方法，对碱当量、溶剂效应及前体量等影响因素进行研究，优化LOOP环法合成¹¹C-CH的合成工艺。¹¹C-CH的优化条件：前体量为60~150 uL，无碱无溶剂，室温与¹¹C-CH₃I反应。此条件下¹¹C-CH的合成效率为(72.16±2.96）%(n=19, ¹¹C-CH₃I未校正效率)，产品的放化纯度均大于95%，产量为(7.59±1.54) GBq(n=19)。国产¹¹C-多功能合成模块LOOP环法合成¹¹C-CH与C18柱固相法进行比较表明，LOOP环可以多次重复利用，降低生产成本，提高合成效率，实现稳定、全自动化合成¹¹C-CH，产品满足临床需求。     

Automatic Synthesis of 18F-6-F-L-DOPA and its Application in Clinical PET Imaging

¹⁸F-6-Fluoride-L-DOPA (¹⁸F-DOPA) has an important value in the imaging diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. In this study, we used homemade Fluoride-module to synthesis¹⁸F-DOPA and evaluate its clinical imaging.¹⁸F-DOPA was synthesized by direct nucleophilic reaction with 6-boric acid-dimethoxy-L-DOPA as precursor, Cu(OTf)₂(py)₄ as catalyst, and hydrolysis by hydriodic acid. Quality control and the in vitro stability were preformed. The¹⁸F-DOPA was confirmed PET imaging of neuroendocrine neoplasms and control. It took 60 minutes from ¹⁸F ions to ¹⁸F-DOPA, no corrected efficiency was （10.0±2.3）% (n=6), radiochemistry purity was over 99%. It could got 7.4 GBq of¹⁸F-DOPA once time. The trace of ascorbic acid or ethanol could prevent radiolysis of ¹⁸F-DOPA. The striatum was seen at¹⁸F DOPA imaging. The radioactivity were mainly extracted through kidney and urine. A positive lesion in pancreatic in patient with neuroendocrine tumor.¹⁸F-DOPA was synthesized by direct nucleophilic reaction with homemade Fluoride-module. It could got good repeatability and high quality for clinical used.     

64Cu标记DKFZ-PSMA-617探针的制备、质控及体内分布的研究

目的：利用医用回旋加速器固体靶系统制备PET核素⁶⁴Cu,进行前列腺特异性膜抗原（PSMA）分子探针DKFZ-PSMA-617（PSMA-617）研究。建立⁶⁴Cu-PSMA-617标记化合物生产及初步快速质量控制方法,为PSMA高表达肿瘤的PET显像及放射性免疫导向手术提供新型探针。方法：通过优化反应条件,实现固体靶制备的⁶⁴Cu对PSMA-617的快速标记与纯化。利用放射性薄层层析分析(Radio-thin layer chromatography, Radio-TLC)和放射性高效液相色谱(Radio-high performance liquid chromatography, Radio-HPLC),进行⁶⁴Cu-PSMA-617放化纯和稳定性检测。参考2015年《中国药典》进行⁶⁴Cu-PSMA-617的初步质量控制。通过静脉注射1.85 MBq的⁶⁴Cu-PSMA-617至Balb/c小鼠体内,进行该探针的体内分布研究。结果：⁶⁴Cu-PSMA-617的标记率>96%, 放化纯度>98%,标记化合物在多种缓冲液中放置24 h依然保持原有放化纯度。经过尾部静脉注射到小鼠体内后, 放射性主要积累在肝脏/肾脏部位,符合该探针在生物体内的代谢行为。结论：本研究实现了⁶⁴Cu-PSMA-617探针的快速标记并建立了其质量控制方法,⁶⁴Cu-PSMA-617具有较好的理化性质,体内分布研究确认了其具有较好的生物学性质,该研究结果可为其进一步用于前列腺癌诊疗的临床转化奠定基础。     

克量级铀中微量铕和铽的放化分离方法研究

为提高中子诱发铀裂变时低产额裂变产物¹⁵⁶Eu和¹⁶¹Tb产额测量的精度,需获得放化纯的¹⁵⁶Eu和¹⁶¹Tb样品。本工作建立了氢氧化物共沉淀法除铝、氟化钙共沉淀法除铀、TRPO萃取法提取稀土元素、阳离子交换色谱法从混合稀土元素中分离Eu和Tb的流程,可用于大量铀、铝和裂变产物中微量Eu和Tb的分离。在待分离样品中含2 g铀、0.65 g铝和裂变产物的条件下,该流程对Eu、Tb的化学回收率均大于80%,对U、²³⁹Np、⁹⁵Zr、¹⁰³Ru、¹³¹I、¹³²Te、¹⁴⁰Ba、¹⁴⁰La、¹⁴¹Ce、¹⁴⁷Nd等主要干扰物质的去污因子达到106。该方法可满足中子诱发铀裂变时¹⁵⁶Eu和¹⁶¹Tb产额精确测量的要求。     

利用15N(d,p)16N反应研究16F低能级质子宽度

¹⁶F是质子滴线附近的奇特原子核,它的所有态均不稳定,会发生质子衰变。目前¹⁶F前4个态的自旋宇称及激发能已通过实验精确测定,但能级宽度仍存在较大分歧。本工作通过¹⁵N(d,p)¹⁶N反应角分布的高精度测量,确定了¹⁶N基态和前3个激发态的谱因子;进而根据镜像核的电荷对称性,用¹⁶N的中子谱因子导出了¹⁶F基态和前3个激发态的质子宽度分别为（29.9±4.1） keV、（108±13） keV、（5.04±0.48） keV和（14.5±1.4） keV。本工作通过一个独立的实验方法为¹⁶F的质子宽度提供了一个重要的交叉检验。     

13C同位素的分离工艺设计与实验研究

本文综述了在¹³C同位素的分离研究中建立“数值模拟+实验研究”的工程化研究方法,完成了一氧化碳低温精馏法分离稳定性同位素¹³C的计算机辅助设计,以及低温精馏工程实验研究。通过CO低温精馏单塔实验测定了¹³C同位素分离体系的基础参数;利用计算机辅助设计了¹³C分离二塔级联工艺,并得到了级联装置的优化参数;通过低温精馏分离¹³C二塔级联实验,对优化设计结果进行检验。研究结果表明,课题建立的“数值模拟+实验研究”相结合的工程研究方法可靠,在¹³C同位素分离中得到了实际应用;课题建立的研究方法提高了¹³C同位素分离的设计水平、降低了实验成本、提高了研发效率,为¹³C同位素分离工业化生产装置的设计提供了可靠的技术方法。     

18F-FDG放射化学纯度分析方法的建立及方法不确定度的评定

建立了¹⁸F-FDG放射化学纯度的分析方法。以丙酮-水（体积比为50∶20）为展开剂,用2%KAlSO₄溶液处理的Whatman No.1纸为固定相, ¹⁸F^-的R_f＝0,¹⁸F-FDG的R_f＝0.78,方法的相对标准偏差小于1%。本方法简便、快速,适用于¹⁸F-FDG注射液的放射化学纯度分析。对放射化学纯度分析方法的不确定度进行了初步评定,本方法的扩展不确定度u＝0.199 1,u由合成不确定度u_c＝0.095 00及包含因子k＝2.096而得。     

堆芯混凝土样品中~(63)Ni的分析测量

为建立堆芯混凝土材料中~(63)Ni活度测量的方法,进行了溶样方法的确定、淋洗曲线的绘制、液闪测量效率的确定、回收率实验、去污实验及空白实验等方面的研究工作。混凝土样品磨至粒径小于0.074mm,用混合酸(V(HNO_3)∶V(HClO_4)∶V(HF)=3∶2∶1)进行溶解,再通过阴离子交换分离、氢氧化物沉淀及萃取和反萃等样品纯化程序去除杂质离子后,用液体闪烁能谱仪测量其中~(63)Ni的活度。该方法的化学回收率为73.05%,放化回收率为71.99%,通过空白实验得出计数的标准偏差为0.200/s,相对标准偏差为12.8%(n=12),方法检出限为3.596Bq/g。该方法可应用于堆内混凝土材料及非堆材料中63 Ni的常规监测及应急监测。     

Aβ显像剂18F-AV45的自动化合成及临床验证

使用进口氟多功能合成模块TRACERlab FX2 N合成器自动化合成β-淀粉样蛋白（β-amyloid protein, Aβ）正电子显像剂¹⁸F-AV45,并进行临床验证。在TRACERlab FX2 N合成器上,以AV105为前体,与18F-发生亲核反应后,依次经酸水解及碱中和,经过高效液相色谱法（high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC）分离并纯化后获得¹⁸F-AV45,进行质量控制。并用制备的¹⁸F-AV45对1例阿尔兹海默病（Alzheimer disease, AD）患者及1例健康对照者行¹⁸F-AV45 PET/CT扫描。结果表明,¹⁸F-AV45合成时间为80 min,不校正合成效率为（17.02±1.52）%（n=6）,产品放化纯度大于95%。临床应用显示¹⁸F-AV45在AD患者大脑皮层摄取弥漫增高,提示大脑皮层β淀粉样蛋白沉积;在健康对照者大脑皮层未见明显摄取,即大脑皮层未见β淀粉样蛋白沉积。TRACERlab FX2 N合成器自动化合成¹⁸F-AV45简便快捷,重复性好,制备出的¹⁸F-AV45产品质量符合临床要求,该合成方法可为¹⁸F-AV45模块合成提供参考。