教学软件开发过程模型探讨

在深入分析教学软件特点的基础上,探讨了其开发过程中采用的原型模型、螺旋模型、原型与螺旋两者相结合开发模型的特点,并提出教学设计中,应包含探究式教学设计过程将成为未来教学软件的开发趋势。     

游戏型教学软件的设计与开发

游戏型教学软件在设计时应注重教学过程的趣味性,尊重学习者的主体性,将教学内容放在游戏情境中进行展现,让学习者在充满趣味性和挑战性的氛围中学习,轻松愉快地掌握相关知识和技能,从而提高学习质量.目前,我国游戏型教学软件的数量少,质量也存在一些问题.结合相关理论和实例,论述了游戏型教学软件设计的原则、方法及过程.     

非线性动力系统的仿真研究

基于Visual Basic6.0编制了非线性动力方程的可视化仿真软件,应用该软件可绘制出该类方程在相平面上的轨线图,庞加莱（Poincare）截面图,时程曲线图,从而便于分析非线性动力方程的参数对系统的影响。     

Knowledge representation and reasoning in a software synthesisarchitecture

The knowledge representation and reasoning strategies in an automatic program synthesis architecture called ELF are described. ELF synthesizes computer-aided design (CAD) tools that automatically route wires in VLSI circuits. The design space ELF confronts, requires it to understand various physical technologies, to select an appropriate procedure-level decomposition, to choose algorithms and data structures, to manage any interdependencies, and to generate efficient code. ELF manages the design space using a variety of knowledge sources, including domain-specific knowledge. The manner in which knowledge is used determines the representation method of choice. The effectiveness of these ideas is illustrated via a tour through the synthesis steps for a specific routing tool, and a brief discussion of the performance of the resulting synthetic router as measured against an industrial tool     

基于案例推理的软件需求分析研究

针对软件需求分析过程中知识的管理与重用,将CBR技术引入到了软件需求分析的处理中,从知识管理的角度运用基于案例推理的方法提出了软件需求分析的框架模型,并对该模型的关键技术进行了详细说明.     

Visual reasoning about social networks using centrality sensitivity

In this paper, we study the sensitivity of centrality metrics as a key metric of social networks to support visual reasoning. As centrality represents the prestige or importance of a node in a network, its sensitivity represents the importance of the relationship between this and all other nodes in the network. We have derived an analytical solution that extracts the sensitivity as the derivative of centrality with respect to degree for two centrality metrics based on feedback and random walks. We show that these sensitivities are good indicators of the distribution of centrality in the network, and how changes are expected to be propagated if we introduce changes to the network. These metrics also help us simplify a complex network in a way that retains the main structural properties and that results in trustworthy, readable diagrams. Sensitivity is also a key concept for uncertainty analysis of social networks, and we show how our approach may help analysts gain insight on the robustness of key network metrics. Through a number of examples, we illustrate the need for measuring sensitivity, and the impact it has on the visualization of and interaction with social and other scale-free networks.     

Visual software tools for multimedia authoring

Multimedia authoring tools were originally developed more than 20 years ago to help non-programmers construct multimedia presentations, especially in the area of primary education. Since then, both the application scope and the target audience have broadened. In this paper, we review several of the more popular visual tools for multimedia authoring.     

基于Visual Basic的瞬态图像采集系统软件设计

对Ｖｉｓｕａｌ Ｂａｓｉｃ在动态散斑瞬态图像采集系统软件编程方面的应用进行了探讨,并对其数据处理、Ｉ／Ｏ操作、ＤＬＬ动态链接库的编制与调用、测控系统动画模拟显示等进行了研究。     

Model-based reasoning: a principled approach for software engineering

The software engineering industry suffers from almost unmanageable complexity both in the products it produces and in the processes of production. One of the current shortcomings in the software production process is the weakness of the models used. This paper makes observations on the role of knowledge in engineering and examines the central role of models and simulation. We develop an argument for the application of certain new forms of modelling methods in software engineering in order to impose more discipline and give a principled framework for building models that can support the software life-cycle. The concept of a model is examined in depth and different characteristics and types of model are defined. This introduces the relatively new concept of qualitative models and their use in the field known as model-based reasoning. Unlike previous knowledge-based methods, model-based reasoning has several important advantages. Although very few model-based software projects exist, we illustrate how this approach can be developed by drawing on applications from traditional engineering. It is argued that, because qualitative modelling offers great power for addressing the issue of complexity, such models have considerable potential as high-level abstractions of software products. These could form the core of tools for the management and support of the software development process through the whole product life-cycle.     

Improving the tutoring of software design using case-based reasoning

Judging by results, the methods undertaken to teach software development to large classes of students are flawed; too many students are failing to grasp any real understanding of programming and software design. To address this problem the University of Wales, Aberystwyth has developed VorteX, an interactive collaborative design tool that captures the design processes of novice students, provides a diagnosis system capable of interpreting the students’ work, and advises on their design process.This paper provides an overview of VorteX, its capabilities and use, and explains how the case-based system identifies redundancies in the storage of student designs and reduces data volume. The paper describes how equivalence maps merge similar classes to reduce the design structure possibilities, how snippets eliminate the replication of components and how abstract snippets represent the design intent of students in a minimalist form. Finally it concludes with comments on the student experience of the VorteX case-based reasoning assistant.     

基于证据推理的嵌入式软件可信性评估方法*

传统的可信性评估模型通常使用软件度量医逻辑验证方法进行定量估计,在应用于体系结构复杂、可信度要求较高的嵌入式软件时,依然存在可信需求不明确、专家主观认知无法集成等问题.在分析嵌入式软件可信需求的基础上,构建一种基于证据推理方法的嵌入式软件可信性评估模型,并定义证据合成算子和效用估算模型以实现多样化可信证据的一致融合与量化.仿真实验验证了该模型在解决嵌入式软件可信性评估问题时的合理性与有效性.     

基于构件库/工作流的可视化软件开发

在研究构件技术的基础上,结合工作流技术提出了一种新的软件开发模式,即通过将可视化的构件库与可视化的工作流编辑系统全面融合实现零编程的软件搭建平台。构件库包含了多层次和多粒度的可视化软件构件集合。工作流以业务流程为核心来组装各种构件以实现可视化的软件开发。论文提出了软件构件运行与逻辑控制分离的思想,通过构件库不同层次构件为用户提供良好的软件扩展性和移植性,通过工作流引擎的流程控制取代程序流程的过程控制实现面向业务的快速软件搭建,并支持任意流程的实时测试。这种软件开发模式拓展了传统软件工程的过程开发方式,能较好兼容自上而下和自下而上的软件工程方法,并能适用于BS/CS开发模式。该模型已在新一代GIS平台——MapGIS搭建平台中得到成功应用。最后分析了该软件开发方法的优缺点。     

A software system for evaluation and training of spatial reasoning and neuroanatomical knowledge in a virtual environment

This paper describes the design and development of a software tool for the evaluation and training of surgical residents using an interactive, immersive, virtual environment. Our objective was to develop a tool to evaluate user spatial reasoning skills and knowledge in a neuroanatomical context, as well as to augment their performance through interactivity. In the visualization, manually segmented anatomical surface images of MRI scans of the brain were rendered using a stereo display to improve depth cues. A magnetically tracked wand was used as a 3D input device for localization tasks within the brain. The movement of the wand was made to correspond to movement of a spherical cursor within the rendered scene, providing a reference for localization. Users can be tested on their ability to localize structures within the 3D scene, and their ability to place anatomical features at the appropriate locations within the rendering.     

An empirical study of predicting software faults with case-based reasoning

The resources allocated for software quality assurance and improvement have not increased with the ever-increasing need for better software quality. A targeted software quality inspection can detect faulty modules and reduce the number of faults occurring during operations. We present a software fault prediction modeling approach with case-based reasoning (CBR), a part of the computational intelligence field focusing on automated reasoning processes. A CBR system functions as a software fault prediction model by quantifying, for a module under development, the expected number of faults based on similar modules that were previously developed. Such a system is composed of a similarity function, the number of nearest neighbor cases used for fault prediction, and a solution algorithm. The selection of a particular similarity function and solution algorithm may affect the performance accuracy of a CBR-based software fault prediction system. This paper presents an empirical study investigating the effects of using three different similarity functions and two different solution algorithms on the prediction accuracy of our CBR system. The influence of varying the number of nearest neighbor cases on the performance accuracy is also explored. Moreover, the benefits of using metric-selection procedures for our CBR system is also evaluated. Case studies of a large legacy telecommunications system are used for our analysis. It is observed that the CBR system using the Mahalanobis distance similarity function and the inverse distance weighted solution algorithm yielded the best fault prediction. In addition, the CBR models have better performance than models based on multiple linear regression. Taghi M. Khoshgoftaar is a professor of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Florida Atlantic University and the Director of the Empirical Software Engineering Laboratory. His research interests are in software engineering, software metrics, software reliability and quality engineering, computational intelligence, computer performance evaluation, data mining, and statistical modeling. He has published more than 200 refereed papers in these areas. He has been a principal investigator and project leader in a number of projects with industry, government, and other research-sponsoring agencies. He is a member of the Association for Computing Machinery, the IEEE Computer Society, and IEEE Reliability Society. He served as the general chair of the 1999 International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE’99), and the general chair of the 2001 International Conference on Engineering of Computer Based Systems. Also, he has served on technical program committees of various international conferences, symposia, and workshops. He has served as North American editor of the Software Quality Journal, and is on the editorial boards of the journals Empirical Software Engineering, Software Quality, and Fuzzy Systems. Naeem Seliya received the M.S. degree in Computer Science from Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA, in 2001. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Florida Atlantic University. His research interests include software engineering, computational intelligence, data mining, software measurement, software reliability and quality engineering, software architecture, computer data security, and network intrusion detection. He is a student member of the IEEE Computer Society and the Association for Computing Machinery.     

Considering perception and cognition in the design of an instructional software package

An instructional multimedia software package was developed for use by students taking introductory physics courses. Studies have indicated that many of these students possess a set of common misunderstandings of graphs describing the motion of objects. The software described here was constructed as a student tool which would specifically address these difficulties. The impact of educational psychology, cognitive science, and human factors research on software design and user interface development are described. This work was supported by NSF grant MDR-9154127 with additional support from the RasterOps Corporation, Sony Corporation of America, and Apple Computer, Inc.     

Seven layers of knowledge representation and reasoning in supportof software development

The authors' experience in the Programmer's Apprentice project in applying knowledge representation and automated reasoning to support software development is summarized. A system, called Cake, is described that comprises seven layers of knowledge representation and reasoning facilities: truth maintenance, Boolean constraint propagation, equality, types, algebra, frames, and Plan Calculus. Sessions with two experimental software development tools implemented using Cake, the Requirements Apprentice and the Debugging Assistant, are also included