太赫兹计算机辅助层析图像重构算法仿真研究

由于太赫兹波具有独特的性质,使得太赫兹成像技术成为目前的研究热点。太赫兹层析成像可以获得物体横截面的分布信息并可获得物体的三维重构图像,因此也受到了广泛关注。文中对连续太赫兹层析成像进行了仿真研究。分别使用滤波反投影算法（FBP）和改进的联合代数重建算法（MSART）进行图像重构,并且分析比较了高斯低通滤波（GLPF）以及数学形态学等数字图像处理方法对改善重构图像质量的效果。仿真结果表明:在文中的仿真条件下,使用MSART算法及相应的图像处理方法所需的最少投影方向数可以达到9,与真实成像实验结果相吻合。     

Dictionary Learning-Based Image Reconstruction for Terahertz Computed Tomography

Terahertz computed tomography (THz CT) demonstrates its advantages in aspects of nonmetallic and nonpolar materials penetration, 3D internal structure visualization, etc. To perform satisfied reconstruction results, it is necessary to obtain complete measurements from many different views. However, this process is time-consuming and we usually obtain incomplete projections for THz CT in practice, which generates artifacts in the final reconstructed images. To address this issue, dictionary learning-based THz CT reconstruction (DLTR) model is proposed in this study. Especially, the image patches are extracted from other state-of-the-art reconstructed images to train the initial dictionary by using the K-SVD algorithm. Then, the dictionary can be adaptively updated during THz CT reconstruction. Finally, the updated dictionary is used for further updating reconstructed images. In order to verify the accuracy and quality of DLTR method, the filtered back-projection (FBP), simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART), and total variation (TV) reconstruction are chosen as comparisons. The experiment results show that the DLTR method has a good capability for noise suppression and structures preservation.

     

0.33 THz雷达三维近场成像系统设计及成像试验

提出了采用步进频率结合平面扫描的THz雷达近场成像系统设计方案,基于宽带全息成像原理,可以实现三维高分辨率近场成像。采用多通道收发探头阵列缩短机械扫描行程,提高成像速度。给出了基于快速傅里叶变换（Fast Fourier Transform,FFT）和Stolt插值的三维图像重建算法,成像理论分辨率与波长相当。利用THz矢量网络分析仪和辅助设备,搭建了0.215~0.33 THz成像试验装置,完成了对多层金属-泡沫目标三维成像,成像分辨率达到预期水平,验证了系统设计和三维图像重建算法的正确性。     

Gyrotron Development for High Power THz Technologies at IAP RAS

The review summarizes recent experimental results in the field of THz gyrotrons developed for various applications. A CW gyrotron with the operation frequency of 0.26 THz has been successfully used for DNP spectroscopy A pulsed high-harmonic Large Orbit Gyrotron (LOG) with the frequency of 0.55 THz and kW level of output power has been used for THz breakdown and obtaining dense plasma in gases. A powerful pulsed 0.67 THz/200 kW gyrotron is under development for remote detection of ionization sources.     

Low-voltage terahertz quantum-cascade lasers based on LO-phonon-assisted interminiband transitions

A report is presented on GaAs/(Al,Ga)As terahertz (THz) quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) based on alternating photon and longitudinal optical (LO) phonon-assisted transitions between quasi-minibands. The design is optimised for low threshold current densities and low operating voltages, resulting in reduced ohmic heating during continuous-wave (CW) operation. The QCLs exhibit lasing over a broad range of frequencies from 2.91 to 3.21 THz. Using single-plasmon waveguides, pulsed operation up to 114 K and CW operation up to 65 K has been achieved.     

太赫兹连续波DCN激光器的实验研究

介绍了运行在1.54THz(195μm)和1.58THz(190μm)的波导型辉光放电激励的大功率连续波DCN激光器的开发和研制工作.该激光器的谐振腔长3.4m,放电长度3m,谐振腔由耐热玻璃制成,直径54mm.谐振腔一端为平面反射镜,一端为金属栅网.工作气体为N2,CD4和He(或D2)的混合气体,在1.54THz的连续激光输出功率大于0.2W.实验中对放电电流、激光管温度、气压等参数进行了优化,研究了EH11模DCN激光在自由空间的传输特性.研究表明,利用新的N2,CD4和D2混合气体的太赫兹DCN激光器可以得到稳定连续的高功率放电.光束传输远场满足高斯分布(z>4m),对各种参数进行优化后,190μm和195μm窗口处输出EH11模功率分别为0.15W和0.16W,可以满足超导托卡马克连续运行的干涉测量的需要.     

Comparison of CW THz Wave Spectrometer with Laser Diode Excitation and Pulsed THz Wave Spectrometer with Cr:forsterite Sources Based on Difference Frequency Generation of Near-infrared Lasers in GaP

We constructed two types of terahertz (THz) spectrometers with automatic scanning control based on the difference frequency generation method by the excitation of the phonon-polariton mode in GaP. The pulsed THz wave spectroscopic systems were based on an optical parametric oscillator and Nd: YAG laser sources having a frequency resolution of 1.5 GHz, and on Cr:fosterite sources with a resolution of 20 GHz. Following these, we recently constructed a continuous wave (CW) THz wave spectroscopic system with laser diode excitation. One of the advantages of the CW THz wave spectrometer is its wide frequency tuning range with fine frequency resolution of < 8 MHz. In this study, we compare both types of spectrometers (pulsed versus CW) to show the characteristics of each system in terms of frequency resolution. The absorption spectra of a non-deformed white polyethylene crystal and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene with/without deformation are measured by using the CW THz wave spectrometer and pulsed THz wave spectrometer. The effect of the high-resolution CW THz wave spectrometer is shown based on the THz spectroscopic results.     

太赫兹计算机辅助层析成像发展近况

由于太赫兹波可穿透塑料、纸张、衣服等非金属、非极性物质,较X辐射具有较低的光子能量,且计算机辅助层析成像(CT)可获得物体内部结构信息,并可重构出物体的三维图像,因此太赫兹CT受到国际广泛关注。重点介绍了近年来太赫兹CT研究重点及具体状况,并分析了存在的问题和发展趋势。可为我国太赫兹CT技术的发展提供技术借鉴。     

基于27邻域网格的医疗图像三维重建

为实现医疗图像三维重建中的网格简化,提出一种基于27邻域网格建立三角形网格拓扑的新方法。首先利用移动立方体(MC)算法从一组计算机层析(CT)图像序列中提取三维重建体数据,将二维图像转化为由一组三角形面片组成的三维模型网;然后利用27邻域网格算法对此三角形网进行空间扫描,构建出三维模型的网格拓扑;最后利用二次误差测度(QEM)算法对所得三维模型拓扑进行简化,实现医疗图像三维模型动态可视化操作。通过使用Visual C++软件平台和OPENGL库对医疗图像进行三维重建,重建效果表明,本文方法的计算效率要优于传统的循环迭代方法;与传统的建立网格拓扑方法相比,本文方法具有算法简单、速度快、运算复杂度与数据量呈线性增长的优点。     

基于梯度变换的太赫兹图像超分辨率重建

为了提高太赫兹图像的质量，克服边缘模糊的缺陷，采用有理分形插值和基于梯度变换的图像超分辨率重建算法相结合的方法对0.25THz，0.50THz和0.75THz图像进行超分辨率重建实验，并对实验结果进行了定量分析，利用基于空间信息熵的直方图匹配技术和双边滤波器对重建算法进行了优化，增强了该方法的适用性。结果表明，对经过插值的太赫兹图像采用基于梯度变换的超分辨率重建方法处理之后，0.25THz，0.50THz和0.75THz图像的边缘强度分别提高了169%，116%和104%，平均梯度分别提高了16%，28%和24%；同时，成像信号频率和强度也会对重建性能产生影响。该方法可以有效恢复太赫兹图像当中的细节信息，锐化图像边缘，提高图像质量且不会出现振铃现象，具有较好的实用价值。     

Development of a Compact sub-THz Gyrotron FU CW CI for Application to High Power THz Technologies

For application of high frequency gyrotron to high power THz technology, Gyrotron FU CW series is being developed in FIR FU. Gyrotron FU CW CI is developed as one of sub-THz gyrotrons included in the series. The advantage of the gyrotron is compactness using a compact superconducting magnet and compact power supply system, which makes the accesses of the gyrotron to applied large-scale devices easier and extends the applications of gyrotron to wider fields. The designed frequency and cavity mode are 394.5 GHz and TE₂₆ mode for application to the 600 MHz DNP-NMR spectroscopy. As the operation results, the frequency and the output power were 394.03 GHz and around 30 W, respectively, which are available for the application to the 600 MHz DNP-NMR measurement. In addition, this gyrotron can operate at many other frequencies and cavity modes for application to high power THz technologies in wide fields. In this paper, the design and the operation results including long pulse or CW mode are presented.     

基于小波变换的多分辨率锥束CT图像快速三维重建算法

为了解决FDK重建算法在锥束CT重建中运算量大,耗时较多,以及针对不同的应用环境提供不同分辨率的3维医学图像问题,该文提出一种基于小波变换的多分辨率锥束CT图像快速3维重建算法。首先对采集到的投影图像进行相应尺度的小波变换,得到各尺度小波分解系数,选择相应尺度的小波系数进行FDK重建,可以得到相应低分辨率的3维图像数据,还可根据需要由得到的低分辨率重建数据分别沿着径向取断层图像,进行相应的小波逆变换,进而得到高分辨率的3维图像数据。实验数据表明,该方法不仅能够得到不同分辨率的3维图像数据,而且相较于传统的FDK算法生成分辨率相同、精度相近的高分辨率3维图像数据,重建速度可以提高1倍以上。     

A real-time FPGA architecture for 3D reconstruction from integral images

In this paper, we present a hardware architecture for real-time three-dimensional (3D) surface model reconstruction from Integral Images (InIms). The proposed parallel digital system realizes a number of computational-heavy calculations in order to achieve real-time operation. The processing elements are deployed in a systolic architecture and operate on multiple image areas simultaneously. Moreover, memory organization allows random access to image data and copes with the increased processing throughput of the system. Operating results reveal that the proposed architecture is able to process 3D data at a real-time rate. The proposed system can handle large sized InIms in real time and outputs 3D scenes of enhanced depth and detailed texture, which apply to emerging 3D applications.     

Research on Reconstruction Algorithms in 2.52 THz Off–axis Digital Holography

To eliminate the diffraction effect on Terahertz (THz) imaging and improve imaging system performance, digital holography has been investigated. The size of the common THz digital hologram and the recording distance are in the same order of magnitude, which does not satisfy the Fresnel approximation conditions. Meanwhile, diffraction has a great impact on free–space propagation behavior. So the research of the influence on reconstruction performance with different reconstruction algorithms is necessary. In this paper, the numerical simulations of the recording and reconstruction process of 2.52 THz off–axis digital holography imaging have been done, and the reconstruction performances of Fresnel angular spectrum algorithm, Rayleigh–Sommerfeld convolution algorithm and angular spectrum algorithm have been compared and analyzed as the reconstruction reference wave is different. The real experimental reconstruction results have also been presented.     

Enhanced Continuous-Wave Terahertz Imaging with a Horn Antenna for Food Inspection

Continuous-wave (CW) terahertz (THz) imaging with a horn antenna is proposed to enhance the spatial resolution of a THz imaging system. The attached waveguide that is smaller than the wavelength can easily increase the spatial resolution, and the optimized horn flare can significantly increase the transmission power. Consequentially, transmission THz images of a phantom obtained by the amplitude signal using a 0.2 THz wave reveal that the spatial resolution is achieved up to 500 μm. Also, the transmitted power is increased up to 6 times higher compared to the pinhole aperture. The feasibility of CW THz imaging with a horn antenna is demonstrated by the inspection of the organic samples inside food resulting in a relatively high sensitivity for soft organic samples compared with the sensitivity of X-ray imaging to this kind of samples.     

Two-Directional CW THz Wave Generation System by Pumping With a Single Fiber Amplifier of Near-IR Lasers

We constructed a two-directional continuous-wave (CW) terahertz (THz) wave generation system with laser diode pumping. The generation method is based on difference frequency generation (DFG) of two near-infrared (NIR) lasers by excitation of phonon polaritons in a GaP crystal. The two NIR lasers for DFG are amplified simultaneously using one ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier (FA). Efficient beam overlapping of the NIR lasers was achieved on the GaP crystal surface. This system consists of a simple optical design with a single FA. Narrow linewidth CW THz waves, which are generated in two directions, can be applied to high-resolution spectroscopy.      

VTK在可视人体头部三维重建中的应用

为了更好地辅助医生进行脑部疾病诊断、手术规划和治疗中的监控,基于美国可视人项目提供的CT序列图像,利用VTK（visualization Toolkit 可视化工具箱）实现了人体头部皮肤及骨骼的三维重建：1）基于 Matlab 编程读取dicom格式的医学图像,采用最大类间方差阈值法进行头部皮肤与骨骼的图像分割,将所得的两个分割阈值分别作为皮肤和骨骼等值面的抽取值。2）在VC＋＋中利用VTK编程实现了可视人体头部的表面重建。实验结果表明,本方法获得了理想的三维重建效果,编程简单迅速,且程序运行时间仅为8.4 s。     

Real-Time Amplitude and Phase Imaging of Optically Opaque Objects by Combining Full-Field Off-Axis Terahertz Digital Holography with Angular Spectrum Reconstruction

Terahertz digital holography (THz-DH) has the potential to be used for non-destructive inspection of visibly opaque soft materials due to its good immunity to optical scattering and absorption. Although previous research on full-field off-axis THz-DH has usually been performed using Fresnel diffraction reconstruction, its minimum reconstruction distance occasionally prevents a sample from being placed near a THz imager to increase the signal-to-noise ratio in the hologram. In this article, we apply the angular spectrum method (ASM) for wavefront reconstruction in full-filed off-axis THz-DH because ASM is more accurate at short reconstruction distances. We demonstrate real-time phase imaging of a visibly opaque plastic sample with a phase resolution power of λ/49 at a frame rate of 3.5 Hz in addition to real-time amplitude imaging. We also perform digital focusing of the amplitude image for the same object with a depth selectivity of 447 μm. Furthermore, 3D imaging of visibly opaque silicon objects was achieved with a depth precision of 1.7 μm. The demonstrated results indicate the high potential of the proposed method for in-line or in-process non-destructive inspection of soft materials.     

Single-slice rebinning reconstruction in spiral cone-beam computed tomography

At the advent of multislice computed tomography ICT) a variety of approximate cone-beam algorithms have been proposed suited for reconstruction of small cone-angle CT data in a spiral mode of operation. The goal of this study is to identify a practical and efficient approximate cone-beam method, extend its potential for medical use, and demonstrate its performance at medium cone-angles required for area detector CT. We will investigate two different approximate single-slice rebinning algorithms for cone-beam CT: the multirow Fourier reconstruction (MFR) and an extension of the advanced single-slice rebinning method (ASSR), which combines the idea of ASSR with a z-filtering approach. Thus, both algorithms, MFR and ASSR, are formulated in the framework of z-filtering using optimized spiral interpolation algorithms. In each view, X-ray samples to be used for reconstruction are identified, which describe an approximation to a virtual reconstruction plane. The performance of approximate reconstruction should improve as the virtual reconstruction plane better fits the spiral focus path. The image quality of the respective reconstruction will be assessed with respect to image artifacts, spatial resolution, contrast resolution, and image noise. It turns out that the ASSR method using tilted reconstruction planes is a practical and efficient algorithm, providing image quality comparable to that of a single-row scanning system even with a 46-row detector at a table feed of 64 mm. Both algorithms tolerate any table feed below the maximum value associated to the detector height. Due to the z-filter approach, all detector data sampled can be used for image reconstruction.     

条纹管激光成像雷达目标三维重构快速算法

实现目标实时动态追踪与识别是条纹管激光成像雷达中亟待解决的问题,针对条纹管激光成像雷达峰值探测三维重构算法运算时间长的问题,提出一种抽样插值目标三维重构算法,以一定的抽样率对条纹图像等间隔抽样并插值运算,再进行峰值特征提取运算。当抽样率为4%时,对于探测距离为706 m的目标,抽样双线性插值重构法的运算速度比原重构法提高了2.3倍,三维重构矩阵的相关系数约为0.99;抽样最近邻插值重构法的运算速度比原重构法提高了3.5倍,三维重构矩阵的相关系数约为0.98。实验结果表明所提算法可以提高目标三维重构速度,并且目标条纹图像帧幅数越多,目标三维重构速度改善效果越好。