秸秆的综合利用技术分析

秸秆是重要的生物质资源。对我国各地的秸秆年产量、流向等进行了详细的分析,提出了秸秆综合利用的方法。针对秸秆资源分布范围广阔而分散的特点,提出了农村区域性供能的设想。并通过对秸秆的燃烧机理的研究,为秸秆的能源化提供了一定的设计依据。     

大容量锅炉尾部烟道空气动力场研究

阐述了北方农村秸秆高效利用技术研究的重要意义;对各种秸秆高效利用技术进行了分析,指出了它们推广应用的技术关键。秸秆固化成型技术在近期已经具备一定推广应用条件。秸秆成型燃料燃烧特性艮好,且便于储存和运输。秸秆成型加工可以作为秸秆燃料的预处理技术,为各种秸秆的高效利用技术特别是直接燃烧技术准备原料。秸秆成型机技术已有较大进步,进一步研究需要在降低能耗和提高成产率方面开展。     

秸秆厌氧发酵预处理技术研究进展

利用秸秆进行厌氧发酵产沼气,既能够实现秸秆的资源化利用、避免直接焚烧秸秆产生的环境问题,又提供了可替代传统化石燃料的清洁能源。秸秆自身木质纤维素紧密的结构限制了秸秆的水解和厌氧消化,在厌氧发酵前对秸秆进行预处理十分必要。介绍了多种秸秆厌氧发酵预处理技术,为开发更加优化高效的秸秆预处理工艺提供理论和技术基础,以期实现秸秆高效厌氧发酵产能。     

新型成型机秸秆碎料形变分析及挤压力控制措施

介绍了一种新型秸秆燃料成型机,阐述了其基本机械结构和工作原理．为了便于分析秸秆燃料压缩成型过程中秸秆碎料形变规律,将成型机工作区域动态地划分为供料区、压紧区、压实区、成型区和保型区等五个工作分区．从秸秆碎料宏观体积、微观组织变化以及秸秆碎料的形变情况,分别探讨了每个分区秸秆碎料的形变特点．成型机压辊对秸秆碎料的挤压力过小会降低成型燃料的品质,挤压力过大则会降低秸秆成型机的寿命．通过研究挤压力与秸秆燃料密度的关系,以控制压缩比为措施设计了新型秸秆成型机的挤压力控制方案．     

江苏省秸秆电厂收储体系现状分析及对策

秸秆发电是秸秆综合利用和生物质能开发的主要方式之一,也是解决秸秆露天焚烧的主要途径之一。对能源结构调整、大气污染防治等具有重要意义。在调研江苏省秸秆电厂的基础上,文中主要阐述了秸秆电厂的秸秆收储体系现状,分析了秸秆收储存在的问题,提出了完善秸秆收储体系的对策和建议,为政府科学制定政策、加强宏观管理水平提供参考。     

糠醛废渣用作秸秆成型粘结剂的试验研究

选用糠醛废渣作为玉米秸秆成型的粘结剂,在糠醛废渣添加量不同的条件下,对秸秆的成型效果进行了试验研究.试验结果表明:在玉米秸秆成型过程中加入适量的糠醛废渣,可以使秸秆在较低的压力下成型,降低了秸秆成型过程中的能量消耗.     

秸秆资源化利用技术分析

秸秆是重要的可再生的生物质资源,是仅次于煤、油、气的第四大能源.对我国各地的秸秆年产量、流向等方面进行了详细的调研,提出了秸秆资源化的方法.针对秸秆资源分布范围广阔而分散的特点,提出了农村区域性供能的设想.并通过对秸秆的燃烧机理的研究,为秸秆的能源化提供了一定的设计依据.     

农作物秸秆气化发电系统经济性分析

对农作物秸秆气化发电系统投产前的最佳秸秆收集半径进行了分析,得出了最佳秸秆收集半径与电厂运行费用、运输费用、单位耕地面积秸秆年产量、秸秆收集系数之间的关系.对影响发电系统经济性的因素进行了敏感性分析,认为发电效率和上网电价是影响发电系统经济性的主要因素.     

秸秆人造板项目碳减排计量方法学研究

利用农作物秸秆生产人造板的产业化技术已经成熟,秸秆人造板项目碳减排计量方法学是进行中国自愿减排碳交易的必要技术依据。基于万华生态板业（信阳）有限公司秸秆人造板的生产工艺,对秸秆燃烧或腐烂、以木材为原料生产人造板（基准线情景）和秸秆用作人造板的生产原料（项目情景）的温室气体排放量进行了分析和评价,探索与研究了适合我国秸秆人造板项目碳减排计量方法,得出了生产 1 m3农作物秸秆板的碳减排量约为1.42 tCO2e。本文可为我国秸秆人造板项目碳减排的计量提供技术指导。     

浅析溧水县秸秆禁烧现状和秸秆利用展望

每年农收季节,秸秆禁烧和秸秆利用成为溧水县县农村环境保护工作的重要一环。由于粗放式的农业模式,秸秆焚烧这种废物处理不但影响氮碳回田,而且污染环境,恶化南京大气环境质量。分析了澡水县秸秆禁烧工作的现状和秸秆利用前景,为该县改善秸秆处理提出有效建议。     

区域秸秆资源最优化收集路径与运输成本分析

从GIS技术在秸秆收集运输过程中的应用出发,研究了基于Arcgis模型手段与Python脚本功能的两点间最优路径的批量分析方法.并以即墨市20 MW秸秆电厂原料的收集运输过程为例,完成了最短路径的分析、最优收集点的选择及其最小运输成本的估算,以期为全国秸秆资源合理收集与运输提供基于空间分析技术的科学解决途径.     

New capability of graphene as hydrogen storage by Si and/or Ge doping: Density functional theory

We studied the adsorption of water molecules via the density functional theory on the pure and silicon and/or germanium doped graphene. We investigated the electrostatic surface potential of the structures to predict the possible interactions. Also, we examined the interaction between every possible side of the water molecule and possible sites of the pure and doped graphene. There was no interaction between the water molecule and the graphene. The only interaction was between the oxygen atom of the water molecule and the doped atoms. We also studied the decomposition of the water molecule on these doped graphene sheets and the possible intermediates and transition states and reaction pathway for the decomposition process. We calculated the interaction energies for the adsorption steps and the thermodynamic parameters for all steps of reaction pathway. The results showed that the adsorption of the water molecule on silicon and/or germanium doped graphene. Also, the decomposition of one of the hydrogen atoms of water molecule was thermodynamically favored at room temperature.     

Research progress on hydrate plugging in multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipelines

The plugging mechanism of multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation in submarine pipeline is a prerequisite for maintaining the fluid flow in the pipeline and ensuring safe fluid flow. This paper introduced the common experimental devices used to study multiphase flow, and summarized the plugging progress and mechanism in the liquid-rich system. Besides, it divided the rich-liquid phase system into an oil-based system, a partially dispersed system, and a water-based system according to the different water cuts, and discussed the mechanism of hydrate plugging. Moreover, it summarized the mechanism and the use of anti-agglomerates in different systems. Furthermore, it proposed some suggestions for future research on hydrate plugging. First, in the oil-based system, the effect factors of hydrates are combined with the mechanical properties of hydrate deposit layer, and the hydrate plugging mechanism models at inclined and elbow pipes should be established. Second, the mechanism of oil-water emulsion breaking in partially dispersed system and the reason for the migration of the oil-water interface should be analyzed, and the property of the free water layer on the hydrate plugging process should be quantified. Third, a complete model of the effect of the synergy of liquid bridge force and van der Waals force in the water-based system on the hydrate particle coalescence frequency model is needed, and the coalescence frequency model should be summarized. Next, the dynamic analysis of a multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipeline should be coupled with the process of hydrate coalescence, deposition, and blockage decomposition. Finally, the effects of anti-agglomerates on the morphological evolution of hydrate under different systems and pipeline plugging conditions in different media should be further explored.     

Energy use in Indian household sector – An actor-oriented approach

Over the years, significant changes have taken place with regard to the type as well the quantity of energy used in Indian households. Many factors have contributed in bringing these changes. These include availability of energy, security of supplies, efficiency of use, cost of device, price of energy carriers, ease of use, and external factors like technological development, introduction of subsidies, and environmental considerations. The present paper presents the pattern of energy consumption in the household sector and analyses the causalities underlying the present usage patterns. It identifies specific (groups of) actors, study their specific situations, analyse the constraints and discusses opportunities for improvement. This can be referred to “actor-oriented” analysis in which we understand how various actors of the energy system are making the system work, and what incentives and constraints each of these actors is experiencing. It analyses actor linkages and their impact on the fuel choice mechanism. The study shows that the role of actors in household fuel choice is significant and depends on the level of factors – micro, meso and macro. It is recommended that the development interventions should include actor-oriented tools in energy planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The analysis is based on the data from the national sample survey (NSS), India. This approach provides a spatial viewpoint which permits a clear assessment of the energy carrier choice by the households and the influence of various actors. The scope of the paper is motivated and limited by suggesting and formulating a powerful analytical technique to analyse the problem involving the role of actors in the Indian household sector.     

Recent research progress on polymer electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted large attention due to their easy fabrication, low cost and high conversion efficiency. Electrolytes play an important role in the photovoltaic performance of the DSSCs and many efforts have been contributed to study different kinds of electrolytes with various characteristics such as liquid electrolytes, polymer electrolytes and so on. Because the leakage and the volatilization of liquid electrolytes hinder their practical applications in the DSSCs, polymer electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, excellent thermal stability and long-term stability of the DSSCs based on them are alternatives to liquid electrolytes especially for the quasi-solid-state DSSCs. In this paper, research on solid polymer electrolytes is summarized and the influence of salt concentration on ionic conductivity of solid polymer electrolytes is described and thoroughly explained. On the other hand, the advantages of gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) are introduced. The factors affecting the ionic conductivity of GPE and the performance of their DSSCs, consisting of the polymer concentration and type, the iodide salts, the solvents and the temperature are discussed. The tendency and the reasons of their influence are expounded in detail. To enhance the properties of GPE, many strategies are taken such as the fabrication of porous structure in the GPE membrane, the incorporation of proton donors, the introduction of inorganic nanoparticles and the addition of pyridine derivatives. Their improving effect and the causes for the enhancement are set forth.     

考虑黏性效应的半潜浮式风力机动力特性研究

对半潜浮式风力机动力特性进行研究，推导考虑黏性阻尼的动力学方程及传递函数。对黏性效应的影响及其计算方法进行探讨，对比附加阻尼矩阵法、Morison单元法的优缺点，并提出考虑黏性阻尼效应水动力计算的混合法，在此基础上对半潜浮式风力机气动-水动-锚泊全耦合动力响应进行分析。结果表明：黏性效应主要影响共振周期附近的响应值，在数值分析时不可忽略；附加阻尼矩阵法在考虑水平面内运动黏性阻尼时有所不足，且无法考虑黏性效应对共振周期的影响，Morison单元法在考虑垂荡、转动黏性阻尼时有所不足，混合法是考虑黏性阻尼水动力计算的更有效方法；该半潜浮式风力机垂荡和纵摇响应主要受波浪控制，而水平面内运动受风、浪、流联合作用的影响；浮式风力机运动和加速度的最危险工况可发生在发电工况时，最大锚链张力发生在极端环境条件时。     

Modelling of a pressure regulator

With the increase of gas consumption and the expansion of the associated distribution network, a research program was set up to study the stability and to simulate the main characteristics of the dynamic behaviour of any type of pressure regulator. The modelling of a pressure regulating station is based on hydraulic, mechanical and valve models. The library of models is validated on one type of pressure regulator and simulations are in good agreement with measurements. The study showed that the operating conditions and installation requirements have the greatest influence on the stability of the pressure regulator. From measurements and simulations, the amplitudes of the downstream pressure are particularly sensitive to the size of the downstream volume and to upstream pressure.     

Thermodynamic analysis and the design of sensible thermal energy storages

Thermal energy storage (TES) is an important technology for effective and efficient energy management. The proper design and operation of a TES require an understanding of its behavior and characteristics. Here, the transient behavior during charging and discharging of a fully mixed, open TES is modeled and analyzed. Included are developments and analyses of the charging temperature function and the maximum charging temperature of the TES, the charging energy flow function and the maximum heat flow capacity of the TES, the discharging temperature function and the minimum charging temperature of the TES, the discharging energy flow function and the maximum heat flow capacity of the TES, and the expression for one cycle of the TES. The impact of various factors on charging and discharging are investigated. The results show that, by increasing the input energy flow rate, the charging temperature of the TES is raised, and that an increase in the input energy flow rate raises the discharging temperature of the TES in the early stage of discharging, while a decrease in the outlet energy flow rate increases the discharging temperature of the TES in the late stage of discharging. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.