SLF/ELF垂直电偶极子在理想导电地-电离层中的场

在理想导电地面与电离层条件下,我们导出了SLF/ELF垂直电偶极子在球形地-电离层壳体中产生的电磁场的球谐级数表达式,并提出了一种加速收敛算法。利用此算法分别算出了电场分量随传播距离、高度及工作频率的变化,所得计算结果与Barrick方法所得结果基本吻合。由于地面和电离层没有吸收损耗,地面与电离层之间产生的场是＂驻波＂,在ELF频段,其频率变化规律能正确反映出＂舒曼＂谐振现象。     

地震ELF/SLF辐射源在地面及电离层中产生的场

针对地震电磁辐射与传播,将地下辐射源理想化为水平ELF/SLF电偶极子,传播介质理想化为地层-大气层-电离层三层平面分层介质,其中地层和电离层都看作均匀有耗介质.在此物理模型下,导出了电磁场在大气层和电离层中的积分表达式,更由留数定理得出了电磁场的级数表达式.计算结果表明:ELF/SLF电波从辐射源出发后,首先以最短的垂直向上路径渗透出地层进入大气层,然后在地-电离层波导中以若干个"波模"叠加的方式向外传播到达大气层中的接收点,并进一步渗透电离层被卫星上的接收点接收.     

SLF/ELF水平电偶极子在地-电离层波导中的场

在非理想导电地面与电离层条件下,导出了SLF/ELF水平电偶极子在球形地-电离层壳体中产生的电磁场的球谐级数表达式,采用一种加速收敛算法,算出了波导中的电磁场分布.根据计算结果,在SLF频段,地面与电离层之间的电磁场可理解为两个"行波"的叠加,且与SLF频段的球面二阶近似算法计算结果吻合很好.在ELF频段,壳体中的电磁场是驻波,其频率变化规律能正确反映出"舒曼"谐振现象.     

垂直电偶极子在地-电离层波导中场的球级数解

在非理想导电地面与电离层条件下,我们导出了ELF/SLF垂直电偶极子在球形地-电离层壳体中产生的电磁场的球谐级数表达式,采用一种加速收敛算法,算出了波导中的电磁场分布.根据计算结果,在SLF频段,地面与电离层之间的电磁场可理解为二个"行波"的叠加,且与SLF频段的球面二阶近似算法计算结果吻合很好.在ELF频段,壳体中的电磁场是驻波,其频率变化规律能正确反映出"舒曼"谐振现象.     

离子对SLF／ELF电磁波在电离层中传播的影响

在SLF/ELF频段,离子的磁回旋频率接近甚至高于电波频率,其对电波传播的影响不能忽略.深入分析了SLF/ELF电磁波在电离层中传播时,离子对折射指数、极化因子等参数的影响.研究结果表明:在离地高度大于200 km的高电离层,由于电子与离子的碰撞频率远小于磁回旋频率和电波的频率,离子对电波传播的影响很大.在离地高度70 km左右的低电离层,电子与离子的碰撞频率远大于磁回旋频率,离子对电波传播的影响就可忽略.因此,就SLF/ELF对电离层的反射而言,可不计离子的作用;但对于透射传播,应该考虑离子的作用.     

地下SLF/ELF水平电偶极子在球形地-电离层中产生的场

在非理想导电地面与电离层条件下,导出了地下SLF/ELF水平电偶极子在地上、地下及电离层中产生的电磁场的球谐级数表达式.并提出了一种加速收敛算法,算出了大气层及电离层中的电磁场分布.计算结果表明:地下几十公里的水平电偶极子产生的场除了增加了一个固定衰减外,与地面上的水平电偶极子产生的场分布完全相似,它产生的电磁场可理解为电波首先垂直地透过土壤,然后在地一电离层腔体中传播.在SLF频段,地一电离层空腔中的电磁场可理解为两个"行波"的叠加.在ELF频段,空腔中的电磁场是驻波,其频率变化规律能正确反映出"舒曼"谐振现象.     

中低纬调制高频加热电离层ELF／VLF辐射模拟

从基本的电子能量方程出发,改进了幅度调制HF电波加热低电离层模型.计算了低电离层电子温度和电导率随加热时间的变化,以及不同高度上加热产生ELF/VLF Hall电流大小.根据实际的电离层参数,在一定加热条件下,计算了北京、上海、昆明和海口所产生ELF/VLF Hall总电偶极矩大小.结果表明:利用幅度调制HF电波加热中低纬度地区低电离层,可以有效形成ELF/VLF电波辐射源.     

ULF/ELF波在IAR中传播的色散关系研究

电离层阿尔芬谐振器的存在已被理论和实验所证明。文章通过建立平面分层的电离层模型，对ULF/ELF波在IAR中传播模式进行研究，得到描述ULF/ELF波在IAR不同电离层状态下传播满足的色散关系。结果表明，ULF/ELF波在IAR中的传播和电离层状态密不可分，粒子间的相互碰撞往往对波的传播产生不可忽略的影响，最小截止波频的存在是由于电离层边界条件的限制而不是因为波传播过程中的衰减造成的。     

极低频/超低频/甚低频宽带磁传感器技术研究

分析了极低频/超低频/甚低频(ELF/SLF/VLF)宽带磁传感器的工作原理,解决了磁天线低噪声、放大器低噪声、传感系数标校等关键技术问题,研制了ELF/SLF/VLF宽带磁传感器的样机并对其幅度特性、相位特性进行了测试,测试结果表明:设备性能达到了预期研究目标。     

ELF/SLF电磁波传播的FDTD和GIS结合建模与分析

首次采用三维时域有限差分(3D-FDTD)经纬度模型和地理学信息系统技术(Geographic Information System,GIS)对地球-电离层波导系统进行几何建模,并对闪电、舒曼谐振中的极低频/超低频(ELF/SLF)的电磁辐射进行仿真实验.计算结果表明,当激励源放置在高空模拟闪电发生时,电磁波通过波导系统传播到观测点,并继续绕地球多次经过同一位置,直到完全衰减,其谐振频点与舒曼谐振点基本一致.发现地形地貌对于地表电磁波的电场分布有较大影响,而对地表电磁波的磁场分布几乎没有影响.     

Fast Convergence Algorithm for Earthquake Prediction Using SLF/ELF Horizontal Electric Dipole during Day and Night and Schumann Resonance

Electromagnetic wave radiation from a SLF/ELF horizontal electric dipole (HED) related to seismic activity is discussed. In order to estimate the effects on the electromagnetic waves associated with the seismic activity, SLF/ELF waves on the ground radiated from a possible seismic current source modeled as a electric dipole, are precisely computed by using a speeding numerical convergence algorithm. A theoretical calculation of the VLF/SLF electric wave propagating among the Earth-ionosphere cavity generally utilizes the full wave method to solve the model equation. The field in the cavity is comprehended as the sum of each wave mode. However, this method is very complex, and unsuitable to the ELF frequency band. In 1999, Barrick proposed an algorithm, which was only suitable to solve the electromagnetic problems under the ideal electric conductor condition. To solve the problems under the non-ideal electric conductor condition, we have further developed Barrick??s method and proposed a speeding numerical convergence algorithm. The spherical harmonic series expressions of electromagnetic fields excited by SLF/ELF HED in non-ideal Earth-ionosphere cavity are derived. The speed of this algorithm is faster thirty times than it of calculating directly the sum of the series. If it calculates directly the sum of the series, it needs 1,000 series items, while it needs only 200 series items by this algorithm. Our algorithm is compared with the second order spherical surface approximate algorithm, and two algorithms agree with each other very well. Therefore, our algorithm is correct. Schumann resonance is also verified.     

Fast Convergence Algorithm for Earthquake Prediction Using Electromagnetic Fields Excited by SLF/ELF Horizontal Magnetic Dipole and Schumann Resonance

In order to estimate where the electromagnetic radiation associated with the seismic activity comes from, the propagation characteristics of the SLF/ELF electromagnetic waves on the ground should also be studied. The radiation source may also be modeled as a horizontal magnetic dipole (HMD), and it is precisely calculated by using a speeding numerical convergence algorithm. A theoretical calculation of the VLF/SLF electric wave propagating among the Earth-ionosphere cavity generally utilizes the full wave method to solve the model equation. The field in the cavity is comprehended as the sum of each wave mode. However, this method is very complex, and unsuitable to the ELF frequency band. To solve the problems under the non-ideal electric conductor condition, we have further developed Barrick’s method. The approach we employ below subtracts and adds appropriate identical terms to the original exact series. The subtraction accelerates significantly its numerical convergence. The added terms sum to simple closed-form expressions. The spherical harmonic series expressions of electromagnetic fields excited by SLF/ELF HMD in non-ideal Earth-ionosphere cavity have been derived. The speed of our algorithm is faster twenty eight times than it of calculating directly the sum of the series. If it calculates directly the sum of the series, it needs 1,200 series items and takes 17 min, while it needs only 300 series items and takes 0.6 min. Moreover, under the ideal electric conductor condition, we have verified the correct of our algorithm that the result coincides with that of Barrick’s method. Schumann resonance is also verified.     

电离层中ELF辐射源向下传播衰减理论分析

利用大功率高频（HF）电波调制加热电离层可在电离层中有效形成辐射源,并用于辐射ELF电磁波.本文基于磁流体力学的基本方程通过对电离层中极低频（ELF）辐射源的辐射场分析,获得ELF电磁波在电离层中传播的色散关系式,建立电离层中的ELF辐射源向下传播衰减模型.并依据建立的传播衰减模型,分析不同纬度地区传播衰减的差异,以及传输频率和背景电离层参数对传播衰减的影响.     

FDTD modeling of a novel ELF Radar for major oil deposits using a three-dimensional geodesic grid of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide

This paper reports the first application of an optimized geodesic, three-dimensional (3-D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) grid to model impulsive, extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic wave propagation within the entire Earth-ionosphere cavity. This new model, which complements our previously reported efficient 3-D latitude-longitude grid, is comprised entirely of hexagonal cells except for a small, fixed number of pentagonal cells. Grid-cell areas and locations are optimized to yield a smoothly varying area difference between adjacent cells, thereby maximizing numerical convergence. Extending from 100 km below sea level to an altitude of 100 km, this technique can accommodate arbitrary horizontal as well as vertical geometrical and electrical inhomogeneities/anisotropies of the excitation, ionosphere, lithosphere, and oceans. We first verify the global model by comparing the FDTD-calculated daytime ELF propagation attenuation with data reported in the literature. Then as one example application of this grid, we illustrate a novel ELF radar for major oil deposits.     

Very-low-frequency propagation below the bottom of the sea

Radio-wave propagation at very low frequencies (VLF) in the stratified rock below the bottom of the sea is studied. A reasonable assumption of extremely low electrical conductivity in the stratified rock is based upon available geological data. The surface wave traveling along the interface between this region of low conductivity and the highly conducting sea is compared with the vertically polarized ground wave found in VLF radio-wave propagation at the surface of the earth. When extremely low frequencies (ELF) are transmitted, the highly conducting layer found at greater depths below the bottom of the sea forms the lower surface of a spherical waveguide. This waveguide at ELF supports a propagation mode similar to the mode existing at VLF between the surface of the earth and the lower boundary of the ionosphere. The similarity in propagation mechanisms leads to the name "inverted ionosphere" (described by Wheeler [1]) for the underground region. The sea or relatively highly conducting soil at the surface of the earth is an almost impregnable shield against atmospheric noise and effects from sudden ionospheric disturbances or solar flares. In addition to providing a noise-free medium, the sea has the advantage that construction costs are much less than those of a VLF transmitter at the earth's surface. Presumably communication between shore installations and submarines on the floor of the ocean could be achieved with the inverse ionosphere. The power requirement for such communication with existing VLF transmitters at the earth's surface renders such transmission unattainable.