高放废物地质处置库中非饱和缓冲层的热-水-力耦合数值模拟

作为高放废物地质处置库中的缓冲/回填材料,膨润土在核废料放出的热量和周围天然岩体中地下水共同作用下,其热-水-力耦合作用效果对处置库的稳定性、安全性有着极为重要的影响。以非饱和土多场耦合理论为基础,基于ABAQUS有限元分析平台,建立二维轴对称模型,对高放废物地质处置库中膨润土缓冲层的热-水-力耦合过程开展了有限元模拟,给出了处置库近场缓冲层中不同位置的温度、饱和度、竖向应力及位移、孔隙水压力及吸力的分布及变化规律,并重点分析了温度场的影响,通过与已有研究成果的对比,证实了所计算结果的合理性。     

高压实高庙子膨润土GMZ01的膨胀力特征

 高放废物深地质处置中，缓冲/回填材料系统起着工程屏障、水力学屏障、化学屏障、传导和散失放射性废物衰变热等重要作用，是高放废物地质处置库长期安全性和稳定性的有效保障。前人研究表明，膨润土是理想的缓冲/回填材料。在归纳总结压实膨润土膨胀力的室内试验研究成果的基础上，采用恒体积试验法研究高压实高庙子膨润土GMZ01的膨胀力特性，该膨润土已经被确定为我国高放废物地质处置库首选缓冲材料。结果表明，高压实高庙子膨润土GMZ01膨胀力随时间的变化曲线是一条渐近线，而时间/膨胀力与时间之间存在很好的线性关系；膨胀力发展过程曲线与吸水量曲线具有明显的阶段性特征；高压实高庙子膨润土的膨胀力和干密度之间存在指数关系，干密度是影响膨胀力的一项重要的因素。所取得的膨胀力特性成果，对于高庙子膨润土膨胀性能的正确判定具有非常重要的意义。     

高放废物地质处置缓冲回填材料研究进展综述

随着核能的发展,不可避免要产生大量高放射性废物。对于高放废物的处置国际上普遍接受的方法是深部地质处置。膨润土及其含砂混合料以其优异的性能被认为是高放废物地质处置库中理想的缓冲/回填材料。该文从仪器设备的研制、本构模型、膨胀特性、模型实验及原位试验、热-力-水耦合过程的理论研究及其数值模拟等方面简要总结了膨润土及其含砂混合料作为缓冲/回填材料的一些国际研究进展。作者期待国家相关部门能加大经费投入和支持力度,推动我国这一领域的研究走向全面和深入,为核能事业的发展保驾护航。     

膨润土-砂混合型缓冲/回填材料研究现状与展望

高放废物处置中,膨润土-砂混合型缓冲/回填材料力学性质的研究对高放废物地下处置库的建设具有重要意义。在总结国内外缓冲/回填材料研究现状和成果基础上,该文认为试验仪器的研制、开发添加不同材料的混合材料、考虑高温-高压-高吸力条件的试验研究、模型试验、热-水-力-化耦合模型的建立和数值分析是今后一段时间内混合型缓冲/回填材料研究的重点。     

中国高放废物处置库缓冲材料物理性能

深地质处置被国际上公认为处置高放废物的最有效可行的方法。中国深地质处置的概念模型采用多重工程屏障系统（包括废物固化体、废物容器、外包装、缓冲／回填材料）和适宜的地质围岩地质体共同作川来确保高放废物与生物圈的安全隔离。膨润上由于具有极低的渗透性和优良的核素吸附等性能向被国际上选作缓冲材料的基础材料。经过全国筛选，高庙子膨润土矿床被选作我国缓冲材料供应基地。从2000年起，对产自该矿床的钠基膨润土GMZ-1开始了系统的研究工作。介绍了GMZ-1的矿物组成、基本特征和GMZ-1在不同干密度、不同含水量条件下的热传导、水传导、力学性能参数及GMZ-1在不同干密度条件下的膨胀特性参数测定结果。GMZ-1钠基膨润土具有蒙脱石含量高（75％左右）、杂质矿物相对较少的特点，对于该材料的系统和深入研究对于开发我国缓冲回填材料技术，确保高放废物的安全有效处置有重要意义。     

高庙子膨润土的土水特征曲线

近年来，用于高放废物深地质处置工程屏障的高压密膨润土越来越受到关注。经过全国范围内的比较和筛选，内蒙古兴和县高庙子膨润土矿床被确定为我国高放废物处置库缓冲材料的首选矿床。采用渗析法和水汽平衡法来控制吸力技术，通过上水特征曲线测定试验、环境扫描电镜和乐汞试验，研究高庙子高压密膨润土在不同吸力下的持水特性及其微观结构特征。利用压汞试验结果推算膨润土在恒体积条件下的土水特征曲线，并与实测数据进行比较。研究结果表明：在不同吸力作用下，膨润土的持水特性与其微观结构之间有着密切关系。     

比利时高放废物处置库设计及与基岩和工程屏障体系的热-水-力性状的相关研究

在比利时，泥岩中地质处置是高放废物最终处置的首选，处置库在高放废物与生物圈之间的多重屏障基础上设计的，而Boom泥岩作为基岩的研究已有20多年历史，1980年比利时做出重大决定，建立名为HADES的地下研究机构，以研究Boom泥岩在地下223m处的力学性质，并调查和论证处置的可行性，为处置库屏障（天然和人工）提供可靠数据，在HADES的众多现场试验中很多试验用来对基岩和工程屏障体系（包括封口和回填的可行性）热-水-力性状进行研究，包括CACTUS，ATLAS，BACCHUS和RESEAL等项目。自1995年以来，研究开发计划向大型和示范性试验方向发展。最主要成果是运用工业技术建立地下研究设施（竖井和井巷）可行性得到了验证，且这种工业技术给研究提供一个较好机会，便于进一步认识基岩泥岩（CLIPEX方案）的水-力性状及了解隧道开挖工程（SELFRAC课题）对挖掘破坏区的影响，另一个重大成果是成功地实现对一种称为“OPHELE”的预掉膨润土（人工屏障材料）加热和水化地面大型试验。下一步工作内容包括实现大尺寸现场加热器试验（PRACLAY试验），此试验预计于2006年开始，并可持续10a之久，据此，首先简要描述比利时高效废物处置库设计，然后回顾Boom泥岩和工程屏障体系的热-水-力性状相关试验，最后介绍下一步大规模PRACLAY试验。     

高放废物处置库黏土围岩温度-应力耦合测试方法展望

高放废物深地质处置库围岩在温度及应力耦合作用下的工程稳定性是关系环境安全的关键问题。本文对黏土围岩高放废物处置库在放射性物质放热温度及深部地应力环境应力耦合研究工作中采用的测试方法进行了系统的回顾和总结。从黏土岩热学性能测试方法以及温度对黏土岩力学性质影响研究方法两个方面,对目前高放废物温度-应力耦合特性测试的试验方法及新进展进行展开叙述,并对未来黏土岩温度-应力耦合研究方法提出展望。     

盐溶液中膨润土峰值剪切强度的计算方法

膨润土作为高放废物地质处置库的工程屏障材料,在高放废物储存罐与围岩间起缓冲作用,与地下围岩裂隙水接触,膨润土的剪切强度产生变化,危及核废物处置库缓冲层的安全。因此,计算盐溶液中膨润土的剪切强度对保障核废物处置库缓冲层安全具有十分重要的意义。利用双电层理论,从微观角度定性地解释了盐溶液浓度对膨润土峰值剪切强度影响的机理;根据膨润土在盐溶液中的应力平衡,提出考虑盐溶液的渗透吸力影响的修正有效应力概念,反映盐溶液浓度对膨润土强度的影响;基于膨润土表面的分形模型,导出与渗透吸力对应的修正有效应力的表达式,盐溶液的渗透吸力采用修正的Debye-Hückel公式计算;根据Mohr-Coulomb准则,膨润土在盐溶液中的峰值剪切强度(■)由修正有效应力(p~e)表示为统一线性关系:■。     

膨润土渗透试验误差分析和可行性探究

在高放废物深地质处置缓冲/回填材料研究中,缓冲材料作为填充在废物罐和地质体之间的最后一道人工屏障,起着水力学屏障的重要作用,阻止地下水流至废物罐表面,同时阻止废物核素渗漏至围岩中.因此,研究膨润土的渗透性可以为处置库设计提供重要的基础参数.通过6组膨润土常规变水头渗透试验,分析渗透系数随时间的变化关系,得出渗透系数随时间的变化曲线.根据膨润土物理化学特性、变水头渗透原理和试验的环境条件,分析渗透系数变化曲线形成的原因和数据测量的准确性,进而进行渗透系数的误差分析,并根据误差产生的原因提出改进试验方案,即采取封闭试验系统消除水分蒸发的影响,并进行可行性分析.     

Experiments on thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of Opalinus Clay at Mont Terri rock laboratory,Switzerland

Repositories for deep geological disposal of radioactive waste rely on multi-barrier systems to isolate waste from the biosphere.A multi-barrier system typically comprises the natural geological barrier provided by the repository host rock e in our case the Opalinus Clay e and an engineered barrier system(EBS).The Swiss repository concept for spent fuel and vitrified high-level waste(HLW)consists of waste canisters,which are emplaced horizontally in the middle of an emplacement gallery and are separated from the gallery wall by granular backfill material(GBM).We describe here a selection of five in-situ experiments where characteristic hydro-mechanical(HM)and thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)processes have been observed.The first example is a coupled HM and mine-by test where the evolution of the excavation damaged zone(EDZ)was monitored around a gallery in the Opalinus Clay(ED-B experiment).Measurements of pore-water pressures and convergences due to stress redistribution during excavation highlighted the HM behaviour.The same measurements were subsequently carried out in a heater test(HE-D)where we were able to characterise the Opalinus Clay in terms of its THM behaviour.These yielded detailed data to better understand the THM behaviours of the granular backfill and the natural host rock.For a presentation of the Swiss concept for HLW storage,we designed three demonstration experiments that were subsequently implemented in the Mont Terri rock laboratory:(1)the engineered barrier(EB)experiment,(2)the in-situ heater test on key-THM processes and parameters(HE-E)experiment,and(3)the full-scale emplacement(FE)experiment.The first demonstration experiment has been dismantled,but the last two ones are on-going.     

Design and development of large-scale in-situ PRACLAY heater test and horizontal high-level radioactive waste disposal gallery seal test in Belgian HADES

In Belgium,the Boom clay was selected as a potential host formation for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste（HLW）.To demonstrate the suitability of Boom clay for bearing thermal load induced by the HLW,a large-scale in-situ heater test,called PRACLAY heater test,will be conducted in the underground research laboratory（URL） in Mol.Owing to the limitations of the test（a short period of time compared with that considered in a real repository,different boundary conditions,etc.）,the test is designed to simulate,in a conservative way,the most critical state and phenomena that could occur in the host rock.The PRACLAY gallery was excavated at the end of 2007;the heating phase will begin in 2010 and will last for at least 10 years.The PRACLAY gallery itself leaves an opportunity to study the possibilities of sealing a disposal drift in Boom clay and testing the feasibility of hydraulic cut-off of any preferential pathway to the main access gallery through the excavation damage zone（EDZ） and the lining with a seal in a horizontal drift（horizontal seal）.Indeed,this is a generic problem for all deep geological disposal facilities for HLW.An annular seal made of compacted swelling bentonite will be installed in the front of the heated part of the PRACLAY gallery for these purposes.This paper provides detailed considerations on the thermo-hydro-mechanical（THM） boundary conditions for the design of the PRACLAY heater test and the seal test with the support of numerical calculations.It is believed that these important items considered in the PRACLAY heater test design also constitute key issues for the repository design.The outcome of the PRACLAY heater test will be an important milestone for the Belgian repository design.     

非饱和花岗岩气体相对渗透率试验研究

围岩气体渗透特性是影响高放废物处置库长期安全性的重要因素。以中国高放废物地质处置首选预选区——甘肃北山预选区的黑云母二长花岗岩为研究对象,开展了不同饱和度条件下的气体渗透率试验研究。首先利用真空饱和法获得了饱和试样,之后在6种不同相对湿度环境下完成了饱和花岗岩失水过程的监测,并测试了不同饱和度条件下的气体渗透率。随后分别在高放废物地质处置工程围岩预设最高温度90 ℃及沸点以上105 ℃条件下完成试样干燥过程,同时测试了干燥条件下的气体渗透率。基于测试结果,计算获得了花岗岩水分特征曲线,并分析了饱和度与气体相对渗透率的对应关系,并提出了数学描述模型。     

Simulations of THM processes in buffer-rock barriers of high-level waste disposal in an argillaceous formation

The main objective of this paper is to investigate and analyse the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupling phenomena and their influences on the repository safety. In this paper, the high-level waste (HLW) disposal concept in drifts in clay formation with backfilled bentonite buffer is represented numerically using the CODE_BRIGHT developed by the Technical University of Catalonia in Barcelona. The parameters of clay and bentonite used in the simulation are determined by laboratory and in situ experiments. The calculation results are presented to show the hydro-mechanical (HM) processes during the operation phase and the THM processes in the after-closure phase. According to the simulation results, the most probable critical processes for the disposal project have been represented and analyzed. The work also provides an input for additional development regarding the design, assessment and validation of the HLW disposal concept.     

核废料处置库近场热-水-力耦合性状

采用高放射性核废料处置库模型试验,以核废料处置库近场的膨润土及岩石为研究对象,建立轴对称模型,选用适当的热、水、力本构方程,运用有限元软件code-bright对核废料处置库关闭后处置库近场的温度场、渗流场、应力场进行考虑TH, HM, TM部分耦合与THM完全耦合的数值模拟分析。得到处置库关闭后近场膨润土及岩石内温度、液体饱和度、应力的变化规律及不同耦合对这些性状影响的敏感度。结果可为核废料处置库的规划、设计以及数值分析时耦合类型的选择提供参考。     

High-level radioactive waste disposal in China: update 2010

For geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW), the Chinese policy is that the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) should be reprocessed first, followed by vitrification and final disposal. The preliminary repository concept is a shaft-tunnel model, located in saturated zones in granite, while the final waste form for disposal is vitrified high-level radioactive waste. In 2006, the government published a long-term research and development (RD) plan for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. The program consists of three steps: (1) laboratory studies and site selection for a HLW repository (2006–2020); (2) underground in-situ tests (2021–2040); and (3) repository construction (2041–2050) followed by operation. With the support of China Atomic Energy Authority, comprehensive studies are underway and some progresses are made. The site characterization, including deep borehole drilling, has been performed at the most potential Beishan site in Gansu Province, Northwestern China. The data from geological and hydrogeological investigations, in-situ stress and permeability measurements of rock mass are presented in this paper. Engineered barrier studies are concentrated on the Gaomiaozi bentonite. A mock-up facility, which is used to study the thermo-hydro-mechano-chemical (THMC) properties of the bentonite, is under construction. Several projects on mechanical properties of Beishan granite are also underway. The key scientific challenges faced with HLW disposal are also discussed.     

高放废料地质处置中多场耦合作用下的岩石 破裂问题

 综述岩石力学中热–水–力耦合模型的研究进展,认为在热–水–力耦合作用下的岩石(岩体)破裂过程演化将直接影响高放射性废料地质处置库周围围岩的热力学特性、渗流特性和力学稳定性,进而影响高放射性核素在围岩中的迁移规律。通过建立一种描述热–水–力耦合条件下岩石破裂演化过程的细观力学模型,来揭示热–水–力耦合条件下宏观岩体结构破坏行为。计算分析结果表明,这种模型对于高放废料地质处置的可靠性分析具有重要的科学价值及现实意义。     

高庙子膨润土及其混合材料导热性能研究

导热性能是高放废物地质处置库缓冲/回填材料的重要性能之一。采用瞬变平面热源法,研究了我国高放废物地质处置首选缓冲/回填材料高庙子膨润土,及以其为主料,添加不同含量石英砂、北山花岗岩碎屑组成的混合材料的导热性能。分析了添加剂种类和含量、干密度、饱和度等因素对导热系数的影响。研究结果表明:高庙子膨润土及其混合材料的导热系数、热扩散系数都随干密度和含水量的增大而增大;石英砂、北山花岗岩碎屑能够不同程度提高膨润土的导热系数,石英砂的作用优于北山花岗岩碎屑;饱和度对添加剂发挥其提高缓冲/回填材料导热性能的作用影响明显,饱和度越高,添加剂的作用越显著。     

Deterioration of swelling pressure of compacted Gaomiaozi bentonite induced by heat combined with hyperalkaline conditions

Compacted bentonite has been considered a suitable engineered barrier material for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repositories for several decades. However, hyperalkaline groundwater produced by cementitious materials, combined with the heat generated by nuclear decay during the long-term storage of waste canisters, may cause the deterioration of the swelling properties of compacted bentonite. In this study, a series of swelling pressure tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were performed on compacted Gaomiaozi (GMZ) bentonite (dry density 1.7 Mg/m³) to investigate the deterioration of the swelling pressure. Results indicated that the deterioration of the swelling pressure was facilitated by the temperature when the same concentration of NaOH solution was infiltrated, and a model of swelling pressure deterioration was developed to predict the long-term swelling pressure. Furthermore, the dissolution of montmorillonite and some silicate minerals, as well as the formation of non-expanding secondary minerals, led to transformations of the agglomeration patterns of the soil particles and structural damage to the bentonite, which controlled the long-term deterioration of the swelling pressure. Therefore, for the long-term operation of an HLW repository, the deterioration of the swelling pressure of compacted bentonite should be monitored, and safety assessments should account for the effects of heat and alkalinity.