超声对发酵食品微生物和品质的影响

发酵食品具有特殊的风味和营养,含有多种生物活性物质。超声技术是一种非热处理技术,已被证实在食品中具有杀菌,提高活性产物产量,改变食物大分子性质等作用。目前缺乏超声技术在发酵食品处理中的系统性讨论。本文概述超声技术对不同发酵食品在发酵和贮藏中微生物以及发酵食品品质影响的研究进展。超声对发酵食品的影响效果取决于超声处理参数、发酵食品自身特点和所含微生物种类。不同条件超声处理通过改变微生物细胞结构、基因和代谢等机制,既可以抑制有害微生物生长,保证发酵食品安全性,也可以调控益生菌菌株活性,提高发酵食品营养价值。超声处理还能够提高发酵速率,缩短发酵时间,控制发酵过程,减少过度发酵,增加发酵食品中生物活性物质含量,赋予发酵食品营养保健功效等作用。本文可为超声技术在传统发酵食品工业化生产及品质提升中的应用提供参考。     

食品微生物对花色苷呈色的影响

随着科技的进步和人们生活水平的提高,发酵食品越来越受到人们的青睐。发酵不仅可以改善食品的风味和质地,而且赋予了食品新的营养功能,提高了农作物的附加值。然而,发酵过程中产品色泽的改变和衰减现象十分明显,特别是富含花色苷的原料。花色苷的降解、微生物对花色苷的吸附、代谢产物与花色苷的相互作用都会影响产品色泽的呈现。本文综述了近年来发酵食品产业中常用的微生物菌种(如酵母菌、乳酸菌、醋酸菌和霉菌)对花色苷稳定性以及产品色泽和功能品质的影响,并对微生物以及代谢产物与花色苷降解、衍生物的生成关系进行分析,以期改善发酵食品的色泽和功能品质,为扩大花色苷在食品加工中的应用提供理论参考。     

传统发酵食品中微生物多样性与风味形成之间关系及机制的研究进展

传统发酵食品在发酵过程中微生物群落结构复杂多变,风味物质代谢途径多样。微生物被誉为发酵食品的“灵魂”,能够通过多种代谢途径影响发酵食品的感官、营养和功能特性,与风味的形成紧密相关。解析微生物与风味化合物间的作用关系,有利于探明潜在风味功能菌群和控制发酵食品风味特性。本文重点综述了白酒、发酵醋、发酵蔬菜和发酵畜产品等传统发酵食品中微生物多样性与风味形成之间的相关性,简要阐述了核心微生物的风味代谢机制,以期为传统发酵食品的品质提升提供参考。     

复合菌制剂设计及其在食品发酵中应用的研究进展

在食品发酵的过程中,微生物群落的变化对发酵食品的品质和安全性有着重要的影响。利用现代生物技术分析发酵食品中微生物的种类和特点,根据微生物之间的相互作用关系,开发复合菌制剂应用于食品发酵中,能够赋予食品多样化的风味,提高工业化生产的稳定性。本文对近期国内外关于复合菌制剂设计、工艺优化方法及其在传统发酵食品中的应用等方面的研究进行归纳总结,并对其在食品发酵中的发展前景进行了展望。     

发酵食品中微生物多样性研究方法进展

发酵食品中的微生物是食品发酵体系中与发酵食品的品质和风味有着密切联系的组成成分.对发酵食品中微生物的多样性及其所扮演角色进行调查,能为改进传统食品发酵工艺、探究发酵食品风味形成机理等方面提供技术支持.文中介绍了目前研究发酵食品中微生物多样性的多种方法,并分析比较了各种技术方法的优缺点.     

中国传统发酵食品微生物多样性研究进展

中国传统发酵食品由于微生物的发酵作用改善产品的营养价值并赋予产品独特的风味,成为人们饮食中重要的组成部分.文章主要阐述了我国传统发酵食品常用的微生物检测技术,并对中国传统发酵食品微生物多样性的研究进展进行了综述,旨在为筛选优良发酵菌株,调控中国传统发酵食品的发酵过程提供理论参考.     

开展食品微生物功能挖掘研究,促进产品质量提升和安全保障

<正>在人类文明发展的历史长河中,劳动人民在生产实践过程中挖掘或创造出了一系列品种繁多、取材广泛、风味各异的发酵食品,从起源于中国的酱油到古埃及法老墓葬中陪葬的葡萄酒,从楼兰小河公主身上携带的世界上现存最古老的奶酪,到时至今天依然广受人们喜爱的腌制蔬菜类食品,在世界各地形成了丰富多彩的饮食文化,时至今日,以功能性食品微生物为核心的发酵食品依然是人类饮食中不可缺少的组分,随着技术的进步,蕴含在发酵食品中特有的功能性食品微生物也日益受到人们的关注。     

3种分子生物学技术在传统发酵食品微生物多样性研究中的应用

我国传统发酵食品具有悠久的历史,有各自独特的生产工艺,发酵过程涉及的微生物种类较多,赋予了传统发酵食品特有的风味与功能。近年来,随着传统发酵食品生产的现代化和产业化以及对食品安全的重视,传统发酵食品发酵过程中微生物的多样性和功能成为研究的热点。宏基因组学、基因芯片和实时定量PCR等分子生物学技术以微生物基因序列信息为基础,主要用于传统发酵食品发酵过程中微生物的多样性和功能的研究,由于它们具有工作量小、重现性高等优点,近年来已经较广泛地用于传统发酵食品微生物的研究中。本文综述这3种技术在传统发酵食品微生物多样性及功能研究中的应用进展,并介绍传统发酵食品微生物研究领域的发展趋势,以期为传统发酵食品发酵过程规律研究提供一定的参考。     

发酵食品微生物多样性分析方法研究进展

发酵食品含有丰富的微生物,微生物的构成对食品的功能、质构和风味有重要影响,也是筛选具有特殊功能微生物的重要源泉.对发酵食品微生物多样性分析方法进行综述,主要包括传统方法和分子生物学方法.比较各种方法的优缺点,以期对发酵食品的微生物多样性和菌群结构进行客观全面的分析,为发酵食品的发展提供基础.     

发酵豆制品酿造过程中组分和营养功能因子的变化及调控

发酵豆制品是发酵食品中的一大类,在亚洲国家人民饮食中占重要地位,并逐渐受到西方国家青睐。近年来,发酵豆制品酿造过程中产生的功能因子不断被报道,其抗氧化、降血压、降血糖、溶血栓、抗突变等功能性不断被揭示,引起世界广泛关注。发酵豆制品组分变化的调控对增强营养和富集功能因子意义重大,有利于进一步提升其食用价值,促进人类健康。本文综述发酵豆制品生产过程中与营养和功能相关的部分组分的变化及调控,并对该领域的科学问题进行展望。     

6类常见食品中含硫化合物风味特征及形成机理研究进展

挥发性含硫化合物广泛存在于多种食品中,具有阈值极低的特点,是对食品感官品质有重要贡献的特征风味组分,在形成食品独特风味特征中也起着至关重要的作用。不同种类的含硫化合物表现出的食品风味特征不尽相同,不同含量的含硫化合物对食品感官品质的影响也差异显著,因此,对感官风味受含硫化合物影响较大的6类常见食品中含硫化合物风味特征及其形成机理进行了研究。牛奶中主要含硫化合物是甲硫醇和二甲基三硫醚,通常表现为蒸煮味;2-甲基-3-呋喃硫醇是牛肉的关键含硫化合物,呈现为焙烤香和肉香;糠硫醇的焙烤香、3-巯基己烷-1-醇的果香是酒类中的关键风味组分;1,2,3,5,6-五硫杂环庚烷是呈现香菇独特气味的关键化合物;二丙基二硫醚、二甲基三硫醚和大蒜素分别为大葱、洋葱和大蒜风味形成的关键含硫化合物;二甲基硫醚和二甲基三硫醚是菜籽油呈现辛辣刺激风味的主要原因。含硫化合物主要是由含硫前体物质在微生物或酶的降解作用下形成,同时有些含硫化合物也产生于美拉德反应。通过对6类常见食品中含硫化合物的种类、对食品感官品质的影响及其形成机制进行全面介绍,总结常见食品中含硫化合物的风味及其对食品感官品质影响的一般规律,旨在为食品中含硫化合物形成机理及风味特征的进一步研究提供参考。     

Flavor–food ingredient interactions in fortified or reformulated novel food: Binding behaviors,manipulation strategies,sensory impacts,and future trends in delicious and healthy food design

With consumers gaining prominent awareness of health and well-being, a diverse range of fortified or reformulated novel food is developed to achieve personalized or tailored nutrition using protein, carbohydrates, or fat as building blocks. Flavor property is a critical factor in the acceptability and marketability of fortified or reformulated food. Major food ingredients are able to interact with flavor compounds, leading to a significant change in flavor release from the food matrix and, ultimately, altering flavor perception. Although many efforts have been made to elucidate how food matrix components change flavor binding capacities, the influences on flavor perception and their implications for the innovation of fortified or reformulated novel food have not been systematically summarized up to now. Thus, this review provides detailed knowledge about the binding behaviors of flavors to major food ingredients, as well as their influences on flavor retention, release, and perception. Practical approaches for manipulating these interactions and the resulting flavor quality are also reviewed, from the scope of their intrinsic and extrinsic influencing factors with technologies available, which is helpful for future food innovation. Evaluation of food–ingredient interactions using real food matrices while considering multisensory flavor perception is also prospected, to well motivate food industries to investigate new strategies for tasteful and healthy food design in response to consumers’ unwillingness to compromise on flavor for health.     

新技术在调香过程中的应用

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Release and Transport of Flavors In Vivo: Physicochemical,Physiological, and Perceptual Considerations

For flavor perception to occur, the chemicals responsible for flavor perception must be released from the food matrix and transported to the flavor receptors in the mouth and nose. The overall process is governed by the properties of the flavor compounds, the nature of the food matrix and the physiological conditions of the mouth, nose and throat during consumption of the food. These factors combine to determine the concentrations and rate at which the flavor chemicals reach the receptors, thus creating the characteristic flavor profile of a food. Physicochemical factors like partitioning, interfacial mass transport and diffusion are the typical mechanisms governing flavor release. Although the theory behind these factors is well understood, applying them to the situation in‐mouth during eating is difficult. This is because key parameters like surface area and flavor concentrations in the gas and liquid phases change rapidly with time as a result of the physiological processes occurring during eating. Furthermore, individuals vary in their rate of breathing, swallowing and salivation, which affects the transport of flavors from the saliva phase to receptors on the tongue and in the nose. This review covers all aspects of flavor release from food matrices and the subsequent delivery of flavor to the olfactory and gustatory receptors.     

食品风味酶的研究进展

凡是影响食品风味的酶都可称为风味酶。根据其作用可分为能改善食品风味的酶和导致食品风味变劣的酶2大类。该文介绍了近期国内外有关风味酶的作用机理、风味酶的生产方法及其在食品工业中应用的研究进展。提出风味酶在食品风味的再现、强化和改变方面必将有广阔的前景。     

Challenges in relating concentrations of aromas and tastes with flavor features of foods

Flavor sensations in food are highly influenced by the aroma and taste compounds. Reviewing the extensive literature of recent years in this field has shown that the reconstitution of flavor based on aroma and taste compounds poses numerous problems. These are of different nature and include among others (a) chemical transformations among these compounds, (b) changes in the concentrations of the compounds responsible for the perceived flavor, (c) interactions among the chemical compounds that enhance or reduce a specific flavor sensation, and finally, (d) the complexity of the different food matrices and its influence in the flavor perception. Another difficulty that flavor scientists must face is how to properly model and visualize the complex relationships existing between the chemical composition of foods and the flavor perception. These problems have repercussions on the reconstitution of the flavor signature of food based on the natural concentrations of its key aroma and taste compounds. Therefore, the main aim of this review is to deal with all these issues to propose potential solutions for a robust transformation in a science-based quality approach.     

辣椒香味物质的提取分离及其应用

辣椒是一种草本茄科植物,它是一种在复合调味过程中经常应用到的的重要香料,市场上以辣椒为原料生产的具有辣味的食品随处可见。辣椒资源丰富,贵州、四川、云南、湖南等全国各地均有种植。高品质辣椒香味物质的提取分离是当前一个产品畅销于市场,风味被消费者认可年销售产值3～5个亿的奇迹体现。文章主要阐述:辣椒香味物质的提取方法、辣椒香味物质的测定、辣椒香味物质的的作用和应用、展望4个方面,首次披露辣椒香味物质以最新市场发展趋势相结合,能够紧密联系辣味食品的消费趋势,为将来辣味食品发展奠定基础。辣椒香味物质含有醛类、吡嗪、酮类、烯类、醇类等,辣味食品的需求量不断增大,新辣椒香味物质的提取扩大新辣味食品的开发和利用。     

Food emulsions as delivery systems for flavor compounds: A review

Food flavor is an important attribute of quality food, and it largely determines consumer food preference. Many food products exist as emulsions or experience emulsification during processing, and therefore, a good understanding of flavor release from emulsions is essential to design food with desirable flavor characteristics. Emulsions are biphasic systems, where flavor compounds are partitioning into different phases, and the releases can be modulated through different ways. Emulsion ingredients, such as oils, emulsifiers, thickening agents, can interact with flavor compounds, thus modifying the thermodynamic behavior of flavor compounds. Emulsion structures, including droplet size and size distribution, viscosity, interface thickness, etc., can influence flavor component partition and their diffusion in the emulsions, resulting in different release kinetics. When emulsions are consumed in the mouth, both emulsion ingredients and structures undergo significant changes, resulting in different flavor perception. Special design of emulsion structures in the water phase, oil phase, and interface provides emulsions with great potential as delivery systems to control flavor release in wider applications. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of flavor release from emulsions, and how emulsions can behave as delivery systems for flavor compounds to better design novel food products with enhanced sensorial and nutritional attributes.     

In-mouth mechanisms leading to flavor release and perception

During eating, foods are submitted to two main oral processes-chewing, including biting and crushing with teeth, and progressive impregnation by saliva resulting in the formation of a cohesive bolus and swallowing of the bolus. Texture influences the chewing behavior, including mastication and salivation, and in turn, these parameters influence texture perception and bolus formation. During this complex mouth process, flavor compounds are progressively released from the food matrix. This phenomenon is mainly dependent on the food texture, the composition and in-mouth breakdown, and on saliva impregnation and activity, but an individual's anatomical and physiological aspects characteristics should also be taken into account. This article reviews the knowledge and progresses on in-mouth processes leading to food breakdown and flavor release and affecting perception. Relationships between food texture and composition, food breakdown, oral physiology, and flavor release are developed and discussed. This review includes not only the mechanical aspects of oral physiology but also the biological aspects such as the influence of saliva composition, activity, and regulation on flavor perception. In vitro and in silico approaches are also described.     

Interactions between flavor compounds and food ingredients and their influence on flavor perception

Interactions between flavor compounds and food ingredients are reviewed and their influence on flavor perception is discussed. Proteins are known to bind flavor compounds. For β-lactoglobulin, the most-studied example, hydrophobic interactions with volatiles are described. The effect of the medium on the conformation of the protein and its ability to bind flavor compounds is discussed. In general, the retention of volatiles by protein is much lower than that by fat. In emulsions, however, the presence of protein at the oil/water interface induces a significant effect on flavor release and flavor perception of hydrophobic flavor compounds. For starch, an extensively studied hydrocolloid, amylose has been shown to form complexes with aroma compounds. The physical state of carbohydrates is one parameter influencing flavor retention. However, the major effect of hydrocolloids seems to be a limitation for the diffusion of aroma compounds due to changes in viscosity. Addition of fat induces significant retention of hydrophobic flavor compounds resulting in noticeable effects on flavor perception. Changing the fat content modifies the overall perception of a mixture of flavor compounds from different chemical classes. The melting point of the fats influences the solubility of aromas and thus the flavor release. Emulsification and droplet size also affect flavor release and perception. More research is required on the effects of real food samples containing mixtures of different flavor compounds.