肾上腺皮质腺瘤与嗜铬细胞瘤的电镜鉴别诊断

通过对3例肾上腺皮质腺瘤和3例嗜铬细胞瘤的光镜和电镜观察,分析了这两种肿瘤的超微结构特点及电镜在其鉴别诊断中的作用.提出了肾上腺皮质腺瘤与嗜铬细胞瘤的超微结构鉴别要点：①肾上腺皮质腺瘤瘤细胞胞质内的线粒体管泡状嵴,胞质中见大量拥挤的管状和泡状滑面内质网;②嗜铬细胞瘤含肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素两种不同类型的神经内分泌颗粒,粗面内质网发达.同时讨论了线粒体管泡状嵴发生的机理.     

电镜在中枢神经系统小圆细胞肿瘤诊断中的作用

本文报道９８例中枢神经系统小圆细胞肿瘤电镜诊断资料。常规透射电镜确诊７９例（８０．６％）,加免疫组化后确诊１５例（１５．３％）,但仍有４例（４．１％）不能确诊。确诊后的肿瘤类型包括胶母细胞瘤、少突胶质细胞瘤、室管膜瘤、髓母细胞瘤、神经母细胞瘤、松果体细胞瘤、原始神经外胚层瘤、恶性淋巴瘤、转移性未分化鳞癌和未分化腺癌、以及黑色素瘤。对上述肿瘤的主要超微结构特征进行了描述,并结合文献阐明了电镜检查对中枢神经系统小圆细胞肿瘤诊断和鉴别诊断有七个方面的作用。     

肾球旁细胞瘤的超微结构观察与分析

我们应有透射电镜技术，对一例肾球旁细胞瘤进行了超微结构的观察与分析，结果看到瘤细胞的核及胞质内的一些细胞器均发生了不同程度的改变，更明显的是胞质中有大量特征性的结构出现，即菱形，扁菱形或不规则形状高电子密度的分泌颗粒，据此进一步揭示了由于瘤细胞过多地分泌肾素，而引起肾球旁细胞瘤患者临床上表现为醛固酮增多，低血钾，高肾素血症和高血压症群的原因，可以认为瘤细胞蛤物有的菱莆分泌颗粒是肾球旁细胞瘤电镜诊断     

68例脑胶质瘤透射电镜和扫描电镜观察及其鉴别诊断意义

收集人脑原发性胶质瘤标本68例，其中星形细胞瘤9例，间变性星形细胞瘤22例，胶质母细胞18例，少突胶质细胞瘤3例，间变性光突胶质细胞瘤4例，少突－星形胶质细胞肿瘤12例。另有上皮型和纤维母细胞型脑膜瘤6例。采用透射电镜和扫描电镜观察瘤细胞和间质的超微结构特点。结果显示，各型星形细胞肿瘤瘤细胞共同特点是胞浆及胞突内含有多少不等的胶质细丝；胞膜皱折不平，有多少不一的胞突，这些胞突相互交织在一起。Rosenthal纤维由密集排列的细丝状物围绕不规则的嗜锇性团块构成。脑膜瘤瘤细胞有很多指状突起，细胞间可见桥粒连接，胞膜表面缺乏星形细胞瘤细胞表面的那种皱折。结果表明，透射电镜和扫描电镜可以做为脑胶质瘤病理诊断、鉴别诊断的辅助手段。在普通光镜观察的基础上，结合免疫组化结果，应用扫描电镜还可以比较直观地观察到瘤组织内各种成分之间的相互关系。     

胃肠道间质瘤的电镜和免疫组织化学形态特征

应用光学显微镜、电子显微镜和免疫组织化学方法,观察分析16例胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）的肿瘤分化形态特征和免疫表达。16例GIST电镜观察可查见各种分化的特征性超微结构：SF（skeinoid fibers）神经内分泌颗粒、Luse小体（长间跨胶原）、微管、突触样结构及平滑肌特征性结构,显示平滑肌瘤、神经鞘瘤和神经源性的特征性结构。免疫组织化学染色显示16例GIST中S－100蛋白、SMA和CD34的阳性率分别为81.3%、87.5%和87.5%;SMA、S－100和CD34三项均阳性9例,SMA和S－100阳性2例,SMA和CD34阳性3例,S－100、SMA阳性2例。超微结构和免疫组织化学观察结果表明,GIST呈现多向分化和混合表达,提示GIST起源于源始间叶细胞,而小肠间质瘤则大多数为神经源性肿瘤。电镜结合光学显微镜、免疫组织化学检查,对GIST的诊断和判断预后有辅助作用。     

电镜在中枢神经系统中圆细胞肿瘤诊断中的作用

本文报道９８例中枢神经系统小圆细胞肿瘤电镜诊断资料。常规透射电镜确诊７９例（８０．６％）,加免疫组化后确诊１５例（１５．３％）,但仍有４例（４．１％）不能确诊。确诊后的肿瘤类型包括胶母细胞瘤、少突胶质细胞瘤、室管膜瘤、髓母细胞瘤、神经母细胞瘤松果体细胞瘤、原始神经外胚层瘤、恶性淋巴瘤、转生性未分化鳞癌和未分化腺癌、以及黑色素瘤。对上述肿瘤的主要超微结构特征进行了描述,并结合文献阐明了电镜检查对中枢     

纵隔神经内分泌癌的肾小球内转移

报告一例十分罕见的肾小球内癌转移病例。肾活检标本进行了光镜、免疫荧光、免疫组化及透射电镜检查。组织学观察,肾小球毛细血管内异常细胞堆积。免疫荧光结果：异常细胞IgG,IgA,IgM,C3,C1q,FRA,ALb,κ链及λ链均阴性。免疫组化染色异常细胞LCA及F8阴性,chrmogranin阳性。电镜观察异常细胞胞质内含特征性的致密核心颗粒。病理诊断神经内分泌癌肾小球内转移。上述结果显示,电镜检查及免疫组织化学方法对本例有诊断意义。     

电子显微镜在疑难病例病理诊断中的应用

目的：通过对4例疑难病例的诊断,进一步探讨电镜在疑难病例诊断中的作用及意义。方法：采用电镜技术对4例疑难病例进行超微结构观察。结果：Merkel细胞癌含有许多神经内分泌颗粒,Wilson’s病肝细胞溶酶体吞噬较多铜颗粒;毛细胞白血病的细胞表面有许多长突起,甲状腺玻璃样小粱状腺瘤细胞胞质内有成束中间丝等。结论：电镜对疑难病例的确诊具有重要价值。     

间变性大细胞微绒毛淋巴瘤的超微结构观察及鉴别诊断

目的：探讨间变性大细胞微绒毛淋巴瘤的超微结构特点及鉴别诊断。方法：结合光镜、免疫组化及临床资料,对2例间变性大细胞微绒毛淋巴瘤进行超微结构观察。结果：光镜下,肿瘤呈窦性、巢团状浸润生长,瘤细胞排列紧密,体积大,核仁清楚。免疫组化显示瘤细胞CD30、EMA阳性。电镜下,瘤细胞表面有大量长短不一,粗细不等的微绒毛。胞质内有少量线粒体、核糖体、粗面内质网及高尔基复合体,1例偶见溶酶体样颗粒。核不规则,核仁明显,无细胞连接、基底膜及黑色素小体。结论：间变性大细胞微绒毛淋巴瘤的超微结构特征易与转移性低分化腺癌、恶性间皮瘤、黑色素瘤及毛细胞白血病鉴别。     

脑转移肺癌的超微病理研究

本文应用电子显微技术研究7例肺癌脑转移活检组织的超微病理形态特征,其中腺癌3例,鳞癌1例,神经内分泌癌1例,肺泡细胞癌1例,另1例细胞学分类不清.电镜下肺腺癌细胞表面有疏密不一的微绒毛,胞浆内有典型的微腺腔,相邻癌细胞胞膜之间可见细胞连接;肺神经内分泌癌在胞浆内有大小不一,多少不等的核心致密的神经内分泌颗粒;肺泡细胞癌在细胞表面有微绒毛,胞浆内可见Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞特有的嗜锇板层体;鳞状细胞癌在相邻癌细胞膜表面可查见桥粒-张力原纤维复合体和胞浆内的张力原纤维.上述脑内转移性肺癌的电镜超微结构特征对临床病理诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要意义.     

Analysis of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-containing nerve fibres in the rat spinal cord using light and electron microscopy.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) content in areas surrounding the central canals of cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal cords of rats were investigated by light microscopy, conventional transmission electron microscopy (CTEM) (100-200 kV) and high-voltage transmission electron microscopy (HVTEM) (1000 kV) using immunocytochemistry. Tissues were examined using either the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique or an immuno-cryoultramicrotomy technique. Light microscopically, more intense CGRP localization was observed ventral to the central canals in the lumbar and sacral cord compared with the dorsal area in the same regions. HVTEM revealed that high levels of CGRP labelling were found adjacent to the basal side of ependymal cells ventral to the central canal. Analysis using CTEM operated at 200 kV demonstrated that the CGRP immunoreactivity was present within unmyelinated nerve fibres in the vicinity of the basal side of ependymal cells ventral to the central canal. Immuno-cryoultramicrotomy revealed that immuno-gold particles indicating CGRP labelling were localized on vesicle-like electron-dense bodies in unmyelinated and some fine caliber myelinated nerve fibres. Existence of CGRP as a primary afferent marker in the area surrounding the central canal suggest that there may be an intimate relationship between the modulation of nociceptive information and the area surrounding the central canal in rat spinal cord.     

大鼠脊髓中央管室管膜上皮细胞及其分泌吸收的超微形态特征

应用透射电子显微镜研究大鼠脊髓中央管室管膜上皮细胞及其在分泌和吸收过程中的超微结构特点,并分析其与脑脊液循环的相互关系。结果显示：大鼠脊髓中央管室管膜上皮主要为假复层柱状上皮,其柱形细胞游离端具有纤毛和微绒毛,因其多寡不同,又分为纤毛上皮细胞和无纤毛上皮细胞,其中纤毛上皮细胞数量相对较少,但二者游离面皆可见到数量不等的微顶浆分泌现象及吞饮小泡。以上结果提示脊髓中央管室管膜上皮细胞可能在脑脊液的分泌和重吸收过程中,发挥积极的生物学作用。     

Application of a quick-freezing and deep-etching method to pathological diagnosis: a case of elastofibroma

A case of elastofibroma in a middle-aged Japanese woman was examined by the quick-freezing and deep-etching (QF-DE) method, as well as by immunohistochemistry and conventional electron microscopy. The slowly growing tumor developed at the right scapular region and was composed of fibrous connective tissue with unique elastic materials called elastofibroma fibers. A normal elastic fiber consists of a central core and peripheral zone, in which the latter has small aggregates of 10 nm microfibrils. By the QF-DE method, globular structures consisting of numerous fibrils (5-20 nm in width) were observed between the collagen bundles. We could confirm that they were microfibril-rich peripheral zones of elastofibroma fibers by comparing the replica membrane and conventional electron microscopy. One of the characteristics of elastofibroma fibers is that they are assumed to contain numerous microfibrils. Immunohistochemically, spindle tumor cells showed positive immunoreaction for vimentin, whereas alpha-smooth muscle actin, desmin, S-100 protein and CD34 showed negative immunoreaction. By conventional electron microscopy, the tumor cell had thin cytoplasmic processes, pinocytotic vesicles and prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum. Abundant intracytoplasmic filaments were observed in some tumor cells. Thick lamina-like structures along with their inner nuclear membrane were often observed in the tumor cell nuclei. The whole image of the tumor cell was considered to be a periosteal-derived cell, which would produce numerous microfibrils in the peripheral zone of elastofibroma fibers. This study indicated that the QF-DE method could be applied to the pathological diagnosis and analysis of pathomechanism, even for surgical specimens obtained from a patient.     

The finest ultrastructural details of the inner layer of rotavirus revealed by minimal electron doses

The inner layer of human and calf rotavirus ultrastructure was analyzed using minimal doses in transmission electron microscopy. The morphological unit of spontaneously disrupted virions has the aspect of a flower-like structure, and its petals are hexagonally arranged and have a central pin hole. The similar flower appearance can be observed in complete virions and in rotavirus tube structures produced in aged samples of rotavirus kept for more than a year.     

Enhancement of nonlinear optical phenomena from crown-like nanostructure zinc oxide based on whispering gallery mode

Whispering gallery mode （WGM）-enhanced nonlinear optical phenomena from crown-like nanostructure zinc oxide （ZnO） samples are observed. The samples are synthesized by vapor-phase transport method. The morphology and crystal struc- ture are examined and characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM）, and they are excited by femtosecond laser pulses with cen- tral wavelengths of 355 nm, 800 nm and 1150 nm, respectively. The typical stimulated emission presents a red shift com- pared with spontaneous emission, which is observed under the excitation of 355 nm with a relatively low threshold. The ultraviolet （UV） frequency up-conversion emission is obtained when the excitation pulse wavelengths are selected as 800 nm and 1150 nm, respectively. The peak position and the relationship between the emission intensity and excitation inten- sity demonstrate that the UV up-conversion photoluminescence （PL） is induced by two- and three-photon absorptions. The PL characteristics and their WGM-enhanced mechanism are investigated.     

适合光镜和电镜诊断肾小球疾病的固定剂选择

目的：为了使已经石蜡包埋的肾穿组织脱蜡后进行电镜观察,关键是选择适当的固定剂。方法：在石蜡包埋前,肾穿组织分别用甲醛、戊二醛及戊二醛、锇酸双固定。根据光镜和电镜观察结果,选择能兼顾光镜和电镜的固定剂。结果：甲醛固定不能有效保存肾穿组织的超微结构,锇酸的固定能有效地保存超微结构,但严重影响了光镜切片的染色;而戊二醛与甲醛相比,较好地保存了肾穿组织的超微结构,同时又不影响光镜切片的染色。结论：在石蜡包     

Cavitation processes in fracture of metals and alloys

We report for the first time the evidence of microscopic cavitation processes in the fracture of electrolytic nickel films observed by transmission electron microscopy. The nickel films were electrodeposited on textured OFHC foil while the substrate was deformed in tension simultaneously during the deposition. The region of the fractured edge was examined by transmission electron microscopy utilizing through-focus imaging technique. Numerous deformation-induced cavities were observed on the shear bands in the vicinities of fractured edge and were about 50 A in size. The possible mechanism for the observed cavitation processes will be discussed with special attention to this particular deformation process. The results will also be compared with the observed fracture morphologies in amorphous alloys.     

人骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养及其形态学特点

利用Percoll梯度分离、贴壁筛选法及单克隆培养法分离、培养人骨髓间充质干细胞（mesenehymal stem cells,MSCs）;采用流式细胞术检测MSCs免疫学表型;采用细胞组织化学和免疫荧光技术观察MSCs的一般形态学特点;利用透射电镜和扫描电镜观察MSCs的超微结构。结果表明,分离、培养出高度同源性的MSCs具有独特的细胞免疫学表型,即CD73、CD105、CD44、CD166、CD90阳性,CD34、CD31、CD45阴性;细胞组织化学MSCs PAS-过碘酸雪夫氏染色阳性,苏丹黑-B（SB）及碱性磷酸酶（AKP）染色阴性;免疫荧光见细胞CD73、CD105阳性;透射电镜下MSCs表面有微绒毛,相邻细胞间有缝隙连接,细胞器丰富;扫描电镜下MSCs呈长梭形、鱼群状排列,表面有许多微绒毛。实验结果为MSCs的诱导分化及应用提供了形态学基础。     

Evaluation of the nanoindentation behaviors of SiGe epitaxial layer on Si substrate

In this paper, ultra-high vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHV/CVD) was employed to synthesize silicon-germanium (SiGe), and sequence to endure annealing treatment. Morphological characterization, roughness, and microstructural morphology were observed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The elements distribution, crystallographic, and nanomechanical behavior were carried out using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping technique, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nanoindentation technique.The annealing treated SiGe leads to the 2D germanium segregation on the surface. The phenomenon is interpreted in terms of dislocation-induced structural changes in annealing treatment. Thus, the dislocation propagation in the microstructure was observed. Subsequently hardness and elastic modulus were increased because of a comparatively unstable microstructure after annealing treatment.     

Early morphological changes in the rat soleus muscle induced by tenotomy and denervation

Early morphological changes of the rat soleus muscle induced by tenotomy were examined by scanning and thin-section electron microscopy. The potassium hydroxide (KOH) and collagenase treatment was successfully used to remove extracellular materials and to examine the surface of muscle fibres with a scanning electron microscope. Morphological changes in the fibre surface appeared as early as 12 h after tenotomy, showing wrinkling of the sarcolemma in localized areas. At 24 h post-operative, transverse folds and grooves were conspicuous along the entire length of muscle fibres. Tenotomized muscles which were denervated simultaneously or within 24 h of tenotomy did not show any appreciable changes in the fibre surface. Thin-section electron microscopy revealed that the earliest change inside muscle fibres was the occurrence of focal or segmental areas of an irregular alignment of myofibrils representing myofibril disorganization with occasional disintegrated Z lines at 24 h after tenotomy. Segmental myofibril breakdown was occasionally found to extend obliquely from the fibre periphery to the central area. Such myofibril disorganization became more conspicuous along muscle fibres, especially in the central area, at 2 days after tenotomy, showing the loss of thick filaments within myofibrils and the disintegration of Z lines. Such myofibrillar disorganization can be correlated with the morphological changes in the fibre surface in view of the clinical implication.