Rotary ultrasonic machining: effects of tool natural frequency on ultrasonic vibration amplitude

Rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) is a hybrid machining process that combines the material removal mechanisms of grinding and ultrasonic machining. RUM has been applied to hole-making for a wide range of materials. It is known that ultrasonic vibration amplitude has significant effects on cutting force, torque, and surface finish in RUM. One experimental observation that has been reported in the literature multiple times states that different tools show different vibration amplitudes on the same ultrasonic power level. However, no analyses can be found in the literature to explain this observation. The existence of this knowledge gap makes it difficult to explain some experimentally obtained trends or to conduct more realistic physics-based modeling work. The objectives of this research are to understand the effects of tool natural frequency on ultrasonic vibration amplitude in RUM, to provide an explanation to the observation and verification of measurement methods, and also to guide tool design and selection in RUM. Ultrasonic vibration amplitudes of tools are measured by three methods and compared. It is found that tool natural frequency significantly affects ultrasonic vibration amplitude. The tool with its natural frequency closest to that of the ultrasonic power supply (20?kHz) generates the highest ultrasonic vibration amplitude on every ultrasonic power level tested.     

ROTARY ULTRASONIC MACHINING OF CARBON FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER: FEASIBILITY STUDY

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) has been widely used in aircraft components, automotive parts, and sporting goods. Hole machining is the most frequently employed operation of secondary machining for fiber-reinforced composites. However, challenges (delamination, splintering, burr, short tool life, low machining precision, and low surface quality) still remain for their widespread applications. Rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) is a non-conventional machining process that has been used to drill holes in composite materials. However, it has not been used to drill this type of CFRP. In this article, RUM is introduced into drilling holes in this type of CFRP for the first time. The feasibility to machine carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy using RUM is investigated experimentally. Chips, edge chipping, surface roughness, tool wear, and thrust force were measured. Effects of RUM process variables (rotation speed, vibration amplitude, and feedrate) on thrust force and surface roughness were studied. Results showed that RUM could be used to drill holes in CFRP with high productivity and low tool wear. A better surface was produced by higher rotation speed and lower feed rate.     

硬脆材料旋转超声加工技术的研究现状及展望

旋转超声加工是一种复合特种加工技术,它复合了传统超声加工和普通磨削加工的材料去除方式,在提高硬脆材料去除效率、减小切削力、提高加工精度和表面完整性等方面具有显著优势。自旋转超声加工技术发明至今,国内外学者开展了大量的有关旋转超声加工装备及工艺的研究工作,并且已在几乎所有主要的硬脆难加工材料中得到实际应用。本研究在简要概述旋转超声加工技术的基本原理和发展过程基础上,总结国内外学者在材料去除机理、工艺特性、加工新形式以及装备研发等几方面的主要研究成果,并对旋转超声加工技术的发展趋势及值得关注的问题进行展望。     

高体积分数SiCp/Al复合材料旋转超声铣磨加工的试验研究

由于大量高硬度增强相SiC颗粒的存在,高体积分数铝基碳化硅（SiCp/Al）复合材料的机械加工十分困难。旋转超声加工被认为是加工这种材料的有效方法。通过超声辅助划痕试验,分析高体积分数SiCp/Al复合材料旋转超声铣磨加工的材料去除机理。在超声振动的作用下,材料中铝基体发生塑性变形,其表面得到夯实;SiC增强相被锤击成细小的颗粒而发生脱落,形成较大的空洞。由于材料加工的缺陷大多产生于SiC颗粒的去除过程中,SiC颗粒的去除方式对加工表面的质量起着决定性的作用,选择合适的工艺参数可以有效提高加工表面质量。旋转超声加工工艺特征试验表明,超声振动可有效降低切削力;主轴转速对轴向切削力的影响最大,其次是进给速度,切削深度对轴向切削力的影响较小;另外主轴转速对表面质量的影响效果也最大,并随主轴转速的增大表面粗糙度增大。因此在加工过程中,可以适当加大切削深度,在保证加工质量的基础上,选择较大的进给速度,在保证刀具寿命的前提下,选择合适的主轴转速,以获得较优的加工表面质量和加工效率。     

变幅杆连接工艺对旋转超声加工质量影响的研究

超声旋转加工是一种适用于脆硬材料加工的新技术,它强化了原加工过程,其加工效率随着材料脆性的增大而提高,实现了低耗能的目标。在超声旋转加工中,超声加工工具与变幅杆的连接对超声振动共振频率和超声波加工性能有很大影响。本文在深入研究旋转超声加工基本原理的基础上,分析了旋转超声加工时能量传递系统的关键制件-变幅杆和工具杆对超声加工精度的影响,并对变幅杆和工具杆制造工艺及连接的方法进行了初步研究。     

超声铣削刀具几何参数对声学系统稳定性影响的实验研究

为了解决复合材料不易加工的难题,在保证加工质量的同时,提高刀具耐用度和加工效率,对一种超声铣削复合材料的新方法进行了实验研究,研究了刀杆的长度和直径、刀杆端部铣削平台和开槽对声学系统谐振频率、反谐振频率、振幅等的影响规律.结果表明,刀具几何参数的变化对声学系统的稳定性具有重要影响.     

小直径深孔超声振动钻削装置的设计

超声振动加工是一种先进的加工工艺方法,是在加工过程中给工具或工件沿一定方向施加一定频率的超声振动。将超声振动用于精密或超精密加工,特别是在超硬材料、复合材料等难加工材料方面有着突出的优越性,具有低切削力、低切削温度、好的表面粗糙度。基于高频振动切削原理,针对小直径深孔的精密及超精密加工问题,设计了超声振动钻削装置。对难加工材料钛合金进行钻削实验,并对实验结果和数据进行分析。     

Experimental investigation of tool wear and machining rate in rotary ultrasonic machining of nickel alloy

Nickel alloys possess the excellent potential at high temperature and resistance to oxidation/corrosion owing to its high nickel content. These materials necessitate non-traditional machining methods. The rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) process comes into existence as a superior alternative to the conventional machining of nickel alloys. The processing of these alloys using RUM needs attention. This article details the multi-response optimization in RUM of nickel alloy using the desirability concept. The present work is carried out with two shapes of the tool: (i) Plain tool and (ii) lateral slotted tool. During RUM, the process parameters—power rating tool rotation, abrasive diamond grit size and feed rate are varied. Compared with the plain tool, the lateral slotted tool shows the more efficient machining rate (MR) with less tool wear (TW). The micro-graphs disclose the mechanism of MR and TW during RUM.     

Influences of vibration on surface formation in rotary ultrasonic machining of glass BK7

This paper presented a fundamental investigation of the surface formation mechanisms involved in rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) of glass BK7 process. Comparative observations of the scratches, generated in the scratching tests with and without ultrasonic, were performed using optical microscopy, white-light interferometer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Giving consideration to the scratch morphologies and the abrasive process kinematics, the mechanisms of surface formation provoked by the ultrasonic superposition were investigated. Additionally, the formal machining tests with and without ultrasonic were also conducted to validate these surface formation mechanisms. As a result, a nondimensional parameter K was proposed to quantitatively describe the ultrasonic effects of the abrasives as well as to correlate these effects with the machining conditions. Due to the periodic variation in the effective work angle of the abrasive, the material accumulated slightly at the RUM groove entrance, whereas serious material accumulation appeared at the exit. The stress imbalance on the specimen surface induced by the dramatic fluctuation of the abrasive inertia load caused plenty of tortuous cracks in 0.2 μm-sized length emerge on the RUM grooves generated in the ductile material removal stage. A novel theoretical model of the surface formation mechanisms involved in formal RUM process was established by incorporating the ultrasonic effects, such as the lower dynamic fracture toughness of material, cyclical variation in the effective work angle of the abrasive, and the larger abrasive inertia force. Experimental results obtained in formal machining tests revealed that superimposing an ultrasonic vibration could distinctly reduce the cutting force of the diamond tool without seriously worsening the surface quality of the specimens.     

Vibration characteristics and machining performance of a novel perforated ultrasonic vibration platform in the grinding of particulate-reinforced titanium matrix composites

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding (UVAG) is an advanced hybrid process for the precision machining of difficult-to-cut materials. The resonator is a critical part of the UVAG system. Its performance considerably influences the vibration amplitude and resonant frequency. In this work, a novel perforated ultrasonic vibration platform resonator was developed for UVAG. The holes were evenly arranged at the top and side surfaces of the vibration platform to improve the vibration characteristics. A modified apparent elasticity method (AEM) was proposed to reveal the influence of holes on the vibration mode. The performance of the vibration platform was evaluated by the vibration tests and UVAG experiments of particulate-reinforced titanium matrix composites. Results indicate that the reasonable distribution of holes helps improve the resonant frequency and vibration mode. The modified AEM, the finite element method, and the vibration tests show a high degree of consistency for developing the perforated ultrasonic vibration platform with a maximum frequency error of 3%. The employment of ultrasonic vibration reduces the grinding force by 36% at most, thereby decreasing the machined surface defects, such as voids, cracks, and burnout.     

超声辅助磨削砂轮基体材料的振动性能研究

超声辅助磨削(UAG)砂轮基体材料的振动性能(如谐振频率、振幅、发热情况等)对超声辅助磨削效果具有重要影响。本文采用ANSYS模态分析与实验测量相结合的方法,对Q235钢、45钢、0Cr18Ni10Ti不锈钢、LY12铝合金、TC4钛合金五种材质的超声辅助磨削砂轮基体材料的谐振频率、振幅以及连续振动条件下的发热量进行了对比分析。模态分析与实验测量结果均表明:在上述五种基体材料中,钢类基体的谐振频率和振幅相对最小,LY12基体最大,TC4基体介于二者之间。与此相对应,连续振动10min后,钢类基体温度升高幅度最大,LY12基体温升幅度最小。综合不同材质砂轮基体的振幅及发热情况可知:在连续振动状态下,砂轮基体的温度升高幅度越大,即能量损耗越大,末端振幅测量值越小。     

Chipping minimization in drilling ceramic materials with rotary ultrasonic machining

Ultrasonic machining (USM) has been considered as a new cutting technology that does not rely on the conductance of the workpiece. USM presents no heating or electrochemical effects, with low surface damage and small residual stresses on workpiece material, such as glass, ceramics, and others; therefore, it is used to drill microholes in brittle materials. However, this process is very slow and tool wear dependent, so the entire process has low efficiency. Therefore, to increase microhole drilling productivity or hole quality, rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) is considered as a strong alternative to USM. RUM, which presents ultrasonic axial vibration with tool rotation, is an effective solution for improving cutting speed, precision, tool wear, and other machining responses beyond those of the USM. This study aims to reduce the microchipping or cracking at the exit of the hole, which inevitably occurs when brittle materials are drilled, with consideration of tool wear. To this end, response surface analysis and desirability functions are used for experimental optimization. The experimental results showed that the proposed RUM scheme is suitable for microhole drilling.     

Theoretical model for cutting force in rotary ultrasonic milling of dental zirconia ceramics

Rotary ultrasonic machining or ultrasonic vibration assisted grinding has superior performance in machining hard and brittle materials, such as dental zirconia ceramics. However, there are few reports about cutting force modeling of rotary ultrasonic milling (RUM) for dental ceramics, especially for cutting force model in feed direction. In this study, the theoretical model of cutting force both in axial direction and feed direction is proposed under the assumption that brittle fracture is the primary mechanism of material removal in RUM of dental ceramics. The effective cutting time and material removal volume have been analyzed to develop the cutting force model. Besides, the number of active abrasive particles has been calculated for the first time during the modeling. The effect of overlapping and intersection of fracture zone in peripheral direction on material removal volume has also been considered via the parameters K ₁ and K ₂. In addition, the relationships between the cutting force and input variables are revealed through the theoretical model. Finally, pilot experiments of RUM on dental zirconia ceramics are conducted to verify the theoretical model. The experimental results are consistent well with the model predictions. Therefore, the theoretical model can be applied to evaluate the cutting force in RUM of dental ceramics.     

微细深孔超声轴向振动钻削装置的设计

基于高频振动切削原理 ,设计了一种振频 2 0± 1KHz、振幅 2 5 μm的新型超声轴向振动钻削装置 ,该装置由数字锁相环频率自动跟踪式晶体管型超声波发生器、轴向半波长圆柱型压电陶瓷换能器、半波谐振圆锥型变幅杆以及工具系统组成 ,可在软质材料上实现微细深孔的精密、超精密加工     

超声换能器过固有谐振区匹配理论

超声压电换能器是一个能量转换系统,在超声波振动加工中将超声波电源输出的电能转换为机械振动,由于超声压电换能器是一个容性负载,为保证超声电源输出的电能有效地转换为超声压电换能器的机械振动,需要在超声电源和超声压电换能器之间加一个适当大小的电感进行匹配,但超声压电换能器又是一个强非线性时变系统,在不同的工作频率下其阻抗特性以及机械振动特性差别显著,因此如何将超声压电换能器匹配在一个恰当的工作频率,是提高振动加工质量的关键.通过正确选取超声压电换能器的等效电路模型,并对由此推导出的阻抗圆进行深入分析、研究,可以得出:如将换能器工作频率匹配在大于其内部固有谐振频率的某一频段,可以使换能器振幅最大,振动波形质量也最好,是换能器的最佳工作频段,从而提出超声压电换能器"过固有谐振区"匹配理论.试验结果证明该理论正确.     

裂纹扩展过程中电磁谐振疲劳试验系统动态特性分析*

电磁谐振疲劳裂纹扩展试验系统是一种工作在谐振状态下测试金属材料断裂特性的试验装置,要求在裂纹扩展过程中精确跟踪系统的固有频率和控制试验载荷,为达到这一目的,需要对裂纹扩展过程中系统的动态特性进行精确的分析。据此,建立3自由度有阻尼电磁谐振疲劳试验振动系统的数学模型,采用ANSYS有限元法计算CT紧凑拉伸试件的刚度,研究不同材料试件刚度、系统固有频率,试验载荷幅频曲线、共振振幅在裂纹扩展过程中的变化规律,并进行相关试验,试验结果表明：系统固有频率计算值与试验测量值之间的最大偏差为1.9 Hz;系统动态特性仿真结果与试验结果能够较好地吻合。该研究结果为电磁谐振式疲劳试验载荷的高精度控制提供了理论依据。     

Study of the current signal and material removal during ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical discharge machining

Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is a cost-effective machining process used to shape non-conductive materials such as glass and ceramics. The process can overcome poor machinability of hard and brittle materials. Different types of physical phenomena can be added to the ECDM components to improve the machining efficiency. As the main target of this paper, ultrasonic vibration was integrated to the cathode of the ECDM process (UAECDM), which resulted in vibration concentration only to the machining zone. In order to design the experimental configuration, modal analysis was used. Machining speed was the main output of this investigation. Gas film and electric discharge were two main physical phenomena during ECDM. The thickness of gas film, location, and pattern of discharges were determined, experimentally. Also, current signal was a useful tool that could record significant details of involved mechanisms and phenomena during machining. Images of gas film showed that the application of ultrasonic vibration decreased the thickness of gas film by 65%. In addition, the vibration amplitude of 10 μm created the most uniform current signal, which had a considerable effect on the material removal rate (MRR). Results showed that all levels of vibration amplitude increased the machining speed during discharge and hydrodynamic regimes of the machining process.     

Design of ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting system for tungsten heavy alloy

Nanoscale surface roughness of tungsten heavy alloy components is required in the nuclear industry and precision instruments. In this study, a high-performance ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting (UEVC) system is developed to solve the precision machining problem of tungsten heavy alloy. A new design method of stepped bending vibration horn based on Timoshenko’s theory is first proposed, and its design process is greatly simplified. The arrangement and working principle of piezoelectric transducers on the ultrasonic vibrator using the fifth resonant mode of bending are analyzed to realize the dual-bending vibration modes. A cutting tool is installed at the end of the ultrasonic vibration unit to output the ultrasonic elliptical vibration locus, which is verified by finite element method. The vibration unit can display different three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) UEVC characteristics by adjusting the corresponding position of the unit and workpiece. A dual-channel ultrasonic power supply is developed to excite the ultrasonic vibration unit, which makes the UEVC system present the resonant frequency of 41 kHz and the maximum amplitude of 14.2 μm. Different microtopography and surface roughness are obtained by the cutting experiments of tungsten heavy alloy hemispherical workpiece with the UEVC system, which validates the proposed design’s technical capability and provides optimization basis for further improving the machining quality of the curved surface components of tungsten heavy alloy.     

非均匀介质超声铣削系统振动特性研究

采用纵扭复合超声振动铣削进行加工时,由于加工中心等空间受限场合对超声振动系统的尺寸限制,利用四分之一波长理论设计集换能器和复合变幅杆为一体的非均匀介质超声振动变幅系统,在变幅杆部分设计螺旋槽结构实现纵扭共振,并研究纵扭模态转换理论。对非均匀介质变幅系统进行有限元分析,仿真结果表明纵振系统固有频率理论值与仿真值接近,偏差仅为0.245%;对螺旋槽结构进行仿真发现槽深对其对超声变幅系统固有频率、扭纵幅值比例影响较大,螺旋角的影响次之,槽宽影响最小,振动系统测试实验表明固有频率和扭纵幅值比的仿真结果与实验结果变化趋势一致。分别对TC4钛合金和C/C碳纤维进行纵扭超声振动铣削和传统铣削实验对比,结果显示相对于传统铣削,在纵扭超声振动铣削加工中两组材料表面粗糙度值Ra分别下降78%和47%。纵扭复合非均匀介质超声振动铣削系统结构简单紧凑、振动幅值和方向可控性较好,采用纵扭超声振动铣削能有效提高工件表面加工质量。     

旋转超声电解复合加工小孔的仿真加工

为研究旋转超声电解复合加工小孔的成型过程,进行了旋转超声电解复合加工小孔试验,得到了不同加工时间孔的截面,并根据试验参数,进行了基于ANSYS的二维仿真加工和三维仿真加工。对小孔的入口直径、底面直径和加工深度进行了对比分析,结果表明由于三维仿真加工中采用了管电极,并考虑了电解加工中阴极超声高频振动对电解液电导率的影响,故其仿真结果更加接近试验值,间接证明了旋转超声电解复合加工小孔三维仿真加工的可靠性,展示了不同时刻的三维加工型腔,为旋转超声电解复合加工的成型过程和成型规律的研究提供了参考。