基于正交试验的加筋土界面摩擦影响因素分析

以河北省邢汾高速公路土工格栅加筋高填方路堤工程为背景,用正交设计表L18(37)安排了54组拉拔试验,分析了7个因素对加筋土界面摩擦特性的影响.试验结果表明,影响加筋土界面摩擦特性的因素主次顺序为上覆荷载、含水率、筋材距试验箱侧壁距离、拉拔速率、格栅类型、筋材水平埋入长度、干密度.其中,上覆荷载、含水率、筋材距试验箱侧壁距离、拉拔速率对筋-土界面摩擦特性的影响特别显著.通过分析筋-土界面拉拔摩擦系数与7个因素的关系,得到了各因素的优水平以及各因素在拉拔试验过程中的变化规律.     

双向土工格栅与中砂界面作用特性试验研究

筋材与填料土(筋土)的界面作用特性是影响加筋土工程的重要因素.以中砂为填料土,以聚丙烯双向土工格栅为筋材,通过直剪与拉拔试验,研究了不同中砂含水率、试验盒尺寸、试验类型对筋土界面作用特性的影响.引入黏聚力对比参数λc与内摩擦角对比参数λφ,进行了不同影响因素下加筋土黏聚力c与内摩擦角φ的定量对比,结果表明:不同因素对黏聚力c的影响均大于对内摩擦角φ的影响,加筋对复合土体的贡献主要体现在黏聚力上.各因素对筋土界面作用特性影响的顺序为:试验类型＞含水率＞试验盒尺寸.     

格栅–砂土界面宏细观关联性与加筋性能评价方法研究

土工格栅与填料间作用特性对加筋土结构设计至关重要。为研究界面宏–细观力学响应关联及填料粒径对加筋效果的影响,采用三维离散元方法对三向土工格栅拉拔过程进行仿真模拟,系统分析拉拔作用下筋材及颗粒的力学响应,揭示拉拔力发展与细观组构指标演化规律,建立基于拉拔试验结果的格栅加筋性能评价方法。研究结果表明,界面颗粒速度场可即时反映筋土相互作用;选取组构演化系数描述宏观强度的发展是合适的;在一定粒径范围内,格栅加筋性能主要受控于颗粒体系比表面积,加筋土临塑荷载随填料粒径的增大而降低。     

不同土工合成材料下新型加筋土界面特性

土工合成材料对加筋土结构的界面直剪特性具有重要的影响。通过一系列大型直剪试验对不同筋材下的Sandwich型加筋土筋土界面的直剪特性进行研究,研究不同竖向应力下不同种类加筋材料对Sandwich型加筋土界面直剪特性的影响。试验结果表明:土工格栅的加筋效果最佳,两种格栅的加筋界面抗剪强度明显高于土工织物;随着竖向应力的增加,筋土界面抗剪强度提高。结合理论分析,对不同的土工格栅进行直剪试验,得出土工格栅横、纵肋对界面剪切强度的提高值分别为15.3%和4.1%。     

煤矸石-土工格栅-砂层状体系的界面摩擦特性试验研究

结合工程实践提出煤矸石-土工格栅-砂层状体系的加筋土结构,通过直剪试验和拉拔试验,测试不同法向应力下煤矸石-土工格栅-砂层状体系的筋土界面特性,并与常规加筋土结构的筋土界面特性进行对比。研究表明:层状加筋体系具与有常规加筋土体系相似的界面特性,但由于砂的充填作用,提高了加筋层的密实度,增大了筋土接触面,使筋土界面强度更高,且界面强度发挥更早;层状加筋土体系还可以为加筋煤矸石提供排水通道,避免煤矸石浸水软化。     

土工格栅拉拔特性及加筋土剪胀性试验研究

土工格栅通过筋土界面相互作用能起到很好的加筋效果,在许多工程中得到了广泛运用。拉拔试验是研究筋土界面相互作用的重要手段之一。通过室内拉拔试验,对竖向荷载、填料密实度以及试验类型对格栅拉拔力的影响规律开展研究,试验结果表明:在高密实度的填料中,随着筋-土界面位移的发展,填料的剪胀现象越明显;填料密实度小,竖向压力大时,剪胀趋势不明显;填料密实度越大,土体剪胀趋势越明显;土体的密实度将直接影响到格栅的加筋效果;对于土体的剪胀,存在一临界点,当格栅拉拔位移大于此临界点时,土体的剪胀趋势将显著发生。     

土工格栅加筋黏性土动力性能的试验研究

对土工格栅加筋黏性土进行不固结不排水的动态三轴振动试验。试验结果表明,在黏性土中布置格栅筋材,在一定程度上能提高加筋土体的动抗剪强度;加筋层数越多,加筋土动强度越大;土工格栅加筋黏性土的加筋效果在高围压下能够更好地发挥。加筋土动强度指标提高体现在动黏聚力的增大上,而对动摩擦角几乎没有影响,循环荷载振动次数对动强度指标影...     

加筋土结构中筋材拉拔力的分布规律研究

分析了加筋材料在拉拔试验条件下,筋材所受到的拉力、剪应力、应变之间的关系,利用筋土界面间存在的抗剪刚度系数G,建立起了与材料拉伸模量E_r和G有关的拉拔影响系数α,从而推导出拉力沿筋材分布的公式和各点筋土的相对位移公式。通过与已有的试验数据相对比,证实该公式的可行性。分析了拉力在筋材上的传播规律和α对筋材拉拔力分布的影响,表明用α能综合反映压应力、摩阻力、土体性质等多种因素对筋材拉力的影响。在加筋土结构中,筋材位移不是很大时,采用该公式能较好地估算筋材各处的拉力。     

季节性冻土中土工格栅加筋特性试验研究

针对东北地区典型粉质黏土,通过一系列土工格栅在冻土中的拉拔试验,重点分析了土壤含水率及冻融循环作用对土工格栅加筋性能的影响,并基于拉拔摩擦强度、表观摩擦系数、界面摩擦阻力和端承被动阻力等理论,对试验数据进行了详细分析。研究发现:含水率对土工格栅加筋效果存在明显抑制作用,含水率从20%提高至32%时,筋土界面摩擦阻力和端承被动阻力均减小60%以上。而当含水率一定时(w=24%),冻融循环作用反而提高了土工格栅的加筋效果,经历7次冻融循环后,土工格栅加筋效果增幅为30%左右,主要是横肋前端承被动阻力的提高,而筋土间界面摩擦阻力变化不大。上述试验成果可为土工格栅在冻土地区的推广应用提供一定的理论依据。     

不同筋材界面剪切试验研究

为了研究废旧轮胎、土工格室和土工格栅3种不同土工合成材料的筋-土界面抗剪特性,对试样开展了一系列大型直剪试验。对比了3种筋材的加筋效果,并研究了竖向荷载对筋-土界面抗剪强度和剪应力-剪切位移曲线特征的影响。试验结果表明:筋-土界面的剪切应力与剪切位移关系为非线性;几种不同筋材加筋效果较为显著,其中废旧轮胎的加筋效果最为明显;筋-土界面的黏聚力提高较大,内摩擦角变化相对较小,表明筋-土界面主要依靠提高黏聚力增大其抗剪强度。确定了各筋材加筋界面抗剪强度指标,并分析了3种筋材的加筋机理。     

新型可视土工拉拔试验仪的研发与应用

研制了一台新型可视自动采集数据的土工拉拔试验装置,可用于多种土工材料和填料作用下的拉拔试验。该装置改进了加载系统和反力系统,实现了拉拔界面的可视与数据采集的自动化,并可量测土工材料不同嵌固长度处的位移,获取土工材料变形值,探索筋土作用过程中筋材受力机理及界面土体位移变化规律。使用新研制的试验装置开展了以砾类粗粒土为填料的格栅拉拔试验,结果表明:上覆荷载增大,土中格栅的应变变小,土体与格栅的界面摩擦和嵌固作用越显著;筋土界面处土体颗粒存在平移及转动两种运动模式,且界面处土体形成稳定的位移集中带。     

经编和玻纤格栅加筋粘性土的三轴试验研究

对经编格栅和玻纤格栅加筋粘性土进行不固结不排水的三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明,在粘性土体上布置格栅筋材,都能提高土体强度,但不同的筋材,其加筋效果是不一样的,经编格栅加筋土的加筋效果要优于玻纤格栅加筋土。加筋层数越多,加筋效果越好;随着加筋土应力增加,加筋土抵抗变形的作用才能得到更充分发挥,土体加筋效果更明显。不同筋材的加筋土,其粘聚力与内摩擦角的变化规律不一致;玻纤格栅和经编格栅加筋粘性土的加筋效果与砂土不同,不仅表现在粘聚力的增加上,还表现在内摩擦角的增加上。加强筋条结点连接的牢固性,能够提高加筋效果。     

大型数控拉拔试验系统的研制及应用

跟踪国内外研发现状,结合交通部西部膨胀土项目的开展,研制了CS-LB01大型数控土工合成材料拉拔试验系统。该系统具有试件尺寸大、可采用恒力或恒速两种控制方式实现土工合成材料在不同填料中的拉拔试验、较真实模拟实际工况的特点。加载方式也因上下箱体顶(底)面设置气囊并辅以稳压伺服控制系统、设法消除填土受上下盒侧壁的摩阻影响而更加科学合理。此外,采用高精度拉力和位移传感器、自行开发数据采集分析系统并配套填料压实和起吊辅助设备,使整个系统的人工智能化水平大大提高。试验表明,该系统能较好模拟土工格栅在膨胀土中的工作状态,准确提供筋土界面间的受力、变形及变化规律,从而方便试验参数的采集及对土中加筋作用机理的研究。     

Displacement and load transfer mechanisms of geogrids under pullout condition

Reinforcing elements embedded within soil mass improve stabilization through a load transfer mechanism between the soil and the reinforcement. Geogrids are a type of geosynthetic frequently used for soil reinforcement, consisting of equally spaced longitudinal and transverse ribs. Under pullout conditions, the longitudinal ribs are responsible for tensile resistance, while transverse ribs contribute to a passive resistance. This paper describes a new analytical model capable of reproducing both load transfer and displacement mechanisms on the geogrid length, under pullout conditions. The model subdivides the geogrid into rheological units, composed by friction/adhesion and spring elements, mounted in line. Friction/adhesion elements respond to the shear component mobilized at the soil–geogrid interface. Spring elements respond to the geogrid's tensile elongation. Model parameters are obtained through tensile strength tests on geogrids and conventional direct shear tests on soil specimens. The need for instrumented pullout tests becomes therefore eliminated. Results predicted from this new model were compared to instrumented pullout test data from two types of geogrids, under various confining stress levels. The results revealed that the new model is capable of reasonably predicting load and displacement distributions along the geogrid.     

Pullout behavior of geosynthetic reinforcement in biocemented soils

The pullout resistance of a geosynthetic reinforcement is crucial for the design of reinforced soil structures. In this paper, an innovative concept, biocementation-geosynthetic (BG) system is presented, in which biocementation is used in combination with geosynthetic to increase the pullout resistance of the geosynthetic reinforcement. A series of pullout tests were conducted in laboratory to obtain the pullout behavior of the biocementation-geosynthetic system. From the pullout test results, it was found that the BG system was more efficient in enhancing the pullout resistant as compared with the ordinary geosynthetic (OG) system. For both geosynthetic strips and biaxial geogrid, the BG system had a higher pullout resistance at various levels of relative density. The BG system with only about 0.65% calcite produced by the biocementation process has a 13%–38% improvement in the pullout resistance compared to the OG system. In addition, the interface shear strength parameters (the adhesion c_a and average interface friction angle ?) of the BG system are also higher than that of the corresponding OG system in most cases, indicating the better interface performance of the BG system.     

土工格栅加筋边坡优化设计研究

基于加筋材料的拉拔试验结果和极限平衡理论,针对具体边坡工程进行了不同加筋方案的计算与分析,对比了计算模型和设计方法的适用性,给出了满足边坡稳定条件的最佳设计方案。计算结果表明:采用改进瑞典法或荷兰法的计算结果相近且较原瑞典法有明显的提高,更能体现加筋效果;地震效应和地下水对加筋结构有较大影响;水利法应用于稳定地基上加筋边坡目的性强,能获得满足稳定性条件的合理布筋量;当地下水位较高时,筋材宜通铺。双层加筋效果较单层加筋有明显提高,但并非后者的简单叠加。单层加筋时,铺设位置对于边坡稳定性的影响有限,若铺设于坡身更能减少布筋量,降低造价。对比分析还表明,无论采用何种加筋方式,加筋前后的最危险滑弧位置均会发生改变,后者会向边坡中心和地基深处发展,对于提高其稳定性有明显作用。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of large scale pull out tests conducted on clays reinforced with geogrids encapsulated with coarse material

The pullout test is one of the methods commonly used to study pullout behavior of reinforcements. In the current research, large pullout tests (i.e. 100 × 60 × 60 cm) have been conducted to investigate the possibility of pullout resistance enhancement of clays reinforced with HDPE geogrid embedded in thin layers of sand. Pullout tests on clay–geogrid, sand–geogrid and clay–sand–geogrid samples have been conducted at normal pressures of 25, 50 and 100 kPa. Numerical modeling using finite element method has also been used to assess the adequacy of the box and geogrid sizes to minimize boundary and scale effects. Experimental results show that provision of thin sand layers around the reinforcement substantially enhances pullout resistance of clay soil under monotonic loading conditions and the effectiveness increases with increase in normal pressures. The improvement is more pronounced at higher normal pressures and an optimum sand layer thickness of 8 cm has been determined for maximum enhancement. Results of numerical analysis showed the adequacy of the box and geogrid length adopted as well as a relatively good agreement with experimental results.     

A new approach to evaluate soil-geosynthetic interaction using a novel pullout test apparatus and transparent granular soil

Geosynthetic reinforced soil walls and slopes are now a mature technology in geotechnical engineering. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of soil-geosynthetic interaction are not fully understood for pullout of a geogrid material in the anchorage zone of a reinforced structure. It is also difficult to quantify the interactions between the geogrid and the soil. A new strategy to overcome these difficulties is to use a pullout box with a transparent glass bottom, a transparent soil, and non-contact measurement technology. This paper describes such a pullout box apparatus which is used in combination with a recently developed transparent granular soil. Embedded geogrid specimens are visible through the transparent bottom of the box and the surrounding soil. The displacements of the geogrid and seed (target) particles placed in the transparent soil are tracked using digital images captured by a row of synchronized cameras located below the apparatus. Digital processing is carried out using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique to quantify the in-situ displacement of the geogrid specimen and surrounding soil. The displacements are used to compute continuous longitudinal strain profiles in the geogrid specimen over the duration of each pullout test and relative shear displacements between the geogrid and the soil. Also reported are lessons learned to improve the method of clamping geogrid specimens at the front of the pullout box which are also applicable to conventional pullout box equipment.     

玻璃钢螺旋锚用于稳定膨胀土渠坡的现场拉拔试验和锚筋的破坏形式

介绍了采用玻璃钢螺旋锚锚固河南省邓州市引丹灌区北干渠膨胀土渠道水上渠坡的混凝土框架梁节点和水下渠坡的混凝土板,联合土工格栅、土工泡沫(EPS)用于修复该渠道滑坡试验段(长50 m)的锚杆现场拉拔试验。无灌浆锚杆的拉拔力在30 kN以上(平均36 kN),灌浆锚杆的拉拔力在37 kN以上(平均45 kN)。分析了锚固参数如上覆土层厚度、锚杆钻进长度以及锚固后至拉拔前的时间间隔、灌浆锚杆拉拔时锚具附近锚筋的劈裂破坏等对玻璃钢螺旋锚抗拔力和拉拔位移的影响,并分析了锚固的土类对玻璃钢螺旋锚最大拉拔力的影响。最后通过试验中的观察,总结了玻璃钢锚筋常见的破坏形式。     

基于BOTDA的土工格栅加筋膨胀土湿胀干缩特性试验

为了研究土工格栅加筋膨胀土湿胀干缩特性,制作了玄武岩纤维土工格栅加筋膨胀土和素膨胀土矩形槽试样,将传感光纤布设在土工格栅上和土层中,进行了湿胀干缩试验,利用布里渊光时域分析仪(BOTDA),得到素膨胀土和土工格栅加筋膨胀土试样在湿胀干缩过程中的光栅应变,对比分析两种土样应变分布特征。试验结果表明:在膨胀土湿胀干缩过程中,随着含水率的变化,加筋膨胀土平均应变变化量和变形小于未加筋膨胀土,反映了土工格栅对膨胀土体变形的约束作用和抑制裂隙发展的效果。