脉冲形状对半导体激光放大器用于啁啾补偿的影响

光脉冲经过增益饱和的行波半导体激光放大器后,由于放大器的自相位调制,使放大脉冲附加上频率啁啾。合适的附加啁啾不但能抵销入射脉冲的初始啁啾,而且还有可能借助简单的群速度延迟线对脉冲进行压缩。本文计算了不同形状的入射脉冲经光放大器放大后的输出脉冲形状及其附加的频率啁啾,分析了它们对光放大器用于啁啾补偿的影响。     

利用自相位调制效应测量微结构光纤的非线性系数

报道了利用光纤中的自相位调制(SPM)效应对微结构光纤的非线性系数进行测量的实验.实验中采用半导体激光器作为脉冲光源,输出宽度为1.6 ps的双曲正割型脉冲,经掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)放大后进入80 m的色散平坦微结构光纤,由于自相位调制效应,出射光谱得到展宽.通过测量输入微结构光纤的脉冲峰值功率和输出光谱,可以计算得到微结构光纤的非线性系数.该测量方法简单、准确,实验测量值与光纤的标称值误差小于1%.     

半导体光放大器中SPM效应对光脉冲传输性能的影响

为了研究半导体光放大器（SOA）中自相位调制（SPM）效应对光信号传输性能的影响,从SOA中光脉冲的传输方程出发,采用数学推导的方法,分析了SPM 效应的产生机理,得到了光脉冲经SOA 放大后的时域和频域变化特性,并针对无啁啾和带啁啾光脉冲两种情况进行了仿真研究。结果表明:SPM 导致了光脉冲时域波形的倾斜和频谱的红移,并且随增益的变大倾斜和红移的程度增强;啁啾系数的符号决定了频谱是红移还是蓝移。     

Gain saturation characteristics of traveling-wave semiconductorlaser amplifiers in short optical pulse amplification

The gain saturation characteristics of traveling-wave semiconductor laser amplifiers (TWAs) are theoretically and experimentally investigated. In the amplification of an isolated pulse whose repetition period is short compared to the carrier lifetime, the gain saturation is related through the carrier lifetime to the gain saturation in CW amplification. When the output pulse energy is smaller than the saturation energy, short optical pulses can be amplified without pulse shape distortion, whereas high-energy pulses suffer from pulse shape distortion due to the temporal gain variation during the pulse radiation. FWHM pulse duration variation in amplification by TWAs depends on the input pulse shape. The pulse energy gain saturation was experimentally confirmed to be independent of pulse durations and to be determined only by the pulse energy. In extremely-high-repetition-rate pulse amplification, the saturation of the pulse energy gain is determined by the average signal power     

自相位调制的频谱展宽研究

光纤中的自相位调制(SPM)会导致光脉冲的频谱展宽.文章作者通过调整光纤参数和光脉冲参数,利用OptisyStem软件成功地模拟出了SPM效应,并详细分析了光纤长度、峰值功率、脉冲形状和初始啁啾等参数对SPM谱的影响,观察到了负的初始啁啾使光纤输出端的脉冲频谱窄化的现象.     

Rabi oscillations for subpicosecond pulses in quantum-well optical amplifiers: interplay of carrier heating, nonlinear, and spectral effects

Using the Foreman effective mass Hamiltonian for strained In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As--In/sub y/Ga/sub 1-y/As/sub z/P/sub 1-z/ quantum wells, the propagation of subpicosecond pulses in a 1.55-/spl mu/m optical amplifier was calculated. The multisubband carrier dynamics as well as the polarization dynamics were taken into account. Carrier heating and coherent light-carrier interactions as well as the interplay of these nonlinear processes and the amplifier dispersion are studied. Strong Rabi oscillations occur in the optical field of a propagated pulse, its frequency chirp, as well as in the carrier density and temperature. While the Rabi oscillation imposes negative frequency chirp and hence red-shifts the pulse spectrum, positive frequency chirp can occur due to the local gain dispersion, where the higher frequency components of the pulse have larger gain. Due to the Rabi oscillation, the spectrum of the amplified pulse is considerably distorted and sidebands emerge. For a linearly chirped input pulse, the spectrum of the output pulse can be either red-shifted or blue-shifted with respect to its center frequency, depending on its initial chirp. For strong pulse propagation, a pronounced pulse break up occurs when a 175-fs pulse propagates in the gain regime, while a significant pulse compression occurs when the pulse propagates at the transparency point.     

Generation of transform-limited optical pulses using a combinationof a gain-switched diode laser and a semiconductor opticalamplifier

We introduce a novel method for generating nearly transform-limited picosecond optical pulses at multi-gigahertz repetition rates. Frequency-chirped optical pulses are first produced using a gain-switched semiconductor diode laser, and they are subsequently amplified by a semiconductor optical amplifier. The red frequency chirp in the gain-switched pulses is compensated for almost completely as a result of gain-saturation-induced self-phase modulation occurring in the amplification process. Experimentally, we have successfully generated nearly transform-limited 28-ps optical pulses at a 5-GHz repetition rate using a distributed feedback diode laser and a traveling wave semiconductor optical amplifier     

Transmission performance of chirp-controlled signal by usingsemiconductor optical amplifier

We examine the fiber transmission performance of the optical signal whose chirp is controlled by utilizing phase modulation in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) with both simulations and experiments. This chirp control technique converts a positive chirp created by electroabsorption (EA) modulator into negative chirp, which reduces the waveform degradation due to the chromatic dispersion in transmission over standard single-mode fiber (SMF). It also provides an optical gain that is sufficient to compensate the insertion loss of the EA modulator. We investigate how the chirp control is affected by the input power to the SOA and the carrier lifetime of the SOA. As the SOA input power increases, the negative chirp becomes large, while the waveform is largely distorted due to gain saturation. However, the waveform distortion at high SOA input powers can be shaped by using a frequency discriminator. The acceleration of the carrier lifetime also reduces the waveform distortion due to gain saturation. We demonstrate that the chirp control technique is effective even for a high bit rate optical signal up to 10 Gb/s, when the carrier lifetime is expedited by optical pumping     

Heterodyne autocorrelation method for characterizing 1.55 μmoptical pulse train and for measuring dispersion and nonlinearity inoptical fibers

Heterodyne autocorrelation measurement of 1.55 μm optical pulses from an actively mode-locked external cavity diode laser is performed before and after transmission through an optical fiber. In heterodyne autocorrelation, optical spectrum is resolved electronically. This method is suitable for measurement of optical pulses with a spectral width of less than 100 GHz, and it gives not only the pulse width and chirp of the pulses, but also it is useful for determining the dispersion and optical Kerr constant of an optical fiber. Analytical formalism for deducing these quantities is given for Gaussian pulses. Principal measurement is performed using a mode-locked diode laser. Dispersion is measured for a conventional-dispersion fiber of 35 km. Also, self-phase modulation (SPM) is measured for a dispersion-shifted fiber of 15.83 km     

Investigation of pulse pedestal and dynamic chirp formation on picosecond pulses after propagation through an SOA

The authors investigate the propagation of picosecond pulses through semiconductor optical amplifiers using the measurement technique of frequency resolved optical gating. The work shows the generation of significant pulse pedestals and frequency chirp across the optical pulses, which initially have a duration of 2 ps. As the input peak power of the optical pulses is increased from 2.4 to 80 mW, the pulse pedestals increased by 20 dB and the chirp became significantly more nonlinear. The generated pedestals and the nonlinear output chirp may cause serious degradation in high-speed communications systems employing wavelength-division-multiplexing and optical time-division-multiplexing techniques.     

超高斯啁啾光脉冲在单模光纤中传输的演化行为

本文从激光脉冲在单模光纤中传输所满足的非线性薛定谔方程出发,通过分步傅里叶变换方法,数值研究了超高斯啁啾光脉冲在单模光纤中脉冲形状的演化.研究表明,超高斯脉冲在单模光纤中传输将经历一个从近平顶、多峰、最后到单峰的演变过程,且高阶色散将引起脉冲形状发生畸变;在GVD和SPM效应的共同作用下,无啁啾的超高斯脉冲在特定条件下将出现孤子演变,具有正啁啾的超高斯脉冲在传输的初始阶段,脉冲形状的变化非常剧烈,而由于负初始啁啾减弱了非线性与色散效应引起的频率啁啾,所以其脉冲波形的变化平缓一些.研究表明,SPM产生的啁啾对入射脉冲的初始啁啾有一定的补偿作用.     

双曲正割脉冲在光纤中传输的非线性效应

高斯型脉冲在光纤中的传输已有解析解,而对于一些锁模激光器发射的双曲正割脉冲在光纤中的传输特性尚未有解析解。为了研究高功率双曲正割脉冲在单模光纤中的传输特性,文中借助于分步傅里叶方法分析了峰值功率5 000W的双曲正割脉冲在初始啁啾为1.7 rad/s,色散长度0.64 m,非线性长度1.53 m 时1 m 长的光纤中的脉冲演化过程。结果表明,其色散感应脉冲展宽的定性特征与高斯脉冲近似一致,但色散感应的频率啁啾沿脉冲不再是纯线性变化,若输入脉冲峰值功率过大,会引起频谱振荡。     

Locking bandwidth of actively mode-locked semiconductor lasersusing fiber-grating external cavities

We demonstrate numerically that actively mode-locked semiconductor lasers employing a linearly-chirped fiber grating in an external cavity can exhibit multiple drive frequency ranges of stable pulse generation, and thus give a large locking bandwidth. The locking bandwidth defines the range of RF drive frequencies over which the laser will generate pulses with low timing jitter. The stable optical pulses are generated with leading or trailing subpulses due to optical energy circulating within the fiber grating. The multiple stable ranges merge if loss is introduced into the fiber-grating region. We also show that the locking bandwidth can be improved if chirp is introduced into the grating. Suprisingly, however, chirp of either sign improves the locking bandwidth     

Chirp and stability of mode-locked semiconductor lasers

A numerical study of mode-locked semiconductor lasers is presented with special attention to the chirp characteristics and to dispersion-related criteria for stable pulse-train emission. The dependence of the pulse chirp upon the refractive-index change, both with carrier density and carrier temperature changes, is discussed. The experimental observation of blue-chirped pulses for passive mode-locking in contrast to red-chirped pulses for active mode-locking is found to be due to the different contributions of gain and absorber media to the refractive-index change. In addition, it is revealed that the boundary of the stable operation regime is critically influenced by the spectral characteristics of laser and external cavity. Design considerations toward the achievement of high pulse energy, narrow spectral bandwidth, and linear chirp are given     

高功率光纤激光器中自相位调制的实验研究

利用主振荡功率放大(MOPA)结构高功率皮秒脉冲全光纤激光器,对高功率皮秒脉冲放大器中自相位调制(SPM)效应进行了实验研究。激光器种子源是自行搭建的半导体可饱和吸收镜(SESAM)被动锁模光纤激光器。为了抑制非线性效应,使用一个自制重频倍增器把种子脉冲的重频增加到328 MHz 后再放大。放大器部分采用三级放大结构,最终获得了中心波长为1 066.5 nm,3 dB 光谱线宽约为2.5 nm,平均功率为91W 的稳定皮秒脉冲激光输出。实验对光脉冲在放大的过程中自相位调制引起的光谱变化进行了研究。对激光器输出光谱的分析表明,随着功率的增大,高功率光纤激光器中自相位调制效应受到入射脉冲的初始啁啾和脉冲形状的影响程度也随着变大,与此同时还受到自陡峭效应的影响。     

Demonstration of down-chirped and chirp-free pulses fromhigh-repetition-rate passively mode-locked lasers

Knowledge and control of the chirp parameters of semiconductor lasers is a prerequisite to obtaining transform-limited pulses and/or to compensate for group velocity dispersion in fiber. Here, we report measurements of the sign and magnitude of chirp in high-repetition-rate mode-locked semiconductor lasers. The chirp of these monolithic lasers is measured in the frequency domain, using filtering and cross-correlation techniques. For different injection currents, a range of different chirp values is measured, including strongly down-chirped pulses at higher injection currents and transform-limited pulses to slightly up-chirped pulses at lower injection currents. The pulse chirp and the resulting broadening are due to the algebraic addition of opposite-signed chirps due to saturation of the absorption section and the gain section. These may cancel each other under some conditions, leading to a soliton-like transform-limited pulse     

Theoretical analysis of tunable wavelength conversion based on FWM in a semiconductor fiber ring laser

A comprehensive broad-band dynamic model of a tunable wavelength converter based on four-wave mixing (FWM) in a semiconductor fiber ring laser (SFRL) is presented. Critical factors, e.g., the material gain profile, the longitudinal variation of the optical field, the carrier density, photon density, and the broad-band spontaneous noise emission, are considered in the model. Therefore, the static and dynamic characteristics of this kind of wavelength converter can be predicted more accurately. By numerical simulation, the effects of the input signal power, injection current, the coupling coefficient of the output coupler, and the lasing wavelength on the conversion efficiency of the wavelength converter are investigated. Also, the optical pulse pattern, frequency chirp, and extinction ratio of the conjugate signal are evaluated. To widen the dynamic range of input signal power, an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is added into the SFRL. The characteristics of this tunable wavelength converter with an SFRL are investigated in detail.     

半导体激光放大器对超短光脉冲串的动态响应

本文利用速率方程从理论上研究了行波式半导体激光放大器(TWA)对来自主动锁模半导体激光器的皮秒脉冲串的动态响应,计算了脉冲串的动态增益、TWA的载流子的时间空间变化,本文首次使用光脉冲光子数(对应于脉冲能量)表示法研究TWA,动态增益饱和只与脉冲光子数有关,与输入功率无关,此外讨论了一些全光通信系统中与TWA有关的问题。     

A realistic model for actively modelocked semiconductor lasers

Experiments show that pulses generated by a semiconductor laser modelocked with a frequency limiting element are often not transform limited, indicating the existence of a frequency chirp. A model is developed to calculate the experimentally observed quantities such as the frequency spectrum and the temporal autocorrelation function both before and after pulse compression. The model indicates that the gain nonlinearity plays a crucial role in determining the rate of frequency chirp in the pulse. Good agreement with our experimental data for a single quantum well laser is obtained when the gain nonlinearity is set to ∈_s=7×10^-23 m³     

Theory of large-signal direct modulation of extended cavitysemiconductor lasers with dispersive loss

We present a model of coupled semiconductor diode-dispersive extended cavity lasers that describes arbitrarily large current modulation, does not assume uniform photon and carrier densities within the semiconductor diode gain medium, and is simple to implement numerically. In particular, we look at the fiber grating laser, an example of such a coupled system that has been studied as a possible optical communications source. We find simple expressions for the instantaneous frequency and intensity in terms of a few parameters characterizing the dispersion, allowing for the design of the system to minimize chirp. From these expressions we also recover Kazarinov and Henry's adiabatic chirp formula in the limit of slow modulation and Petermann's dynamical chirp formula in the limit of uniform carrier and photon densities. We show that in typical cases, where nonuniformity is important, the instantaneous frequency modulation is quantitatively and qualitatively different than is predicted by previous models