HEAT,MOMENTUM, AND MASS TRANSFER MEASUREMENTS IN INDIRECT AGITATED SLUDGE DRYER

ABSTRACT

Whereas indirect agitated drying has been extensively studied for granular materials, little is known in the case of pasty products. We describe an experimental set up specially designed for the investigation of drying kinetics, of heat transfer coefficient evolution, and of the mechanical torque necessary for stirring. This device was applied to municipal sewage sludge. Preliminary experiments were performed to investigate the influence of ageing of sludge on the drying kinetics. It appears that ageing does have no effect except for the first two days. The influences of the wall temperature, the stirrer speed, the dryer load and the location of the stirrer against the heated wall were studied. Three different rheological behaviors were observed during sludge drying. In particular, the sludge goes through a “glue” phase, and high levels of mechanical strain are recorded when the compact mass begins to break up. A critical stirrer speed is found within the range 40–60 rpm. To shorten the drying time, it seems better to adjust the wall temperature in accordance with the moisture content of the sludge.     

盘式连续干燥器的传质传热模型

建立了盘式连续干燥器内加热盘面物料的传质模型,给出了干燥器内料环高度、盘面积料量及干燥时间的计算方法.应用颗粒传热理论和扩散理论,导出了每道料环的传热计算公式,由该迭代公式可逐步计算出每道料环的出料温度、出料湿含量及干燥速率.扩散理论中的惟一经验参数——搅拌参数N_mix,在本模型中可由不同进料工况下的多组实验数据加以确定.最后给出了应用该模型进行计算的实例,结果表明,理论计算值与实测值吻合较好,误差一般在20%以内.     

HEAT TRANSFER IN A CONDUCTIVE-HEATING AGITATED DRYER

Abstract

The heat transfers between the heating plane and the granular materials in both the “Stationary heating-plane type” and the “Moving heating-plane type” of the conductive-heating agitated dryers were discussed mainly from the view point of the scale-up of the dryer. Under the condition of complete mixing in the bed of bulk materials, the heat transfer models proposed for both the two types of dryers can predict the heat transfer coefficients in any sizes of the dryers. However, the complete mixing is not usually accomplished in the large scale of dryer. Hence, an “Incomplete mixing model” was proposed to estimate the effect of the incompleteness of mixing on the heat transfer coefficient. In this model, the incompleteness of mixing can be apparently taken into consideration only by increasing the contact time.     

搅拌槽内气－液体系的分散、传质和传热

综述了搅拌槽内气－液体系分散、传质和传热特性，比较了搅拌器类型、通气方式和多级搅拌器对混合性能的影响。对文献中观点的分歧进行了探讨，由此得到两个传质系数关联式，并揭示出给热系数随操作条件变化的机理。     

DRYING OF PULP AND PAPER SLUDGE IN A PULSED FLUID BED DRYER

Hydrodynamics and drying kinetics for the pulp and paper primary sludge dried in a pulsed fluid bed dryer with relocated air stream are presented. Batch experiments have indicated that drying of disintegrated sludge to the required 12% moisture content takes place during the first drying period at practically constant material temperature close to the wet bulb temperature with respect to the inlet air conditions. Equations were developed for pressure drop, minimum pulsed-fluidization velocity, dynamic bed height, and volumetric mass transfer coefficient. Continuous experiments under drying conditions determined from the average residence time concept have confirmed that transportation of disintegrated sludge along the dryer follows the plug flow model.     

DRYING OF PULP AND PAPER SLUDGE IN A PULSED FLUID BED DRYER

ABSTRACT

Hydrodynamics and drying kinetics for the pulp and paper primary sludge dried in a pulsed fluid bed dryer with relocated air stream are presented. Batch experiments have indicated that drying of disintegrated sludge to the required 12% moisture content takes place during the first drying period at practically constant material temperature close to the wet bulb temperature with respect to the inlet air conditions. Equations were developed for pressure drop, minimum pulsed-fluidization velocity, dynamic bed height, and volumetric mass transfer coefficient. Continuous experiments under drying conditions determined from the average residence time concept have confirmed that transportation of disintegrated sludge along the dryer follows the plug flow model.

     

通气式搅拌槽的传热特性

研究了通式搅拌槽槽壁给热系数（ｈｗ）随通气速率和搅拌转速变化的规律和机理，在搅拌过程中存在一个临界转速，它决定了通气是增大还是减小ｈｗ。通过引入综合反映操作条件对ｈｗ影响的无因次数Ｈｚ，获得了一个偏差较小并且简单实用的ｈｗ半经验关联式。     

HYDRODYNAMICS AND MASS TRANSFER IN A SPOUTED BED DRYER

ABSTRACT

The disposal of sludge generated by water treatment plants poses major financial and environmental problems. Drying of the sludge is an essential pan of any disposal process which may include incinerating, landfilling or upgrading. In the present study, experiments were carried out to investigate the drying of sludge in a spouted bed and to characterize the hydrodynamics and mass transfer mechanisms. The effect of bed moisture content on the minimum spouting velocity (U_ms) was examined for sludge granules. U_ms was found to increase with increasing the moisture content of the sludge particles. The gas phase mass transfer coefficient in the dryer was determined using porous calcined alumina particles and the results were compared with predictions by correlations available in the literature. The existing correlations gave poor predictions for the mass transfer coefficient. A new correlation for the mass transfer coefficient in a spouted bed dryer was developed based on the experimental results.     

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN IMPINGEMENT DRYING

ABSTRACT

In industrial drying applications, efficient transfer of heat and mass between a drying medium and the material being dried is very critical for the overall economics of the operation. Impinging jets are therefore widely used for their enhanced tmnsport characteristics, especially for drying of continuous sheets of materials such as paper and textiles. In such applications, a thin sheet of material, as wide as 6m in cross machine direction, speeds at velocities as high as 90 km/hr under high velocity jets emerging from a confining surface parallel to the material surface. Many variables and effects need to k considered for proper design of such impinging jet systems: nozzle geometry and size, nozzle configuration, location of exhaust pons, nozzle-to-surface separation, jet-to-jet separation, cross flow, jet exit velocity and surface motion. For permeable materials, additional enhancement of heat and mass transfer that occur when some of the impinging gas is removed through the material makes this option an atmctive one.

Here, we review the above effects and offer predictive correlations from literature which may be used in the design of high velocity impinging jet systems.     

装有双层蛇管搅拌釜的传热

以水为传热介质，采用组合桨，测定了装有双层蛇管的搅拌釜的传热系数。结果表明，在三层圆盘涡轮搅拌下，外层蛇管外壁侧和釜内壁侧的传热系数分别比内层蛇管的下降了１０％和２８％，而用圆盘涡轮与折叶桨组合桨搅拌时，要分别高出３３％和５％，总传热效率提高了２０％以上；另外，釜内壁侧的传热系数受蛇管层数的影响较小。     

INTENSIFICATION OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CHANNELS OF PLATE CONDENSERS

An analysis is presented for the main factors which control the intensity of vapor condensation in plate condenser channels, such as heat transfer both in single-phase stream of the coolant and in the condensate film, heat and mass transfer in gas-vapor phase, thermal resistance of fouling at heat transfer surface and pressure drop in condensing stream. On the basis of a relationship between the heat transfer and the wall shear stress, an approximate equation is obtained for calculating heat transfer from the pressure drop data. For calculation of heat transfer in condensate film during the condensation of high speed vapor, an analogy between heat and momentum transport has been used. An analysis of fouling deposition on heat transfer surface has been performed and an equation is presented for calculating the reduction of the fouling thermal resistance as compared with shell and lube heat exchangers. Experimental data are in good agreement with theoretical results. These data have shown the improvement of all the mentioned factors, which determine the intensity of the whole condensation process compared to the same factors in shell and tube condensers. Under the equal conditions, the required area of the heat transfer surface is reduced by 1.6 to 3 limes for the plate condenser, as compared with conventional shell and tube units.     

INTENSIFICATION OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CHANNELS OF PLATE CONDENSERS

An analysis is presented for the main factors which control the intensity of vapor condensation in plate condenser channels, such as heat transfer both in single-phase stream of the coolant and in the condensate film, heat and mass transfer in gas-vapor phase, thermal resistance of fouling at heat transfer surface and pressure drop in condensing stream. On the basis of a relationship between the heat transfer and the wall shear stress, an approximate equation is obtained for calculating heat transfer from the pressure drop data. For calculation of heat transfer in condensate film during the condensation of high speed vapor, an analogy between heat and momentum transport has been used. An analysis of fouling deposition on heat transfer surface has been performed and an equation is presented for calculating the reduction of the fouling thermal resistance as compared with shell and lube heat exchangers. Experimental data are in good agreement with theoretical results. These data have shown the improvement of all the mentioned factors, which determine the intensity of the whole condensation process compared to the same factors in shell and tube condensers. Under the equal conditions, the required area of the heat transfer surface is reduced by 1.6 to 3 limes for the plate condenser, as compared with conventional shell and tube units.     

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN THE ADSORBENT BED OF AN ADSORPTION HEAT PUMP

The heat and mass transfer equations governing an adsorbent bed in an adsorption heat pump and the mass balance equation for the adsorbent particles in the adsorbent bed were solved numerically to simulate the cycle of a basic adsorption heat pump, which includes isobaric adsorption, isosteric heating, isobaric desorption, and isosteric cooling processes. The finite difference method was used to solve the set of governing equations, which are highly nonlinear and coupled. The pressures of the evaporator and condenser were 2 and 20 kPa, respectively, and the regeneration temperature of the bed was 403 K. Changes in the temperature, adsorptive pressure, and adsorbate concentration in the adsorbent bed at different steps of the cycle were determined. The basic simulated cycle is presented in a Clausius-Clapeyron diagram, which illustrates the changes in average pressure and temperature of the adsorbent bed throughout the cycle. The results of the simulation indicated that the most time-consuming processes in the adsorption heat pump cycle were isobaric adsorption and isobaric desorption. The high thermal resistance of the bed slows down heat transfer, prolonging adsorption and desorption processes.     

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON MASS TRANSFER IN A CENTRIFUGAL FLUIDIZED BED DRYER

Abstract

The influences of bed thickness, particle diameter, rotating speed of the basket and operating gas velocity on the mass transfer between gas and particles in the centrifugal fluidized bed dryer (CFBD) were examined. The experimental correlation used to calculate the mass transfer coefficient in the centrifugal fluidized bed dryer was obtained.     

DRYING MODEL WITH NON-ISOTROPIC SHRINKAGE DEFORMATION UNDERGOING SIMULTANEOUS HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

A model of simultaneous heat and moisture transfer in a cylindrical sample was coupled with the virtual work principle applicable to a body undergoing shrinkage deformation in two dimensions. Non-constant physical and thermal properties were also incorporated in the model. Governing equations and boundary conditions were solved numerically using Galerkin's finite element method. To check the mathematical model drying experiments were carried out. A cylindrical potato was used as a drying sample. Experimental conditions were as follows: a drying temperature of 333 K, relative humidity of 5.4%, and air velocity of 1.6 m/s. We obtained the central temperature of the sample, average moisture content, and the shrinkage change in the axial and radial directions during drying. It was observed that the shrinkage coefficients in the axial and the radial directions were significantly different during air-drying. Comparison between predicted and experimental results provides satisfactory agreement.     

DRYING MODEL WITH NON-ISOTROPIC SHRINKAGE DEFORMATION UNDERGOING SIMULTANEOUS HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

A model of simultaneous heat and moisture transfer in a cylindrical sample was coupled with the virtual work principle applicable to a body undergoing shrinkage deformation in two dimensions. Non-constant physical and thermal properties were also incorporated in the model. Governing equations and boundary conditions were solved numerically using Galerkin's finite element method. To check the mathematical model drying experiments were carried out. A cylindrical potato was used as a drying sample. Experimental conditions were as follows: a drying temperature of 333 K, relative humidity of 5.4%, and air velocity of 1.6 m/s. We obtained the central temperature of the sample, average moisture content, and the shrinkage change in the axial and radial directions during drying. It was observed that the shrinkage coefficients in the axial and the radial directions were significantly different during air-drying. Comparison between predicted and experimental results provides satisfactory agreement.     

MODELLING OF HEAT TRANSFER IN HOT PRESSING AND IMPULSE DRYING OF PAPER

A modelling and simulation study regarding the heat transfer in hot pressing as well as in impulse drying of paper has been performed. The study is focused on modelling the heat transfer from a hot surface to a moist paper sheet and the heat transfer inside the paper sheet. The model is based on solving the equation for unsteady heat transfer by conduction. The model was compared with experimental data from a heated laboratory platen press and data from the experimental paper machine EuroFEX at the Swedish Pulp and Paper Research Institute (STFI) in Stockholm. The results in this study showed that a rather simple heat transfer model could be used to simulate the heat transfer in cases in which the temperature was moderate and the applied pressure did not exceed 0.5 MPa. It was also concluded that a paper could be regarded as a semi-infinite body for basis weights above 110 g/m², considering the assumptions used in the model. It was also shown that a laboratory press could simulate heat transfer in hot pressing and impulse drying with a high degree of accuracy.     

MODELLING OF HEAT TRANSFER IN HOT PRESSING AND IMPULSE DRYING OF PAPER

A modelling and simulation study regarding the heat transfer in hot pressing as well as in impulse drying of paper has been performed. The study is focused on modelling the heat transfer from a hot surface to a moist paper sheet and the heat transfer inside the paper sheet. The model is based on solving the equation for unsteady heat transfer by conduction. The model was compared with experimental data from a heated laboratory platen press and data from the experimental paper machine EuroFEX at the Swedish Pulp and Paper Research Institute (STFI) in Stockholm. The results in this study showed that a rather simple heat transfer model could be used to simulate the heat transfer in cases in which the temperature was moderate and the applied pressure did not exceed 0.5 MPa. It was also concluded that a paper could be regarded as a semi-infinite body for basis weights above 110 g/m², considering the assumptions used in the model. It was also shown that a laboratory press could simulate heat transfer in hot pressing and impulse drying with a high degree of accuracy.     

干燥过程热质传递的简化模型

对多孔介质体积平均理论进行简化,得到简化的热质传递干燥模型,用一个理论式表达模型中有效扩散系数。对香蕉片千燥的研究表明,模型的预测值与实验结果相     

MASS AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER WITH NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS IN FLUIDIZED BEDS

A new model for non-Newtonian fluid flows through fluidized beds is developed by extending the Richardson-Zaki concept. In the proposed model, the existing correlations for an isolated single sphere are simply extended to those for a fluidized bed by incorporating a voidage function. The model is found to be in a good agreement with other correlations for flows of a non-Newtonian fluid through multi-particle systems. The model is also applied to interpret mass transfer in fluidized beds.