低中水平放射性废物浅地层处置安全评价方法研究

中国辐射防护研究院和日本原子力研究所合作开展了为期５年（１９９８年１月１９９３年１月）的“低中水平放射性废物浅地层处置安全评价方法研究”,以建立一套低中放废物浅地层处置安全评价技术和方法,包括参数、模式和程序。本文主要介绍在黄土包气带中核素迁移规律,水分运行行为研究及其相关参数测定的方法和试验结果。以及试验场址主要特征和开发的素迁移式和计算程序。为开展现场核素迁移 实验室核素迁移模拟实验,建立了野     

高放废物地质处置近场核素迁移计算

以我国高放废物地质处置初步概念设计为背景,分析了高放废物地质处置系统中近场核素迁移的基本途径。初步建立了放射性核素近场迁移的概念模型和数学模型,并采用库室模型方法,利用Goldsim通用软件模拟了在参考景象下放射性核素从近场的释放迁移,给出核素从近场的释放率结果。采用日本的概念设计和参数值,利用建立的模型进行了计算,与日本原子能机构JAEA给出的H12报告(使用MESHNOTE程序计算)的结果进行了比较,两者基本吻合。最后提出了需要进一步研究的内容。     

放射性废物处置中核素迁移研究现状及展望

放射性废物根据分类标准采取不同的处置方式。放射性核素具有半衰期长、放射性强等特点,调研了国内、外低、中、高放射性核素处置研究的工作进展,并从核素种类、黏土类型、具体迁移研究方法、研究设备方面,总结了当前国内、外的研究现状,对我国放射性废物处置中的核素迁移工作提出了相应的建议。     

当前核素迁移研究的若干进展

本文着重评述了当前有关放射性废物地质处置的核素迁移研究的进展,并讨论了重要核素、迁移化学、天然类比体系、有机化合物和微生物对核素迁移的影响。     

裂片核素在岩石中的迁称研究：V.核素 ^125I在大理石的扩散与渗透

研究了核素＾１２５Ｉ（模拟裂片核素＾１２９Ｉ）在大理石中的扩散与渗透行为，测定了一系列扩散与渗透参数。实验结果表明，核素在大理石中的传质速率大于花岗岩的，根据提出的核素在岩石中的迁移模型，计算了＾１２５Ｉ在大理石中的迁移分布曲线，由于＾１２５Ｉ在大理石中的迁移速度快，因此核废物库址不宜选在大理石岩层中。     

应用Ecolego软件计算低、中放固体废物处置场核素在地下水中的迁移

以国内某低、中放固体废物处置场为例,应用Ecolego软件,计算处置场关闭后核素在地下水中的迁移以及对公众造成的照射。通过计算表明,该处置场对于处置含有短寿命核素的废物有较好的效果(3H除外),该处置场对公众造成影响较大的核素为3H和14C,以及长寿命核素。因此,在进行废物处置时,要限制长寿命核素以及3H和14C的量。     

裂片核素在岩石中的迁移研究Ⅴ．核素~（125）I在大理石中的扩散与渗透

研究了核素~（１２５）Ｉ（模拟裂片核素~（１２９）Ｉ）在大理石中的扩散与渗透行为，测定了一系列扩散与渗透参数。实验结果表明，核素在大理石中的传质速率大于花岗岩的。根据提出的核素在岩石中的迁移模型，计算了~（１２５）Ｉ在大理石中的迁移分布曲线。由于~（１２５）Ｉ在大理石中的迁移速度快，因此核废物库址不宜选在大理石岩层中。     

高放废物处置评价中应用的有关程序

对有关在高放废物处置中应用的程序进行了调研,根据应用方向将这程序分成源顶计算程序、地下水与核素迁移程序、热－湿－力耦合程序及其它程序4类。     

孔隙介质中放射性核素迁移的不确定性和参数灵敏度分析

本文以低中水平放射性废物处置库库底释放的3H和90Sr两种核素为例，对7个水文地质和核素吸附方面的参数采用拉丁超立方抽样方法分析了孔隙介质中核素迁移解析解结果的不确定性，另外，利用Spearman偏秩相关分析方法对参数的灵敏度进行了分析。     

粘土的~(234)U/~(238)U放射性比值是离原生矿距离的函数

澳大利亚原子能委员会实施一项旨在测定与铀矿体伴生的20—30个天然放射性核素中某几个的迁移计划。工作意图之一在于使我们自己的实验室及国外的放射性废物管理规划所提出的地质迁移模式得到证实。虽然天然放射性核素谱中并不恰巧包含着放射性废物中感兴趣的那些元素     

加速器驱动洁净能系统中的燃耗行为分析

研究了加速器驱动洁净核能系统（ADS）次临界反应堆内核素的演化。分析结果表明：ADS具有嬗变长寿命核废物的能力。从快堆和热堆的比较可知,ADS的快堆具有输出功率大、长寿命超铀放射性废物的累积水平低、裂变产物对反应堆反应性和能量增益影响小等优点。这些优点在利用U－Pu燃料循环的次临界堆中十分明显。对于利用Th-U燃料循环的次临界堆,热堆和快堆都是可以工作的;而对于U－Pu燃料循环的系统,快堆则是较好的选择。     

Reaction Rate of Hydrolysis of Iodine

Absorption rates of dilute iodine vapor contained in air by aqueous mixtures of sodium hydroxide and boric acid were measured using a laminar liquid jet column absorber at 298 K. Absorption rates in this system are controlled by a series of complex reactions taking place in the liquid phase. The reaction rate constant of iodine hydrolysis in the aqueous phase was determined from the absorption rates observed under the conditions that the base-catalytic hydrolysis reaction of iodine can be considered to be irreversible and that other reactions can be neglected. The absorption rates calculated theoretically with the rate constant value obtained above were in good accordance with the whole experimental data observed for a wide range of experimental conditions.     

核电项目工程量概念解析

在市场化大趋势的推动下,核电项目的成本管理意识空前强化。在众多成本管理的影响因素中,工程量是决定性因素。本文从概念区分的角度划分了核电项目实施过程的活动层次,进行了相应分析,找出了各个层次活动量的不同测量方式,通过对这些方式的本质解析和整合,既澄清了施工项目工程量概念本身,也澄清了一些模糊认识,为工程量的管理和成本管理的改进奠定了必要的基础。     

Effect of hydrocarbons on the efficiency of catalytic reactor of detritiation system in an event of fire

Detritiation system of a nuclear fusion plant is mandatory to be designed and qualified taking carefully into consideration all the possible extraordinary situations in addition to that in a normal condition. We focused on the change in the efficiency of tritium oxidation of a catalytic reactor in an event of fire where the air accompanied with hydrocarbons, water vapor, and tritium is fed into a catalytic reactor at the same time. Our test results on the effect of these gases on the efficiency of tritium oxidation of the catalytic reactor indicated; (1) tritiated hydrocarbon produces significantly by reaction between tritium and hydrocarbons in a catalytic reactor; (2) there is little possibility of degradation in the detritiation performance because the tritiated hydrocarbons produced in the catalyst reactor are combusted; (3) there is no possibility of uncontrollable rise in the temperature of the catalytic reactor by heat of reactions; and (4) saturated water vapor could temporarily poison the catalyst and degrades the detritiation performance. Our investigation indicated a saturated water vapor condition without hydrocarbons would be the dominant scenario to determine the amount of catalyst for the design of catalytic reactor of the detritiation system.     

空气中不同形态氚取样方法

空气中氚的存在形态主要是氚化水蒸气（HTO）、氚气（HT）和氚化甲烷（CH3T）。空气中的氚含量很低,测定通常采用累积取样和液闪谱仪测量相结合的方法。本文综述了空气中不同形态氚的取样方法的研究进展,对不同取样方法进行了比较分析,总结了不同取样方法存在的问题和不足,为空气中氚的取样方法研究提供参考。     

在Be和Au中7Be半衰期差别的测量

用两套γ谱仪精确测量了注入到天然铍和天然金中的7Be发生电子俘获的半衰期。实验测得,天然铍中7Be的半衰期为53.275(25)d,在天然金中为53.270(19)d。在0.12%的实验测量精度下,未观测到7Be半衰期在这两种材料中的差异。结果表明:注入在不同材料中7Be半衰期的变化不能仅从被注入材料的电子亲合势的差异考虑,还要考虑材料晶格结构的影响。     

A study of the effect of inelastic absorption on the validity of trajectory simulation of elastic scattering

The effect of inelastic events on the elastic scattering of particles in a scattering medium may be described in terms of inelastic absorption (depletion of the elastic scattering channel), which may be implemented either by means of a complex phaseshift or by means of an optical potential. Using both methods, inelastic absorption is introduced in the exact quantum calculation of multiple elastic s-wave scattering of a particle in a cluster of point scatterers. The average solution of the quantum calculation for a large number of simulated clusters with identical boundaries but with scatterers in randomly varying positions is compared with the result of a corresponding trajectory simulation, where an inelastic mean free path has been introduced. In the trajectory simulation an inelastic event results in the absorption of the particle, i.e. termination of the trajectory. It has previously been shown that trajectory simulation of purely elastic scattering is a valid approximation of the average quantum solution if the incident particle wavelength is at most about equal to the average distance between neighbour scatterers. It is found that this condition still holds in the presence of inelastic absorption, although quantum and trajectory calculations of the scattering event distribution inside the cluster give increasingly similar results for decreasing inelastic mean free path.     

Results of the Main Phase of Ion Separation in the Process of Plasma-Optical Mass Separation

This paper presents separation results of a mixture of nitrogen, argon and krypton ions in the process of plasma-optical mass separation on the POMS-E-3 separator model. We determined the behavior of the separation with a change in the value of magnetic field induction in the azimuthator and in the degree of compensation of the spatial charge in ion flows. An analysis is performed for experimental data by correlation with the results of a theoretical study and numerical experiments. The objectives of future experiments are outlined.     

Design of snowflake-diverted equilibria of CFETR

The Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) represents the next generation of full superconducting fusion reactors in China.Recently,CFETR was redesigned with a larger size and will be operated in two phases.To reduce the heat flux on the target plate,a snowflake (SF) divertor configuration is proposed.In this paper we show that by adding two dedicated poloidal field (PF) coils,the SF configuration can be achieved in both phases.The equilibria were calculated by TEQ code for a range of self-inductances li3.The coil currents were calculated at some fiducial points in the flattop phase.The results indicate that the PF coil system has the ability to maintain a long flattop phase in 7.5 and 10 MA inductive scenarios for the single null divertor (SND) and SF divertor configurations.The properties of the SF configuration were also analyzed.The connection length and flux expansion of the SF divertor were both increased significantly over the SND.     

金属氚化物中氦行为的研究现状与发展趋势

简要概述了近些年来金属氚化物中³He的存在和演化行为、延缓³He从材料中析出的可能途径以及时效对氚化物性能影响等方面的研究进展,重点对几种金属氚化物的³He时效行为进行了比较分析,并对其研究趋势作了概要评述。文章同时简要介绍了本研究组在金属氚化物³He演化行为研究方面的理论模拟和实验研究方面的工作进展。