Structure and tensile／wear properties of microarc oxidation ceramic coatings on aluminium alloy

Thick and hard ceramic coatings were prepared on the Al-Cu-Mg alloy by microarc oxidation in alkali-silicate electrolytic solution. The thickness and microhardness of the oxide coatings were measured. The influence of current density on the growth rate of the coating was examined. The rnicrostructure and phase composition of the coatings were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the tensile strength of the AI alloy before and after microarc oxidation treatment were tested, and the fractography and morphology of the oxide coatings were observed using scanning electron microscope. It is found that the current density considerably influences the growth rate of the microarc oxidation coatings. The oxide coating is mainly composed of α-Al2 O3 and γ-Al2O3, while high content of Si is observed in the superficial layer of the coating. The cross-section microhardness of 120μm thick coating reaches the maximum at distance of 35μm from the substrate/coating interface. The tensile strength and elongation of the coated AI alloy significantly decrease with increasing coating thickness. The rnicroarc oxidation coatings greatly improve the wear resistance of AI alloy, but have high friction coefficient which changes in the range of 0.7-0.8. Under grease lubricating, friction coefficient is only 0. 15 and wear loss is less than 1/10 of the loss under dry friction.     

Effect of magnesium in aluminum alloys on characteristics of microarc oxidation coatings

Microarc oxidation（MAO） coatings were prepared on the surface of aluminum alloys with different contents of magnesium. The morphologies and surface roughness of the coatings were characterized by Confocal laser scanning microscopy（CLSM）. Phase and chemical composition of the MAO coatings were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry（XRD） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）. The experimental results show that the coatings formed on different substrates have two-layer morphologies and are mainly composed of Al203 and Al-Si-O phases. In addition, the content of Al203 increases with increasing the content of magnesium. XPS results prove that magnesium from substrate indeed participates in the MAO process and is incorporated into the coating in the form of MgO. The coating formed on Al-3Mg substrate has the smallest mass loss and the lowest friction coefficient of 0.17--0.19.     

锆合金表面微弧氧化陶瓷膜制备及特性分析

采用交流微弧氧化方法在一种锆合金表面制备出保护性陶瓷膜。采用SEM、EDS、XRD分析了陶瓷膜的表面形貌、截面组织、成分和相组成,并测量了微弧氧化前后锆合金的极化曲线,以评估陶瓷膜的电化学腐蚀特性。结果表明,膜层较为致密,并与锆合金结合良好。陶瓷膜由m-ZrO2、t-ZrO2、S iO2相所组成,其中S iO2相主要分布在外层膜里。微弧氧化处理后,锆合金的腐蚀电位上升,腐蚀电流密度下降,它的抗腐蚀能力得到较大提高。     

Corrosion characterization of microarc oxidation coatings formed on Mg–7Li alloy

Ceramic coatings with thickness of 27 µm were fabricated on Mg–7Li alloy in Na₂SiO₃–C₆H₁₈O₂₄P₆ solution by microarc oxidation (MAO). The morphology and phase composition of MAO coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The corrosion behavior of the bare and MAO coated Mg–7Li alloy was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results showed that the MAO coatings were composed of MgO, Li₂O, and Mg₂SiO₄, and there existed some micropores on the coating surface with a diameter of 3–20 µm. The corrosion potential (E_corr) and corrosion current density (I_corr) of the MAO coated alloy were about ?1.4761 V and 7.204 × 10^?7 A/cm², respectively. The E_corr of the MAO coated alloy increased by 109.6 mV and its I_corr decreased by three orders compared with that of the bare Mg–7Li alloy. The EIS plots indicated that the impedance of the MAO coated alloy was 15 times higher than that of the bare alloy. The fitting parameters showed that the resistance of the MAO coatings was far greater than that of the bare alloy. The dense intermediate layer and the transition layer of the MAO coatings acted as a barrier to hinder the proceeding of solution permeation, remarkably improving the corrosion resistance of the Mg–7Li alloy.     

纯铝微弧氧化陶瓷膜组织及耐腐蚀性能

利用微弧氧化技术,在碱性硅酸盐电解液中对纯铝进行表面改性处理,制备均匀致密的陶瓷膜。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察氧化陶瓷膜表面形貌及横截面组织结构,利用纳米压入硬度测试仪测量陶瓷膜的显微硬度和杨氏模量的分布,运用电化学方法测量陶瓷膜的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,铝合金微弧氧化陶瓷膜的表面硬度高达25.3GPa,纳米硬度和杨氏模量在陶瓷膜的横截面分布相似,从膜基结合处向膜层表面呈下降趋势。从极化曲线中的腐蚀电势和腐蚀电流来看,微弧氧化处理后,纯铝的抗腐蚀能力得到很大的提高。     

ZL系列铸铝合金的微弧氧化

对含硅量为 8 %～ 12 %的ZL系列铸铝合金的微弧氧化工艺条件、膜层结构以及成膜过程进行了研究。结果表明 :采用不对称交变电压和在以硅酸钠为主要成分的复合电解液体系中 ,铸铝合金表面可获得一层性能优异的微弧氧化膜层。电子能谱 (EDS)和X射线衍射 (XRD)分析结果表明微弧氧化膜主要由Al,Si和O元素组成 ,膜的相结构主要为 η Al2 O3 ,α Al2 O3 和SiO2 ,并含有γ Al2 O3 和Mg ,W ,Cu等元素的氧化物。扫描电镜 (SEM)分析表明微弧氧化膜由致密层 (内层 )和疏松层 (外层 )构成 ,疏松层表面存在许多气孔 ,而致密层完整光滑 ,具有较高的显微硬度和优异的耐磨耐蚀性能     

Preparation technology and anti-corrosion performances of black ceramic coatings formed by micro-arc oxidation on aluminum alloys

In order to prepare ornamental and anti-corrosive coating on aluminum alloys, preparation technology of black micro-arc ceramic coatings on Al alloys in silicate based electrolyte was studied.The influence of content of Na2WO4 and combination additive in solution on the performance of black ceramic coatings was studied; the anticorrosion performances of black ceramic coatings were evaluated through whole-immersion test and electrochemical method in 3.5% NaCl solution at different pH value; SEM and XRD were used to analyze the surface morphology and phase constitutes of the black ceramic coatings.Experimental results indicated that, without combination additives, with the increasing of Na2WO4 content in the electrolyte, ceramic coating became darker and thicker, but the color was not black; after adding combination additive, the coating turned to be black; the black ceramic coating was multi-hole form in surface.There was a small quantity of tungsten existing in the black ceramic coating beside α-Al2O3 phase and β-Al2O3 phase.And aluminum alloy with black ceramic coating exhibited excellent anti-corrosion property in acid, basic and neutral 3.5% NaCl solution.     

Micro-arc oxidation coatings on Mg-Li alloys

Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) method was used for the surface modification of an Mg-5wt.%Li alloy. Ceramic coatings were in-situ fabricated on the Mg-Li alloy. The morphology feature,phase composition,and corrosion-resistance of the formed ceramic coatings were studied by SEM,XRD,and electrochemical methods,respectively. The results showed that the coatings produced in a sodium silicate solution system were composed of MgO and Mg2SiO4. The ceramic coating became thicker and the content of Mg2SiO4 phase increase...     

Effects of sodium tungstate on characteristics of microarc oxidation coatings formed on magnesium alloy in silicate-KOH electrolyte

Oxide coatings on AM60B magnesium alloy were prepared using the microarc oxidation（MAO） technique in silicate-KOH electrolyte with addition of 0-6.0 g/L Na2WO4. The MAO processes in base electrolyte with different concentrations of Na2WO4 were studied. The microstructure, compositions and mechanical tribological characteristics of the oxide coatings were also investigated by SEM, XRD, XPS, microhardness analysis and ball-on-disc friction testing, respectively. It is found that the addition of Na2WO4 into the base electrolyte has direct effect on the characteristics of voltage-time curves and breakdown voltage in MAO process. The number of micropores at top of the coating surface is increased by the addition of Na2WO4. The fraction of forsterite Mg2SiO4 in the oxide coating increases with increasing concentration of Na2WO4 in base electrolytes. Furthermore, the microhardness and wear resistance of oxide coatings are enhanced as well.     

纳米添加剂对6063铝合金微弧氧化层组织与性能的影响

采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机等手段研究了纳米添加剂对6063铝合金微弧氧化陶瓷涂层的相组成、微观结构、显微硬度、耐磨损等性能的影响。结果表明:TiO2或Al2O3纳米粉末的添加都使得微弧氧化陶瓷涂层的表面更加致密,使得涂层的显微硬度有明显提高。另外,因为金红石型TiO2与α-Al2O3的性能有所不同,导致添加Al2O3纳米添加剂时涂层的耐磨性能明显提高,而添加TiO2纳米添加剂时涂层的耐磨性能反而有所降低。     

Preparation and structure of microarc oxidation ceramic coatings containing ZrO2 grown on LY12 Al alloy

Ceramic coatings containing ZrO2 were prepared in situ on LY12 aluminum alloy by microarc oxidation（MAO） in the mixed solution of zirconate and phosphate solution.The phase composition and morphology of the coatings were studied by XRD and SEM,respectively.The growing mechanism of ceramic coatings was discussed in a preliminary manner.The results show that with an increase in MAO time,the compactness of the coating improved and the thickness increased.From the inner layer to the coating surface,the content of Zr increased,while the content of Al decreased.In addition,the coating was composed of m-ZrO2,t-ZrO2,and a little amount of γ-Al2O3.With an increase in reaction time,the relative content of t-ZrO2 within the coating sharply decreased while the relative content of m-ZrO2 sharply increased,and then both generally kept at a constant level after 60 min.     

磷酸盐系溶液中钛合金微弧氧化涂层生长与组织结构

采用常流脉冲控制方式于(NaPO3)6-NaF-NaAlO2溶液中用微弧氧化法在Ti6Al4V表面制备了陶瓷化涂层, 研究了涂层的生长过程及组织结构变化.结果表明: 氧化过程中涂层的生长经历了由快到慢的过程, 在前10min涂层以较快速度生长(约3μm/min), 随着时间的延长涂层生长速度逐渐减慢; 生长过程中涂层表面微孔数目减少, 微孔孔径增大, 涂层表面气孔率增大; 涂层主要由二氧化钛的两种不同变体(锐钛矿及金红石)以及磷化物相AlPO4组成; 随着氧化的进行, 锐钛矿含量降低, 金红石含量增加, 氧化过程中发生了锐钛矿相到金红石相的相转变; 结晶AlPO4相是通过水合多聚磷酸铝在放电区附近发生高温热解反应而进入涂层.     

Na_2SiO_3浓度对6063铝合金微弧氧化层组织与性能的影响

采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机等手段研究了不同电解液浓度对6063铝合金微弧氧化陶瓷涂层的相组成、微观结构、显微硬度、耐磨性能等的影响。结果表明:电解液浓度对涂层的性能有着较大的影响。电流密度和处理时间一定的条件下,当Na2SiO3的浓度小于9 g/L时,随着电解液浓度的增大,成膜速率有所提高,涂层中α-Al2O3与γ-Al2O3相的衍射峰明显增强,涂层与基体的结合力增大,且涂层的硬度和耐磨性也有很大的提高;但是当Na2SiO3的浓度大于9g/L时,涂层的硬度等性能基本不再变化,甚至有所下降。     

钛金属表面微弧氧化处理制备抗菌性生物活性涂层

在电解液配方中,采用微弧氧化(MAO)工艺处理纯钛金属表面,构建含有钙、磷、锌、钛、氧元素的粗化、活化种植体表面。用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、表面粗糙度轮廓仪、万能电子试验机分别观察其形貌特点、晶相结构、表面粗糙度及测定其结合强度,并进行抗菌性试验测定其抑菌率。结果表明:经过微弧氧化工艺处理后的钛种植体表面主要有二氧化钛晶相,存在少量氧化锌和钙磷盐;纯钛金属表面生成了内层致密外层疏松多孔的氧化膜,微孔似火山丘状,直径约1～5μm;试样表面粗糙度明显增加,轮廓算术平均偏差值(Ra)为(1.627±0.054)μm,相对于纯钛金属(0.685±0.012)μm提高了两倍多。涂层与基体结合紧密达(40.34±0.014)MPa。氧化锌的存在,抑菌率接近90%,抗菌活性良好。采用微弧氧化技术,通过改变电解液的成分,可得到不同生物活性的涂层,以提高种植的成功率。     

Study on wear behavior of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on aluminum alloy

Thick and hard ceramic coatings were fabricated on A356 aluminum alloy by using plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO) technique.The microstructure and phase composition of the PEO coatings were examined by using SEM and XRD method.It is found that the PEO coatings are mainly composed of crystalline α-Al2O3 and mullite.The dry sliding wear test of PEO coatings were carried out on a ring-on-ring wear machine.Results shows that there is hardly no wear loss of polished PEO coatings while the wear rate of uncoated aluminum alloy is 4.3×10-5 mm3·(N·m)-1 at a speed of 0.52 m·s-1 and a load of 40 N.     

Characterization of microarc oxidation coatings on pure titanium

The morphology, composition, and phase structure of the oxide coatings produced on the surface of pure titanium by alternating-current microarc discharge in aluminate solution were investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The profiles of the hardness H and the elastic modulus E in the coatings were determined using a nanoindenta-tion method. The concentration distributions of Ti, Al, and O in the coating show that this coating over 30 μm thick contains two layers: an outer layer and an inner layer. The oxide coating is mainly composed of TiO2 rutile and Al2TiO5 compounds. During oxidation, the temperature in the microarc discharge channel was very high to make the local coating molten. From the surface to the interior of the coating, H and E increase gradually, and then reach maximum values of 9.78 GPa and 176 GPa respectively at a distance of 7μrn from the coating/titanium interface. They are also rather high near the interface.     

Amorphous coatings deposited on aluminum alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation

Amorphous [Al-Si-O] coatings were deposited on aluminum alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). The process parameters, composition, micrograph, and mechanical property of PEO amorphous coatings were investigated. It is found that the growth rate of PEO coatings reaches 4.44μm/min if the current density is 0.9 mA/mm^2. XRD results show that the PEO coatings are amorphous in the current density range of 0.3 - 0.9 mA/mm^2. EDS results show that the coatings are composed of O, Si and A1 elements. SEM results show that the coatings are porous. Nano indentation results show that the hardness of the coatings is about 3 - 4 times of that of the substrate, while the elastic modulus is about the same with the substrate. Furthermore, a formation mechanism of amorphous PEO coatings was proposed.     

Tribological properties of solid lubricating film/microarc oxidation coating on Al alloys

A process for preparation of solid lubricating films on micro-arc oxidation（MAO） coating was introduced to provide self-lubricating and wear-resistant multilayer coatings for aluminum alloys. The friction and wear behavior of various burnished and bonded solid lubricating films on the as-deposited and polished micro-arc oxidation coatings sliding against steel and ceramic counterparts was evaluated with a Timken tester and a reciprocating friction and wear tester, respectively. The burnished and bonded solid lubricating films on the polished micro-arc oxidation coatings are superior to the as-deposited ones in terms of the wear resistant behavior, because they lead to strengthened interfacial adhesion between the soft lubricating top-film and the hard polished MAO sub-coating, which helps increase the wear resistance of the solid lubricating film on multilayer coating. Thus the multilayer coatings are potential candidates as self-lubricating and wear-resistant coatings for Al alloy parts in engineering applications.     

溶质离子在镁合金微弧氧化膜形成过程中的作用

利用交流脉冲微弧氧化电源在NaF、NaCl和NaI三种电解液中对AZ31镁合金样品进行处理,采用SEM、XPD和XPS观察分析溶质离子对镁合金样品表面形貌、相组成及起弧前后微弧氧化膜层成分的变化。结果表明:微弧氧化现象只发生于NaF电解液中,起弧前样品表面的沉积膜为MgF2,起弧后膜层由MgF2和MgO两相组成;NaCl和NaI电解液中的两组样品既无微弧氧化现象发生,又未发现任何沉积膜层;微弧氧化初期阳极放电产生的金属阳离子与溶液中的阴离子形成沉积于样品表面的高阻抗膜层是微弧氧化过程进行的必要条件。     

Characterization of oxide films formed on magnesium alloys using bipolar pulse microarc oxidation in phosphate solutions

The surface morphology and chemical composition of the oxide films formed on pure magnesium and AZ91D alloy in aqueous electrolytes which contained sodium hexafluorinealuminate(Na3 AlF6 ), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hexametahposphate ((NaPO3)6 ), and triethanolamine were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDX). The results show that the input of the negative pulse has great influences on the quantity and the appearance of the microdischarges. Three types of pores can be distinguished on the surface of the oxide film and their size ranges are 0.5- 1μm, 1 - 2μm and 4- 7μm, respectively. A few microcracks are seen around the large pores. There exists a remarkable fluorideenriched zone of about 4 - 6μm for pure magnesium and 3 - 5μm for AZ91D alloy at the coating/substrate interface.