时效路径对Al-0.7Mg-0.5Si-0.2Cu-0.5Zn合金沉淀析出行为的影响

利用DSC、TEM、拉伸实验以及硬度测试等方法系统研究了时效路径对高Mg/Si比Al-Mg-Si-Cu-Zn合金沉淀析出行为的影响。结果表明,固溶淬火态和预时效态合金在非等温时效过程中β″相的析出激活能分别为80.1和64.5 kJ/mol;在等温时效过程中表现出不同的时效硬化和组织演化行为,其中固溶淬火态合金时效硬化速率较快,但最终2种路径处理的合金峰值硬度和强度基本相同;但经预时效处理的合金,峰时效态延伸率和应变硬化速率以及过时效阶段硬度降低速率均较高。与此同时,预时效态合金还可析出大量复合溶质原子团簇,虽然在高温等温时效时会进一步长大,但使得欠时效、峰时效和过时效态合金的沉淀相尺寸呈多尺度特征,而固溶淬火后直接等温时效的不同状态合金却无此特征。时效路径并未改变合金沉淀析出序列,但对沉淀相形核、长大速率影响显著,据此提出了时效路径对沉淀相形核和长大过程影响的模型示意图。     

6016铝合金汽车板材预时效处理工艺研究

研究了预时效处理工艺对汽车用6016铝合金板烘烤硬化性能的影响,试验结果表明,经过预时效处理可明显改善人工时效过程中合金软化现象。160℃、7 min预时效处理后板材硬度值高于T4态且呈现增长趋势,有效的抵消了自然时效过程中的合金软化现象。DSC结果表明,预时效处理可加快Mg2Si相析出速度,提高人工时效效果。拉伸结果表明,预时效后烤漆试样屈服强度达到321 MPa,相比自然时效烤漆试样硬度提高了60 MPa,降低自然时效对板材烤漆硬化性能的影响。对6016铝板材采用固溶处理+预时效+烤漆硬化工艺流程,有利于获得良好的板材冲压成形性能以及烘烤硬化处理效果。     

半固态挤压铸造A356合金在热处理过程中的组织和性能演化（英文）

半固态挤压铸造的A356合金首先在540℃下进行固溶处理,随着固溶温度升高,Mg和Si原子逐渐溶解于基体中,并产生了固溶强化作用。抗拉强度、延伸率和硬度在固溶6 h达到峰值,之后合金力学性能随固溶时间延长而下降。在固溶处理之后合金在180℃下进行了不同时间的时效处理。随着时效时间延长,Mg2Si相逐渐在基体中析出,析出相显著球化细化,尺寸约为2μm。经过对合金组织和力学性能的分析,半固态挤压铸造A356合金的最佳热处理制度为:540℃固溶6h,180℃时效4h。经过固溶和时效处理后的合金抗拉强度达到336 MPa,延伸率达到6.9%,硬度达到1240 MPa,相较于热处理前的性能提升了106.7%。     

自然时效及预时效6000系合金人工时效析出行为

通过硬度、差示扫描量热法(DSC)及透射电镜分析,研究了自然时效及预时效的几种6000系合金人工时效析出行为.结果表明:在170℃人工时效初期,T4态(固溶淬火后室温放置两周)合金中GP区的溶解过程推迟了β"相的析出,所形成的析出物主要是β"核心,导致时效硬化性下降;而T4P态(固溶淬火后立即170℃人工时效不同时间,然后室温放置两周)合金在这一阶段β"核心连续长大成为β"相,其显微组织以β"析出物为主,导致时效硬化性增强.增加预时效时间,人工时效硬化效果更好.对Si过剩合金,增大Mg/Si质量比,有利于β"核心的析出,提高人工时效硬化性.     

Mg含量对不同热处理的6000系合金成形性及烤漆硬化性的影响

通过硬度、力学性能及成形性试验,研究了Mg含量对不同热处理的6000系铝合金成形性及烤漆硬化性能的影响.结果表明:T4态合金无论是否模拟酸碱洗加热,进行170℃人工时效后,其时效初期的硬度均呈下降趋势,而元素Mg含量的变化影响不大.固溶淬火态和T4P(5min)态合金在模拟烤漆过程中均未出现软化现象.合金的热处理方式对烤漆硬化性的提高比元素Mg的作用更有效.Mg元素的作用主要改变合金的固溶淬火、T4和T4P态的硬度.随Mg含量增加,固溶淬火态硬度单调升高,而T4和T4P态硬度在Mg含量达到1.7%时降低.Mg对T4和T4P(5min)态合金的力学性能和成形性的影响规律是:增加Mg含量,有利于提高合金的强度,但不利于合金的冲压成形.     

铸造Al8Si0.4Mg合金时效行为研究

利用硬度测定、差热扫描量热分析 (DSC)、电子探针微区成分分析和透射电子显微分析 (TEM)技术研究了铸造Al8Si0 .4Mg合金的铸态时效及固溶淬火时效 (T6)行为。硬度测定结果表明 :Al8Si0 .4Mg合金具有明显的铸态时效硬化效果 ,其铸态时效峰值硬度仅比T6状态硬度值低 6HV。冷却速度对合金时效没有明显的影响。DSC和TEM分析结果表明 :两种时效状态下合金的时效硬化均是过渡相 β″和 β′相析出对基体的强化。对合金在两种时效状态下析出相的分布及硬度均匀化系数进行了分析讨论     

半固态挤压铸造A356合金在热处理过程中的组织和性能演化

半固态挤压铸造的A356合金首先在540℃下进行固溶处理,随着固溶温度升高,Mg和Si原子逐渐溶解于基体中,并产生了固溶强化作用。抗拉强度、延伸率和硬度在固溶6 h达到峰值,之后合金力学性能随固溶时间延长而下降。在固溶处理之后合金在180℃下进行了不同时间的时效处理。随着时效时间延长,Mg₂Si相逐渐在基体中析出,析出相显著球化细化,尺寸约为2μm。经过对合金组织和力学性能的分析,半固态挤压铸造A356合金的最佳热处理制度为:540℃固溶6h,180℃时效4h。经过固溶和时效处理后的合金抗拉强度达到336 MPa,延伸率达到6.9%,硬度达到1240 MPa,相较于热处理前的性能提升了106.7%。     

热处理对Mg-5Sn-1Si合金组织及硬度的影响北大核心CSCD

采用Ar气保护制备了Mg-5Sn-1Si(质量分数,%)合金,并研究了合金的铸态组织和在480℃固溶处理及180℃和280℃不同时效热处理对合金组织中析出相演变的影响及组织与硬度的关系。结果表明,合金铸态组织由α-Mg、共晶Mg2Si、共晶Mg2Sn三相组成;经480℃固溶处理后Mg2Sn相完全固溶,粗大的Mg2Si相得到少量球化;时效处理过程中Mg2Si相得到球化。在180℃时效时,Mg2Sn无沉淀析出,硬度较低,时效保温24 h仅为24.1 HV。在280℃时效时,细小的Mg2Sn相弥散析出并使合金的硬度明显升高,时效保温18 h达到峰值硬度47.6 HV,并随时间的延长出现过时效现象。280℃时效初期,组织中形成较宽的无析出带(PFZ),随着时效时间的延长无析出带PFZ消失。     

固溶处理对挤压铸造Al17.5Si4Cu0.5Mg0.1Mn合金显微组织及硬度的影响

研究了固溶处理温度和固溶处理时间对挤压铸造Al17.5Si4Cu0.5Mg0.1Mn合金显微组织及硬度的影响。结果表明:固溶处理后合金的显微组织得到明显改善,硬度大幅度提高。随着固溶温度的增加,共晶Si相逐渐粒化,合金的布氏硬度值逐渐增加,当固溶温度为525℃时,共晶Si相形貌相对圆整,合金具有最大布氏硬度值;随着固溶时间的延长,合金显微组织中的共晶Si相发生熔断、粒化、粗化现象,合金的布氏硬度呈现先上升后下降的趋势,当固溶时间为6 h时,合金的布氏硬度达到最大值HB 124。试验得到的挤压铸造Al17.5Si4Cu0.5Mg0.1Mn合金的最佳固溶处理工艺为525℃,保温时间为6 h。     

固溶-时效对6082合金挤压棒材组织性能的影响

采用力学性能、硬度、电导率测试和电子显微分析技术,研究了固溶-时效处理对6082铝合金挤压棒材组织与性能的影响.结果表明,6082挤压态合金组织除固溶体基体外,还包括微米级的含Cr和Mn的短棒状相、亚微米级的Mg2Si平衡相和α-(AlMnFeSi)夹杂相;固溶过程中亚微米级的Mg2Si平衡相溶解,微米级的含Cr和Mn的短棒状相和α-(AlMnFeSi)夹杂相仍然保留下来,时效过程中过饱和固溶体分解析出主要强化相β"相.合金棒材适宜的固溶一时效制度为545℃×50 min固溶水淬,170℃×8 h时效,在此条件下,合金棒材的抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为367 MPa、341 MPa和14.1%.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.