Study of resin fraction of Nigerian crude oil using spectroscopic/spectrometric analytical techniques

Organics and trace metals of the resin fraction of Nigerian crude oil were analysed in order to characterise the fossil fuel. The crude oil samples were deasphaltened by n-pentane, while maltene fraction was fractionated into its components (saturates, aromatics and resin) using column chromatography. The organic compounds and elemental concentrations of the resin fraction were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry respectively. The infrared spectra showed characteristic bands containing polar functional groups expected confirming that the resin was purely eluted. The elemental concentrations were found to be high compared to other fractions and was confirmed by their T-test values. Zinc had the highest mean concentration of 32.13 ± 35.66 mg/kg, while Mn had the least (1.14 ± 0.17 mg/kg). Results indicated that processing of the crude oil resin may cause catalyst poisoning/fouling, corrosion of equipment/pipelines. Therefore, adequate consideration of these trace metals must be taken before processing.     

Thermal analysis of bitumen modified with LDPE and CR

In this article, thermal analysis of modified bitumen by using waste plastics and crumb rubber is studied. After conducting main tests of the thermal analysis including the thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and the differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) on two kinds of waste plastics, the modified bitumen, and the base bitumen, we have seen that the bitumen modified with the second type of the waste plastics performs better in terms of thermal analysis. Then, by conducting the FTIR analysis on the base bitumen and modified bitumen, it can be concluded that the modification of the bitumen with the waste plastics is a physical process.     

Lube oil from blends of Nigerian Escravos light and Agbabu bitumen by empirical modeling

Abstract

Blends of Escravos light crude and Agbabu bitumen were prepared, distilled and characterized to investigate the effect of the blending on the yield and properties of the distillation fractions. The specific gravity, sulfur content, pour point and flash point of the blends were dependent on the proportions of the components. Regression analysis of the yields of distillation fraction gave robust empirical models. The predicted optimal blend of equal amounts of Escravos and Agbabu bitumen gave distillation fractions similar in properties and yield to the Russian Urals crude. Light components from the Escravos played enhanced solubilization of the heavier components in the bitumen.     

川西北地区泥盆系天然气沥青地球化学特征及来源示踪

四川盆地西北部地区首次在中泥盆统观雾山组白云岩储层中获得工业气流,天然气来源备受关注。应用地球化学分析技术开展了泥盆系天然气、沥青、油砂及烃源岩地球化学特征综合研究。结果表明：泥盆系天然气是以烃类气体为主的二次裂解型干气,甲烷含量>94%,含痕量乙烷、丙烷及少量的氮气、二氧化碳等非烃气体;天然气δ¹³C₁值为-32.3‰~-31.9‰,δ¹³C₂值为-28.6‰~-28.4‰,δ²H₁值为-141‰~-138‰,为以腐泥型为主的混合型气。泥盆系井下沥青正构烷烃和烷基环己烷均具双主峰特征,生物标志化合物分布正常;野外剖面的沥青、油砂遭受强烈的生物降解作用。沥青、油砂与烃源岩的饱和烃、芳烃生物标志物特征对比表明,泥盆系油气来源于下寒武统筇竹寺组和下二叠统烃源岩,以筇竹寺组为主。研究成果对川西北地区天然气的进一步勘探部署和决策具有重要的指导意义。     

阻燃沥青及其混合料的研究现状

首先对沥青的受热行为、沥青的阻燃机理进行了分析,随后对阻燃沥青及阻燃沥青混合料的制备和性能进行了总结,最后对阻燃沥青及其混合料的发展进行了回顾,并对它们今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

黔东南地区寒武系固体沥青的油源分析

黔东南地区三都—丹寨一带中上寒武统灰岩中广泛分布有固体沥青。文中运用碳同位素、饱和烃色谱、饱和烃色质谱及芳烃色质谱等技术,对这些固体沥青进行有机地球化学研究和油源对比分析。研究表明,黔东南地区寒武系固体沥青主要来源于下寒武统扎拉沟组的黑色页岩。     

Geochemical evidences of trace metal anomalies for finding hydrocarbon microseepage in the petroliferous regions of the Tatipaka and Pasarlapudi areas of Krishna Godavari Basin, India

The long-term seepage of hydrocarbons, either as macroseepage or microseepage, can set up near-surface oxidation reduction zones that favor the development of a diverse array of chemical and mineralogical changes. The bacterial oxidation of light hydrocarbons can directly or indirectly bring about significant changes in the values of pH and Eh of the surrounding environment, thereby also changing the stability fields of the different mineral species present in that environment. The paper reports the role of hydrocarbon microseepage in surface alterations of trace metal concentrations. In this study trace metal alterations were mapped that appear to be associated with hydrocarbon microseepages in the oil/ gas fields. A total of 50 soil samples were collected near oil and gas fields of the Tatipaka and Pasarlapudi areas of the Krishna Godavari Basin, Andhra Pradesh. The soil samples were collected from a depth of 2-2.5 m. The paper reports the chemical alterations associated with trace metals in soils that are related to hydrocarbon microseepages above some of the major oil and gas fields of this petroliferous region. Trace metals, such as scandium (Sc), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), barium (Ba) and strontium (Sr), in soil samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentrations of Sc (8 to 40 mg/kg), V (197 to 489 mg/kg), Cr (106 to 287 mg/kg), Co (31 to 52 mg/kg), Ni (65 to 110 mg/kg), Cu (88 to 131 mg/kg), Zn (88 to 471 mg/kg), Ba (263 to 3,091 mg/kg) and Sr (119 to 218 mg/kg) were obtained. It was observed that the concentrations of trace elements were tremendously increased when they were compared with their normal concentrations in soils. The analysis of adsorbed soil gas showed the presence of high concentrations of ΣC 2+ (C 2 H 6 , C 3 H 8 and n-C 4 H 10 ) ranging from 7 to 222 μg/kg respectively. Integrated studies of trace elements over adsorbed light gaseous hydrocarbons (ΣC 2+ ) anomalies showed good correlation with the existing oil and gas wells. The carbon isotopic composition of δ 13 C 1 of the samples ranges between -36.6‰ to -22.7‰ (Pee Dee Belemnite) values indicate thermogenic origin, which presents convincing evidence that the adsorbed soil gases collected from these sediments are of catagenetic origin. The increase in the concentrations of trace metals near oil/gas producing areas, suggests a soil chemical change to a reducing environment, presumably due to the influence of hydrocarbon microseepage, which could be applied with other geoscientific data to identify areas of future hydrocarbon exploration in frontier areas.     

Modeling of viscosity for mixtures of Athabasca bitumen and heavy n-alkane with LSSVM algorithm

The resources of heavy oil and bitumen are more than those of conventional light crude oil in the world. Diluting the bitumen with liquid solvent can decrease viscosity and increase the empty space between molecules. Tetradecane is a candidate as liquid solvent to dilute the bitumen. Owning to the sensitivity of enhanced oil recovery process, the accurate approximation for the viscosity of aforementioned mixture is important to decrease uncertainty. The aim of this study was to develop an effective relation between the viscosity of Athabasca bitumen and heavy n-alkane mixtures based on temperature, pressure, and weight percentage of n-tetradecane using the least square support vector machine. This computational model was compared with the previous developed correlation and its accuracy was confirmed. The value of R² and MSE obtained 1.00 and 1.02 for this model, respectively. This developed predictive tool can be applied as an accurate estimation for any mixture of heavy oil with liquid solvent.     

废弃甲基叔丁基醚树脂催化剂基活性炭的制备及其负载过渡金属吸附二甲基硫醚的应用

通过炭化和水蒸气活化,废弃的甲基叔丁基醚催化树脂成功地转换成低成本的活性炭。利用超声波辅助浸渍法,将各种过渡金属,包括Cu2+,Ag+,Co2+,Ni2+,Zn2+,Fe3+负载在活性炭表面得到一系列的金属负载吸附剂（xM-AC）,并通过间歇实验考察了其二甲基硫醚（DMS）的吸附性能。在这些吸附剂中,15Cu-AC的吸附容量最大,达到58.986 mg/g。拉曼光谱和动力学实验表明DMS的硫原子与Cu2+之间形成了S-M（σ）。     

Evaluation of Trace Metals and Physical Properties of Nigerian Crude Oil Saturate Fraction

Analyses of trace elements and physical properties of the saturate fraction of Nigerian crude oil were done in order to establish the characteristics that may aid the developmental processes of the natural resources. Crude oil samples were collected from three different oil fields in Niger-Delta area of Nigeria. The saturate fractions were eluted by column chromatography using n-hexane. The saturate fractions were investigated for functional groups using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT–IR); the elemental concentrations were determined using Atomic absorption spectrometry, while the physical properties (flash point, ash content, refractive index, and color) were determined using standard analytical methods. The results revealed that the infrared spectra of the saturate fraction of the Nigerian crude oil showed mainly the presence of C-H(CH₃) and C-H(CH₂) functional groups, indicating high purity of the samples. The concentrations of the analyzed elements (Mn, Cu, Co, Zn, Fe, V, Cr, and Ni) in the saturate fraction were generally low compared to other fractions of Nigerian crude oil. This study revealed that Co has the highest mean concentration of 1.81 ± 0.36 mg/L, while Mn has the lowest mean concentration of 0.04 ± 0.02 mg/L. The t test values for the comparison of the elemental concentrations of Nigerian crude oil /saturate fraction and crude oil asphaltene/saturate fraction showed significant difference (except Mn) with respect to Nigerian crude oil /saturate fraction. The cluster analysis for the elements showed two groups, which are fairly well correlated indicating similar source and similar chemical affinity. The cross-plot analysis of the Nigerian crude oil and its saturate using elemental concentrations as the variables showed a strong positive inter element correlation since (R² = 0.71), establishing a relationship between the Nigerian crude oil and the saturate fraction. The color of the saturate fraction ranged from off-white to colorless. The results of analysis provide useful information on its conversion mechanism and environmental implications of the development of the fossil fuel deposit.     

PSO-ANFIS modeling of viscosity for mixtures of Athabasca bitumen and a high-boiling n-alkane

The bitumen and heavy oil reservoirs are more in number than light crude oil reservoirs in the world. To increase the empty space between molecules and decrease viscosity, the bitumen was diluted with a liquid solvent such as tetradecane. Due to the sensitivity of enhanced oil recovery process, the accurate approximation for the viscosity of mentioned mixture is important. The purpose of this study was to develop an effective relation between the viscosity of Athabasca bitumen and heavy n-alkane mixtures based on pressure, temperature, and the weight percentage of n-tetradecane using the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system method. For this model, the value of MRE and R² was obtained as 0.34% and 1.00, respectively; so this model can be applied as an accurate approximation for any mixture of heavy oil with a liquid solvent.     

珠江口盆地白云凹陷储层沥青成因及其对油藏调整改造的启示

在珠江口盆地白云凹陷多个层系都发现了储层沥青。储层沥青丰度自上部的珠海组、珠江组至深部的恩平组、文昌组逐渐增加。储层沥青在物性较好的粗粒砂岩中多为零星状出现，而在细粒的粉砂岩和泥岩中主要呈脉状分布而且含量明显增加。几乎所有的储层沥青均没有显示出明显的各向异性，而且沥青反射率均小于2.0%，表明高温热裂解不是储层沥青形成的主要原因。沥青抽提物的分子地球化学组成特征显示，白云凹陷储层沥青抽提物中缺乏25-降霍烷系列，色谱基线没有明显的“UCM”鼓包、单井地层埋藏史显示储层也未遭受大幅度的抬升剥蚀，因此储层沥青也非生物降解成因。结合地质背景和油气藏特征分析认为，白云凹陷储层沥青的成因为：恩平组-文昌组烃源岩早期生成的原油聚集成藏以后，深部主要遭受了后期天然气的气洗作用。不同层位烃源岩、储层热演化的时间差异是导致白云凹陷油气藏发生调整，并转变为轻质油、挥发油等特殊油藏类型的重要原因。     

Application of LSSVM algorithm as a novel tool for prediction of density of bitumen and heavy n-alkane mixture

The most of oil reservoirs in the world are heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs. Due to high viscosity and density of these types of reservoirs the production has problems so importance of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes for them is clear. The injection of solvents such as tetradecane is known as one of methods which improve oil recovery from bitumen reservoirs. In the present investigation, the Least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) algorithm was used to estimate density of Athabasca bitumen and heavy n-alkane mixture in term of temperature, pressure and weight percent of the solvent. The Root mean square error (RMSE), average absolute relative deviation (AARD) and the coefficient of determination (R²) for total dataset are determined 0.033466, 0.0025686 and 1 respectively. The predicted results indicate that the LSSVM algorithm has potential to be a predicting machine for the bitumen-heavy alkane mixture density prediction.     

硅氧烷糠醇树脂固砂剂的作用机理及应用

克拉玛依油田稠油蒸汽吞吐井出砂严得，但常规树脂在高温下易降解而失去固结作用。根据对有机硅氧皖、糠醇预聚体、无机钙粉固结协同作用机理的分析，通过在无机物表面包覆多官能团的硅氧烷改性糠醇树脂的实验研究．得到了抗高温性能较好同时成本较低的固砂剂。在300℃的高温下，该固砂剂与砂形成的黏结体抗压强度在5MPa以上．固结后的岩心经高温冲刷后水相渗透率在0．50D以上。采用高温固砂剂对克拉玛依油田9区的10口稠油吞吐井进行了现场固砂试验，处理后9口井地层产液含砂量为微量。对现场试验处理方案及结果的分析说明，在对油流黏度高的严重出砂井固砂前，采取适当的前处理措施是非常必要的。表3参10     

油砂中沥青的热碱水萃取分离及其影响因素

油砂作为非常规石油资源,在能源需求不断增加和石油价格持续走高的情形下将成为重要的接替能源之一.研制了一套热碱水萃取分离装置,对中国2个地区的油砂开展了沥青的热碱水分离实验,探讨了分离过程中温度和碱的加入量、通气条件及加工助剂等因素对沥青有效分离的影响.内蒙古扎赉特旗油砂的分离实验结果表明,随着萃取热碱水温度的升高,浮选...     

功能树脂负载贵金属催化剂的制备及应用

综述了功能树脂负载贵金属催化剂的制备、性质和应用.以离子交换树脂为代表的功能树脂是负载贵金属的优异载体.功能树脂可将贵金属元素以纳米级颗粒分散于催化剂表面,功能基团的存在对贵金属颗粒的性能具有修饰和调节作用,并赋予催化剂新的功能,从而为设计和制备高效多功能催化剂提供可能.功能树脂负载贵金属催化剂已在甲基异丁基酮和乙酸的...     

塔里木盆地沥青生烃特征与生烃潜力

通过沥青砂岩与重质油热模拟实验方法,对塔里木盆地下古生界广泛赋存的沥青生烃特征与生烃潜力进行探讨.热模拟实验结果显示,沥青与重质油在热作用下均能生成烃类,表现出烃类裂解特征,生烃过程中既有气态烃也有液态烃生成;沥青砂岩样品、重质油样品与低成熟度一般品质的海相烃源岩生烃潜力大体相当.塔里木盆地下古生界存在沥青生烃证据,但实际成藏贡献尚需进一步油气地球化学证据支持.     

单牙轮钻头井底轨迹分析

牙轮钻头的井底轨迹是牙轮钻头破岩的重要特征，以前钻头的井底轨迹主要通过实验获得，费时费力。文章通过计算机仿真来绘制单牙轮钻头的井底轨迹，并分析了钻头结构参数对井底轨迹形成的影响，找出了影响井底轨迹形成的主要结构参数。单牙轮钻头仿真的井底轨迹与台架试验的井底轨迹进行对比，证明仿真结果的正确性，仿真方法的可行性，能够对以后的钻头设计具有指导性建议。     

Applying FCM-ANFIS algorithm as a novel computational method for prediction of viscosity of bitumen and heavy alkane mixture

Recently the studies expressed that the noticeable number of oil reservoirs in all over the world are heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs. So the importance of enhancement of oil recovery (EOR) processes for heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs is highlighted. The Dilution of the reservoir fluid by solvents such as tetradecane is one of well-known methods for these types of reservoirs which effects oil recovery by decreasing viscosity. In the present study, Fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm was coupled with Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to predict viscosity of bitumen and tetradecane in terms of temperature, pressure and weight percent of tetradecane. The coefficients of determination for training and testing steps were calculated such as 0.9914 and 0.9613. The comparison of results and experimental data expressed that FCM-ANFIS algorithm has great potential for estimation of viscosity of bitumen and tetradecane.     

复合型阻聚剂在 C5 加氢石油树脂生产中的应用

针对C5加氢石油树脂生产过程中存在的活性组分自聚现象,在原料预处理工序中加入复合型阻聚剂(阻聚剂和分散剂)。工业应用表明,改进后,降低了脱轻组分塔的压差,丁二烯损失率由2.83%降至0.78%,异戊二烯损失率由36.01%降至26.07%,间戊二烯损失率由35.96%降至27.26%,解决了物料中活性组分自聚问题;双环戊二烯的分解率由21.57%提高至90.84%,增加了有效组分的利用率。改进后装置增创经济效益为248.2万元/a。