国内外汽车-油品-排放项目研究概述

为了减少汽车排放，满足日益严格的排放标准，20世纪后期以来，国内外对燃油组分、性能影响排放的规律进行了大量研究。对国内外相关研究项目进行了总结，提出在日益严格的排放法规的基础上，应根据国内炼油结构、燃油质量水平以及当代及未来汽车技术的发展，进行燃油质量对排放影响的研究。     

汽油烃组成与排放的研究

研究了汽油中烯烃、芳烃含量对尾气排放、蒸发排放以及燃油经济性的影响。研究表明,汽油组成对排放的影响与汽车技术紧密相关。在别克和桑塔纳2种车型上,降低汽油中烯烃含量对尾气排放的影响趋势不同,对别克车降低烯烃含量,排放升高;而对桑塔纳车降低烯烃含量,排放减少;汽油中芳烃含量对2种车型的排放以及燃油经济性的影响较大,且影响趋势相同。     

"绿色柴油"的开发应用

机动车燃烧汽油和柴油产生的废气是大气污染的一大根源。为了实现可持续发展,保护环境的呼声日益高涨。虽然从总的分析来看,汽车硬件对排放的影响要大于燃油组成的影响,但是油品的某些指标对排放的影响也不可轻视,如油品中的硫和芳烃含量,对SO2、NO2的排放是很重要的因素。因此应建立燃油质量与汽车制造技术之间的关联,以更好地减少排气污染,营造良好的生存环境。     

进一步推进上海车用燃油清洁化的可行性与必要性探讨

简要分析了汽车排放与燃油质量之间的关系，以及国内外车用燃油清洁化的进程与发展趋势，重点对高桥石化如何配合推进上海车用燃油的清洁化进行了探讨，并分析了进一步推进上海车用燃油清洁化的必要性。     

生物柴油对发动机燃烧及排放性能的影响

本文介绍了生物柴油在现有柴油机中燃用时对动力经济性以及排放特性的影响，指出随着生物柴油生产技术的日趋成熟，在作为汽车燃油方面的应用前景广阔。     

国内外清洁汽车燃料的发展历程与展望

汽车尾气排放污染已居城市污染源之首，提高燃油质量可有效控制汽车有害物排放。文章综述了国内外汽、柴油清洁化发展历程，并介绍了国内外汽车清洁代用燃料的情况。     

欧洲最新排放标准严苛 数千款燃油车型停产

正欧盟最严排放标准,将在九月一日开始实施。新的WLTP规程(全称为‘全球统一轻型车排放测试规程’),将取代现行的NEDC测试循环。这也意味着,一场推动着燃油车向新能源汽车转变的风暴即将来袭。新版WLTP测试规程对燃油车品牌最直接的影响,是由冗长的测试流程导致的车型停产。由于测试规程十分复杂,耗时约为旧版的三到四     

燃料及其添加剂对汽油直喷发动机沉积物的影响

汽油直接喷射(GDI)技术能够显著地提高汽油机的燃油经济性能和排放性能，是汽油发动机的一个重要发展方向，而喷嘴沉积物对GDI发动机的燃油经济性及排放有着举足轻重的影响。本文通过典型工况条件下不同组分燃油的对比试验，考察了汽油组分、汽油清净剂对GDI发动机喷嘴沉积物、HC排放、烟度方面的影响。结果表明，燃油中的芳烃组分对GDI发动机喷嘴沉积物的影响最大。     

连续液相柴油加氢装置的能耗优势分析

本文对连续液相柴油加氢装置的能耗优势进行了分析,以改善汽车用油品质,提升燃油质量,从而降低污染排放。     

Oxonica公司推出纳米燃油添加剂

由Oxonica公司开发的藉助纳米技术的燃油添加剂Envirox,已由Stagecoach集团公司在英国7000辆汽车上应用。Envirox基于广泛应用于催化转化器中的氧化催化剂,但Oxonica采用纳米技术使其重新工程化,使其成为燃油催化剂。Stagecoach公司试用结果表明,使用该添加剂燃油消耗节减5％,汽车排放减少5％。     

汽车代用燃料的应用和发展

评述了汽车代用燃料的现状和未来，压缩天然气和液化石油气将率先大量使用，其次是醇燃料，合成燃料和二甲醚将主要用于某些混合动力车，燃料电池因为能源效率高是最有吸引力的车用能源，将于2010-2015年开始在汽车上实际使用，我国石油工业在提升汽油和柴油质量的同时，应与汽车工业联手开发代用燃料，特别要注意发展燃料电池技术。     

Current and Promising Automotive Gasolines

The quality of current automotive gasolines processed in Russia and abroad and the quality of promising automotive fuel which should be manufactured at domestic oil refineries is analyzed.     

Ultrasound-Induced Decrease in the Viscosity of Frozen Diesel Fuel

The possibility of using ultrasound energy to reduce the viscosity of frozen diesel fuel in long 3D–curved channels of small diameter was demonstrated experimentally. The effectiveness of the proposed method is due to the thermal effect of ultrasound and intensification of mixing of the liquid fuel with solid wax particles on the phase boundary under the effect of elastic vibrations. The ultrasound effect does not alter the properties of diesel fuel regulated by GOST 305—82. For this reason, the proposed method can be used in automotive and tractor engineering.     

生产清洁油品,实现能源和环境的和谐

随着汽车发动机技术的改进和环境保护要求的提高,世界汽车燃料质量有了很大的改善.文章介绍了国内外清洁燃料的发展历程,主要表现在汽油的辛烷值逐步提高,汽油的组分逐步优化,汽油中硫、烯烃、芳烃等有害物质逐步降低;柴油中的十六烷值也逐步提高,柴油中硫、芳烃含量逐步降低.近十多年来,国内汽、柴油的质量标准也逐步向国际先进标准靠拢,汽、柴油质量升级换代也有了较大发展.针对中国石油目前在车用燃料生产中的特点和存在的主要问题,提出了生产清洁燃料的对策.     

用于燃料电池汽车重整器的CO脱除技术

烃类重整产生的氢气中含有的CO会使燃料电池的Pt电极中毒 ,必须将其控制在极低的浓度水平。本文介绍了CO脱除原理及在燃料电池汽车重整器中的应用和研究展望     

Treatment of Fuel through Ceramic Membranes

The possibility of using ceramic membranes in new systems of treating fuel at the sites of use or in the new fuel filters in engines was investigated. It was shown that these membranes increase the motor potential of the engines and fuel econom, and decrease harmful emissions by automotive transport. Key words: baromembrane processes, ceramic membranes, charged membranes, fuel economy, fuel treatment, fuel filters.     

我国车用柴油标准现状及发展趋势

描述了我国车用柴油标准的发展历程,简要分析了其现状,总结了我国车用柴油标准7项重要技术指标的发展趋势,并分析了其不断改进的原因。车用柴油标准一直向着油品清洁化的方向趋严发展,相比欧美日,中国车用柴油标准相对滞后,提高我国油品质量势在必行。所加工原油性质重质化、劣质化,装置生产能力低,催化剂竞争力不足是影响我国柴油质量升级的主要因素。基于此,展望了我国车用柴油新标准:制定符合国情的车用柴油标准、给予炼厂适当的财政补贴、严格落实对车用柴油的实施监管、研发并普及具有自主知识产权的清洁柴油生产核心技术。     

B-N-Ⅲ摩擦改进剂的研制及应用

叙述了一种用天然油脂、有机醇胺和硼酸作原料合成的具有热稳定性、储存稳定、油溶性好、无毒无臭，不腐蚀金属以及具有优良的减摩、抗磨性能和优良的经济耐久性的有机硼摩擦改进剂。该剂加到锭子油中可起到降低摩擦从而节电的作用；加到汽车发动机油中，可降低油品的摩擦系数，并节省燃油消耗；加到汽车自动传动液(ATF)中，符合GM规格对ATF摩擦特性的要求。     

Bench Test Modeling for Current and Future PCMO Fuel Economy Requirements

The automotive and lubricant industries have been placing increased emphasis on the fuel economy benefits of today＇s modern passenger car motor oils. The current ILSAC GF - 4 specification has more stringent requirements than previous ILSAC specifications, and the proposed future ILSAC GF - 5 specification is looking at further improvements in the lubricant＇s fuel economy performance. To address these needs, Afton Chemical has developed correlations between the rheological and frictional properties of oils and fuel economy measured in engine and field tests. In this paper we will present correlations between lubricants＇ physical properties and fuel economy measured in vehicles and engine tests. These tools have been used to develop current commercial oils which are being used extensively to meet today＇s OEM needs.     

AUSTRALIAN BROWN COAL/OIL MIXTURES AS A FUEL FOR DIESEL ENGINES; ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC VIABILITY

ABSTRACT

CSIRO Division of Energy Technology has used mixtures of finely ground, chemically beneficiated, Australian brown coal (up to 30% by weight, maximum particle size less than 13 microns) and automotive diesel oil (ADO) to fuel an essentially unmodified single cylinder diesel engine operating at 800, 1200 and 1500 r/min. Engine performance tests indicate that brown coal can be used as a fuel extender to reduce consumption of the conventional liquid diesel fuel (ADO). Partially burnt coal agglomerates were identified in the engine exhaust and there were indications of late burning at the higher engine speeds and coal concentrations. Engine brake thermal efficiency ratio is identified as an important parameter when evaluating the thermal performance and economic viability of new fuels for internal combustion engines. A simple economic model based on ‘payback period’ is developed and used to assess the viability of converting an existing diesel engine powered plant to operate on the coal/oil mixture fuels (COM). The simple economic analysis technique can also be applied to other fuel formulations and fuel extenders. Conversion of large, slow speed stationary diesel engines to operate on brown COM fuels is shown to be uneconomical, given a projected brown coal cost of 215 $A/t (including processing).