PSO-ANFIS modeling of viscosity for mixtures of Athabasca bitumen and a high-boiling n-alkane

The bitumen and heavy oil reservoirs are more in number than light crude oil reservoirs in the world. To increase the empty space between molecules and decrease viscosity, the bitumen was diluted with a liquid solvent such as tetradecane. Due to the sensitivity of enhanced oil recovery process, the accurate approximation for the viscosity of mentioned mixture is important. The purpose of this study was to develop an effective relation between the viscosity of Athabasca bitumen and heavy n-alkane mixtures based on pressure, temperature, and the weight percentage of n-tetradecane using the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system method. For this model, the value of MRE and R² was obtained as 0.34% and 1.00, respectively; so this model can be applied as an accurate approximation for any mixture of heavy oil with a liquid solvent.     

Modeling of the density of mixtures of Athabasca bitumen and a high boiling n-alkane

Recent studies revealed the more availability of heavy oil resources, such as bitumen than other types. So, the injection of solvents such as tetradecane with the aim of diluting bitumen is applied as an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method for such reservoirs. This study has investigated the prediction of density for Athabasca bitumen–tetradecane mixture, under different temperature, pressure, and solvent's weight percent conditions, using a radial basis function neural network (RBF-NN) technique. Results were then compared with experimental values and values reported based on the previous correlation. MSE and R² values were 0.10496 and 1.00, respectively. Thus, this proposed model has been introduced as a very appropriate model for density prediction of bitumen–tetradecane mixture.     

Modeling of viscosity for mixtures of Athabasca bitumen and heavy n-alkane with LSSVM algorithm

The resources of heavy oil and bitumen are more than those of conventional light crude oil in the world. Diluting the bitumen with liquid solvent can decrease viscosity and increase the empty space between molecules. Tetradecane is a candidate as liquid solvent to dilute the bitumen. Owning to the sensitivity of enhanced oil recovery process, the accurate approximation for the viscosity of aforementioned mixture is important to decrease uncertainty. The aim of this study was to develop an effective relation between the viscosity of Athabasca bitumen and heavy n-alkane mixtures based on temperature, pressure, and weight percentage of n-tetradecane using the least square support vector machine. This computational model was compared with the previous developed correlation and its accuracy was confirmed. The value of R² and MSE obtained 1.00 and 1.02 for this model, respectively. This developed predictive tool can be applied as an accurate estimation for any mixture of heavy oil with liquid solvent.     

Application of fuzzy c-means algorithm as a novel method to predict density of mixtures of Athabasca bitumen and heavy n-alkane

The significant number of oil reservoir are bitumen and heavy oil. One of the approaches to enhance oil recovery of these types of reservoir is dilution of reservoir oil by injection of a solvent such as tetradecane into the reservoirs to modify viscosity and density of reservoir fluids. In this investigation, an effective and robust estimating algorithm based on fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm was developed to predict density of mixtures of Athabasca bitumen and heavy n-alkane as function of temperature, pressure and weight percent of the solvent. The model outputs were compared to experimental data from literature in different conditions. The coefficients of determination for training and testing datasets are 0.9989 and 0.9988. The comparisons showed that the proposed model can be an applicable tool for predicting density of mixtures of bitumen and heavy n-alkane.     

Application of LSSVM algorithm as a novel tool for prediction of density of bitumen and heavy n-alkane mixture

The most of oil reservoirs in the world are heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs. Due to high viscosity and density of these types of reservoirs the production has problems so importance of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes for them is clear. The injection of solvents such as tetradecane is known as one of methods which improve oil recovery from bitumen reservoirs. In the present investigation, the Least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) algorithm was used to estimate density of Athabasca bitumen and heavy n-alkane mixture in term of temperature, pressure and weight percent of the solvent. The Root mean square error (RMSE), average absolute relative deviation (AARD) and the coefficient of determination (R²) for total dataset are determined 0.033466, 0.0025686 and 1 respectively. The predicted results indicate that the LSSVM algorithm has potential to be a predicting machine for the bitumen-heavy alkane mixture density prediction.     

The effect of different solvents on the density of undersaturated athabasca bitumen: Application in VAPEX and ES-SAGD

Predicting the density of bitumen after solvent injection is highly required in solvent-based recovery techniques like expanding solvent-steam assisted gravity drainage (ES-SAGD) and vapor extraction (VAPEX) in order to estimate the cumulative oil recovery by these processes. Using experimental procedures for this purpose is so expensive and time-consuming; therefore, it is crucial to propose a rapid and accurate model for predicting the effect of various solvents on the dilution of bitumen. In this study, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system is introduced to estimate the effect of methane, ethane, propane, butane, carbon dioxide, and n-hexane on the density of undersaturated Athabasca bitumen in wide ranges of operating conditions. The obtained results were in an excellent agreement with experimental data with coefficients of determination (R²) of 0.99997 and 0.99948 for training and testing datasets, respectively. Statistical analyses illustrate the superiority of the proposed model in predicting the bitumen density at different conditions.     

油砂中沥青的热碱水萃取分离及其影响因素

油砂作为非常规石油资源,在能源需求不断增加和石油价格持续走高的情形下将成为重要的接替能源之一.研制了一套热碱水萃取分离装置,对中国2个地区的油砂开展了沥青的热碱水分离实验,探讨了分离过程中温度和碱的加入量、通气条件及加工助剂等因素对沥青有效分离的影响.内蒙古扎赉特旗油砂的分离实验结果表明,随着萃取热碱水温度的升高,浮选...     

Sulfur removal from crude oil using supercritical water

Desulfurization of crude oil using supercritical water (SCW) is one of the promising nonconventional processes for upgrading oil. SCW is an excellent solvent for high molecular weight organic compounds in crude oils. Low sulfur content of crude oil is particularly preferred. Water is one of the most commonly used supercritical fluids suitable as a substitute for organic solvents in a range of industrial processes. Supercritical fluid treatment depends on various parameters such as pressure, temperature, extraction time, solvent type, and chemical composition of the extracted material. SCW desulfurization has potential as a technique for removing sulfur from feedstocks such as heavy oil and bitumen. SCW upgrading of crude oils reduces sulfur content and decreases average molecular weight. Catalytic desulfurization of residual oil has been carried out through partial oxidation in supercritical water and thus 60% of the sulfur was removed.     

Extractive deasphalting as a method of obtaining asphalt binders and low-viscosity deasphalted hydrocarbon feedstock from natural bitumen

The peculiarities of the composition of natural bitumen from Russian Federation deposits give rise to further processing and transportation problems due to necessity of construction of processing units close to their production areas. In order to solve this problem, a method of pretreatment of natural bitumen was proposed, as a result, potential asphalt binders and low-viscosity deasphalted oil suitable for transportation to refineries are produced. Based on experimental data, the optimal conditions for the process were selected. It was recommended to carry out the first stage of crude preparation, namely thermomechanical dehydration of bitumen, with an end-point for distillation of 150 °C. This solved the problem of stable water-hydrocarbon emulsions and further dewatering of bitumen, and excluded the possibility of destruction reactions resulting in more unstable hydrocarbon compounds. At the next stage, it was proposed to carry out the process of deasphalting of bitumen with acetone at a solvent:crude ratio of 3:1. Therefore, production of deasphalted oil, with viscosity close to that of natural crude oil, and asphalt, as a feedstock for the production of universal road bitumen, intended for both summer and winter operating conditions, was shown.     

微量元素组成在固体沥青-源岩对比中的应用

我国南方碳酸盐岩地区分布着许多被破坏了的古油藏,原来可溶沥青或原油经过成千上亿年的风化作用,已变成脉状或斑点状的不可溶固体沥青。由于固体沥青的不可溶性,许多常规有效的方法难以进行油源对比和进一步深入研究。作者发现原油与烃源岩之间的关系,类似于矿床形成过程中的矿藏与矿源(或矿液)之间的关系,矿源对比时常用微量元素来进行。那么原油或沥青从烃源岩中运移出来时,会不会将烃源岩有机质中的微量元素带来呢?为此,作者尝试测量固体沥青和可能烃源岩的微量元素并结合碳同位素等分析,找到了固体沥青真正的源岩,成功地进行了研究区的古油藏成因研究。      

沥青沉积与地层伤害

沥青从油藏原油中絮凝会造成地层和生产设备的堵塞,严重影响油田的正常生产。因此,十分有必要研究沥青沉积机理和由沥青沉积造成地层伤害的原因,为防止沥青沉积提供科学的依据。鉴于以往人们对沥青沉积机理的不同认识,提出了油田生产中沥青沉积机理和影响沥青沉积的各种因素。详尽地分析了沥青沉积在地层和近井地带产生地层伤害的原因,综述了有关模拟沥青的热力学模型,着重介绍了胶束模型和用状态方程模拟沥青沉积模型,并分析了它们在实际运用时的优缺点。     

CATALYTIC TREATMENT OF HAMMAM AL-ALIL BITUMEN USING NICKEL HEXANOATE

Abstract

Ham mam Al-Alil bitumen (HAB) is found in the Hammam Al-Alil area. The bitumen obtained from this area was found to be mixed with sand, sulfur and sedimentation. Purification of the sample from foreign materials was fulfilled. Asphaltenes were removed by treatment with heptane and the petrolenes obtained were eatalytically cracked using nickel hexanoate and ethanol. The study revealed the heavy nature of such bitumen and supported the idea of the geological and chemical information that deals with Mishraq sulfur deposit and the Qaiyarah crude oil; i.e., Hammam Al-Alil bitumen is Qaiyarah crude oil, which was reduced by Mishraq sulfur. The study of the carbon distributions was carried out using pmr spectroscopy and employing various equations with modification used by previous workers.     

CATALYTIC TREATMENT OF HAMMAM AL-ALIL BITUMEN USING NICKEL HEXANOATE

Ham mam Al-Alil bitumen (HAB) is found in the Hammam Al-Alil area. The bitumen obtained from this area was found to be mixed with sand, sulfur and sedimentation. Purification of the sample from foreign materials was fulfilled. Asphaltenes were removed by treatment with heptane and the petrolenes obtained were eatalytically cracked using nickel hexanoate and ethanol. The study revealed the heavy nature of such bitumen and supported the idea of the geological and chemical information that deals with Mishraq sulfur deposit and the Qaiyarah crude oil; i.e., Hammam Al-Alil bitumen is Qaiyarah crude oil, which was reduced by Mishraq sulfur. The study of the carbon distributions was carried out using pmr spectroscopy and employing various equations with modification used by previous workers.     

塔里木盆地顺北1号断裂带SHB1-X-3井储层沥青地球化学特征及其与油气演化的关系

塔里木盆地塔中北坡顺北1号断裂带SHB1-X-3井在奥陶系一间房组7 265～7 275 m泥晶灰岩钻遇三段缝洞充填沥青,累计厚度约3.25 m。为厘清该区的油气演化特征,对该储层固体沥青及其抽提物开展了有机岩石学以及有机地球化学方面的研究。显微镜下观察到泥晶灰岩的基质矿物以及泥质条带呈现出明显的荧光特征,并且在切割泥晶灰岩的方解石脉和石英脉中发育气液烃包裹体,上述产状关系说明至少存在早晚两期油气充注,其中沥青和气液烃包裹体分别为早、晚两期油气充注的产物。对含沥青灰岩的抽提物和顺北1号断裂带上原油进行有机地球化学对比分析认为,沥青和原油的生源条件相似,均来自还原环境下、以藻类等低等生物为主要成烃母质的海相泥质烃源岩,与寒武系玉尔吐斯组烃源岩有较强亲缘关系。原油裂解气在现今油气藏中占比低,推测早期充注的原油规模小,裂解生成气对现今油藏贡献不大。      

地化录井油层水淹状况评价方法

油藏水驱开发过程中，随着水淹程度的不断增加，储层中的原油性质产生了相应的变化，通过对开发调整井的岩心或岩屑进行地球化学录井，可以获得单位岩石含油量ST，氯仿沥青“A”等多项参数，这些参数的变化可以判别油层的开采状况，评价油层水淹程度。矿场应用结果表明，解释符合率在75％左右。     

塔东地区下古生界固体沥青特征与油气成藏

塔里木盆地东部地区下古生界固体沥青比较发育,由于固体沥青是原油裂解的产物,分析其特征和形成期次有助于了解该区油气的生成、运移历史。为此,研究了该区下古生界各地层中固体沥青的富集形式、产状、类型、含量及分布特征,将下古生界富含的固体沥青划分为源内沥青和储层沥青2种类型,并根据产状细分出7种类别。该区固体沥青含量整体上并不太高,源内沥青主要分布于碳质泥岩中,而储层沥青主要分布于碳酸盐岩中;层位上,下古生界主要以源内沥青为主,储层沥青仅见于该区东、西部上寒武统白云岩和中下奥陶统石灰岩中,沥青含量整体上以寒武系为最高。固体沥青形成期次研究结果表明,该区不同构造单元发育不同期次的固体沥青：①只受沉积埋藏作用而形成的单峰型沥青,主要分布在库尔勒鼻隆和罗布泊鼻隆西部地区;②受沉积埋藏及1期构造热事件影响而形成的双峰型沥青,主要分布在英吉苏凹陷及其东南部地区;③受沉积埋藏及2期构造热事件影响而形成的三峰型甚至多峰型沥青,主要分布在古城鼻隆和塔东低凸起。结论认为：塔东隆起区和斜坡区下古生界不但可能发育古油藏,而且原油发生多期裂解,晚期油气可能再次聚集成藏。     

上海F1国际赛道专用重交沥青的开发

介绍了上海一级方程式(F1)赛道承重层和粘结层专用重交通道路沥青性能和技术要求,重点阐述了F1赛道专用重交通道路沥青生产原料油的优选、生产工艺条件的优化、质量指标的控制。结果表明:利用进口专用原油加工的优质沥青,达到F1赛道专用重交通道路沥青设计技术要求,经实际工程应用表明:该专用重交通道路沥青综合性能优良,质量稳定, 满足F1赛道施工。     

结构性原油及其渗流流变特性

原油组分决定原油的结构力学性质,使其具有不同的渗流流变特性。实验表明原油胶质、沥青质、石蜡的含量及是否含气等内因决定着原油自身的流变特性;而温度、多孔介质的渗透性以及非流动相是否存在等外因,则将影响原油的渗流特性,具有结构性的原油在低速渗流时将呈现出不同的非线性渗流特征。     

塔里木盆地S74井稠油热模拟实验研究(二)——沥青生烃潜力探讨

根据塔里木盆地S74井稠油热模拟实验中油气产率、模拟产物地球化学特征探讨了降解-氧化沥青的产烃率模式。研究表明,降解-氧化沥青生烃作用主要发生于生油窗内,高成熟演化阶段也有一定的生烃潜力,过成熟演化阶段生烃潜力有限;在产物组成上,350℃(R_o=1.24%)之前以生油为主,产油率约245 kg/t,而之后则以生气为主。据降解-氧化沥青产烃率模式,对塔里木盆地沙雅隆起、卡塔克隆起志留系沥青砂岩生烃量的粗略估算表明,其生烃量巨大,可能是塔里木盆地海西晚期及以后的重要油源。      

注有机极性气体开采稠油技术

针对储层薄、埋藏深的稠油油藏开发难度大及开采成本高的问题,在注溶剂萃取稠油技术（VAPEX）的基础上,提出向稠油油藏注入一种低饱和蒸汽压的有机极性气体PE提高采收率的采油技术。利用相态观察及黏度测定两种方法研究了该气体与稠油在气态和液态两种情况下的降黏效果。另外,还对比了该气体与VAPEX中常用烃类气体LPG对稠油降黏及萃取效果。实验结果表明:该气体在原油中具有很好的溶解性,能大幅度降低原油黏度;和LPG与稠油作用不同,该有机气体在液态状态下能大量分散稠油中的沥青,形成一种低密度低黏度混合相。现场应用表明注入该气体的措施井增产效果明显,因此,该注气技术可适用于一些埋藏深、油层薄、渗透性差和黏度高的稠油油藏。