旋风-颗粒床组合去除PM2.5的试验研究

为增强对微细粉尘的捕集能力,将旋风分离器与颗粒床过滤器串联组合,重点研究该复合式除尘装置对PM2.5的去除效果。试验结果表明,旋风分离器与颗粒床过滤器串联系统的总分离效率可达99.99%,且压降不高于3.5 k Pa。颗粒床出口粉尘d50=0.7μm,d95=1.4~1.7μm。故该装置在较低的能耗下对5μm以下微细粉尘尤其是PM2.5有较高的捕集能力。     

磁性纤维直径对捕集Fe基细颗粒影响数值模拟

为了实现对钢铁行业微细颗粒的超低排放,提出磁性纤维提高对Fe基细颗粒物的捕集.基于计算流体力学-离散相模型CFD-DPM对比研究了传统纤维、磁性纤维直径对Fe基细颗粒捕集效率以及过滤阻力的影响.结果表明:当风速为0.10 m/s时,对于直径为35～45μm范围的纤维,直径的增大能够明显增加过滤阻力.对于粒径小于2.5 ...     

化学团聚作用对烧结微细粉尘除尘效率的影响

工业烟气中粒径10μm以下的微细颗粒物通过静电除尘器捕集效率较低,以烧结烟气中微细粉尘为研究对象,采用化学团聚协同作用提高静电除尘效率。选取聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、葡甘露聚糖(KGM)和聚合氯化铝(PAC) 3种絮凝剂考察其团聚效果。结果表明,化学团聚作用显著增大了微细颗粒平均直径,其中PM10粒级的颗粒体积分数最高减少了75. 608%; 3种絮凝剂中KGM团聚效果最好,团聚前、后粉尘峰值粒径分别为11. 565、37. 825μm;在选取的浓度范围内,絮凝剂质量浓度越高团聚效果越好;烟气温度变化对PM2. 5级别颗粒团聚效果的影响不是很显著。通过正交试验分析得出,当入口烟温为100℃、絮凝剂KGM质量浓度为0. 1 g/L时,粉尘颗粒物峰值粒径达到40μm左右,除尘效果可达到97%以上。     

离心力场-移动床耦合气固分离装备的研究进展

气固分离装备的发展对于实现高温烟气的高效除尘净化具有重要意义。基于单一气固分离机制的除尘装备难以实现精细除尘的目标。将离心分离和移动床分离耦合在同一装备中，实现两种分离机制的协同强化无疑是一种解决方案。在该耦合装备中，旋风壳体和移动床内气相、捕集颗粒、粉尘的运动较之常规单体旋风分离器、移动床均具有一些独特的特性。通过压降-时间响应曲线发现该新型耦合分离装备具有自清洁功能。该装备对黏附性微细粉尘的捕集效率在95%以上；旋风壳体分离了10μm以上颗粒物，而内置颗粒床捕集到的粉尘粒径在10μm以下，验证了二者在同一装备中的协同强化。但是，强化自清洁效应和提高捕集效率构成了一对矛盾。研究表明，该新型耦合分离装备仍具有很大的性能提升空间。     

移动床除尘器捕集颗粒喷动再生的主要操作因素

通过对喷动再生操作前后的捕集颗粒进行采样,考察粉尘/捕集颗粒比、提升管气速、颗粒循环量等操作因素对再生效果的影响。结果表明,粉尘/捕集颗粒比、提升管气速、颗粒循环量为影响喷动再生效果的主要操作因素,随粉尘/捕集颗粒比增大、提升管气速增大、颗粒循环量减小,粒级效率增大;喷动再生器在提升管气速较高时,再生效率较高,但若提升管气速过高,捕集颗粒同样会随灰尘一起被带出;喷动再生过程不可避免地造成捕集颗粒的磨损,合适的提升管气速对整个喷动再生系统至关重要,一般为捕集颗粒带出速度的1.1?1.3倍。     

微米级气溶胶粒子在滤层中的收集效率研究

采用颗粒床过滤系统对含气溶胶气体进行过滤实验,研究微米级气溶胶粒子在滤层中过滤效率的变化规律,并建立滤层模型计算过滤效率理论值.结果表明,在低风速(u0≤0.2m/s)范围内,过滤风速的提高有利于大粒径气溶胶粒子(dP=2.5 μm)的收集,而对中小粒径气溶胶粒子(dp≤1.0μm)的过滤效率没有明显帮助;滤料材质相同时,滤料粒径越小、比表面积越大,过滤效率越高;材质不同时,Hamaker 常数越大,越有利于捕集气溶胶粒子.由颗粒床层模型分析得出,当dp<0.1μm时,扩散效应起主导作用,颗粒粒径越小,扩散效率越高;当dp>1.0μm时,惯性碰撞效应起主导作用,粒径越大,惯性碰撞和拦截效应越显著.     

颗粒床-旋流耦合分离器不同操作模式下的性能分析

通过实验分别考察了满床/空床操作模式对内置颗粒床-旋流耦合分离器分离性能的影响,获得了两种操作模式下的设备压降和捕集效率。通过改变入口粉尘浓度、入口气速和粉尘颗粒种类,发现满床操作条件下的分离效率比空床操作条件下的分离效率高,且前者压降较低。通过对出口粉尘粒径的分析,含有捕集颗粒的内置颗粒床可有效提高5 μm以下的粉尘颗粒的捕集效率,弥补了离心分离的短板。引入性能指数对不同操作模式进行定量分析,验证了满床操作条件下的耦合分离设备具有更好的综合分离性能。     

金属纤维毡在高温除尘上的性能测试与分析

通过对5μm金属纤维毡在不同温度下的拉伸性能和不同过滤风速下的过滤效率进行对比分析,并采用滤料模拟测试装置对滤料进行了VDI结果的测试。结果表明金属纤维毡能达到高温除尘的使用要求,通过提高过滤风速可以有效提高过滤精度,对于粒径大于5μm的粉尘过滤效果可达100%,老化处理后纤维毡过滤周期时间大幅缩短,阻力上升变快,但出口排放浓度降低。     

移动式颗粒床气固分离性能冷态试验

以热解为首要步骤的煤炭分质转化技术可在较温和的条件下实现煤炭高效利用,其中含尘热解气净化是该技术规模化应用需要解决的关键问题之一。颗粒床过滤技术具有过滤效率高、滤料成本低等优势。为考察移动式颗粒床对粉煤热解气除尘过滤的有效性,选用小麦为颗粒床冷态试验的滤料介质,硅胶粉为试验粉尘,在自行设计的冷态试验平台上考察各操作条件对颗粒层过滤除尘效率的影响规律。结果表明:过滤效率的影响因素顺序为:表观风速过滤层厚度滤料下料速度;过滤效率随表观风速的增大而减小,随过滤层厚度的增加而增大。过滤层厚度增至200 mm以上时,过滤效率变化较小;而滤料下料速度增大,过滤效率减小。粉尘粒径达10μm后,过滤效率基本可维持在98%。在优化的过滤条件下(过滤层厚度为300 mm,滤料下料速度为0.002 m/s,过滤时间为10 min),最佳过滤效率可达98.1%。试验结果不仅实现了对常温下移动颗粒层过滤性能的预测,也为粉煤热解含尘煤气颗粒床热态除尘装置的设计提供了依据。     

基于半焦为过滤介质的颗粒床过滤器除尘性能分析

为解决粉煤热解工艺中干馏气含尘量较大及颗粒床过滤器滤料再生问题,在颗粒床过滤器除尘实验装置上比较了半焦和石英砂两种滤料的过滤性能,分别采用单因素和正交实验法,考察了表观气速、滤料厚度、滤料粒径和粉尘进料浓度对颗粒床除尘性能的影响。结果表明:多孔介质半焦对粉尘的过滤效率明显高于石英砂;随着过滤时间的延长,除尘效率均呈现先增大后减小的趋势;从过滤质量因子角度考虑,当表观气速为0.35 m/s,滤料厚度为150 mm,滤料粒径为0.83 mm～1.25 mm时,颗粒床过滤器具有较高的过滤性能;粉尘进料浓度增加,在过滤前期除尘效率随之增大,但在过滤后期高进料浓度下除尘效率下降的速率较快。各因素对颗粒床过滤器最大除尘效率影响程度由大到小依次为:表观气速、滤料厚度、滤料粒径、粉尘进料浓度。当表观气速为0.25 m/s,粉尘进料浓度为10 g/m~3,床层厚度为150 mm,滤料粒径为0.38 mm～0.83 mm,除尘效率最大,为99.20%。     

High-Volume Aerosol Filtration and Mitigation of Inertial Particle Rebound

The performance of electrostatically charged blown microfiber filter media was characterized for high-volume sampling applications. Pressure drop and aerosol collection efficiency were measured at air pressures of 55.2 and 88.7 kilopascals (kPa) and filter face velocities ranging from 2.5 to 11.25 meters per second (m/s). Particle penetration was significant for particles above 0.5 micrometers (μm) in aerodynamic diameter where the onset of particle rebound was observed as low as 200 nanometers (nm). Particle retention was enhanced by treating filters in an aqueous solution of glycerol. Adding this retention agent eliminated electrostatic capture mechanisms but mitigated inertial rebound. Untreated filters had higher nanoparticle collection efficiencies at lower filter face velocities where electrostatic capture was still significant. At higher filter face velocities, nanoparticle collection efficiencies were higher for treated filters where inertial capture was dominant and particle rebound was mitigated. Significant improvements to microparticle collection efficiency were observed for treated filters at all air flow conditions. At high air pressure, filter efficiency was greater than 95% for particles less than 5 μm. At low air pressure, performance enhancements were not as significant since air velocities were significantly higher through the fiber mat. Measured single fiber efficiencies were normalized by the theoretical single fiber efficiency to calculate adhesion probability. The small fiber diameter (1.77 μm) of this particular filter gave large Stokes numbers and interception parameters forcing the single fiber efficiency to its maximum theoretical value. The adhesion probability was plotted as a function of the ratio of Stokes and interception parameter similar to the works of others. Single fiber efficiencies for inertial nanoparticle collection were compared to existing theories and correlations.

Copyright 2014 American Association for Aerosol Research     

Experimental Study of Submicrometer and Ultrafine Particle Penetration and Pressure Drop for High Efficiency Filters

The fractional penetration of submicrometer particles through five high-efficiency glass fiber filters, one composite fiber filter, and two membrane filters was measured for particles of 0.004–0.42-μm diameter at filter face velocities ranging from 0.5 to 20 cm/s. The glass fiber filters all had approximately the same thickness and weight per unit area, and were rated 93% to 99.999% efficient using the conventional 0.3-μm dioctyl phthalate (DOP) test. The challenge aerosols were electrically classified monodisperse DOP in the diameter range of 0.032–0.42 μm, and polydisperse silver condensation aerosols having diameters of ～ 0.004–0.01 μm. Aerosol penetration through these media was found to be generally consistent with current theory for collection by diffusion and interception over the particle size and velocity range studied. Using a filter figure of merit calculated for penetration by 0.1- and 0.3-μm particles to facilitate comparison, all of the filters except one tetrafluoroethylene membrane filter (which was slightly better) had about the same performance.     

Aligned carbon nanotube sheet high efficiency particulate air filters

Aerosol filters, made with conventional micro-fiber fabrics, are designed to efficiently capture small particles from the air. Filters constructed of nano-fiber fabric structures provide even greater filtration efficiency than conventional micro-fiber fabrics due to their higher surface area and smaller pore size. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are very small diameter fibers that have the potential to be integrated into filters to further increase particle capture efficiency. In this study, CNT sheets, drawn from millimeter tall CNT arrays, were integrated between traditional micro-fiber fabrics to produce aerosol filters. The filtration performance of the novel filters showed that when the number of CNTs layers increased, the filtration efficiency increased dramatically, while the pressure drop also increased. In order to meet high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter requirements with a reasonable pressure drop, CNTs were laid in a cross-plied structure within the filter. The results demonstrated that the three layer cross-ply structure provided 99.98% filtration efficiency at 0.3 μm particle size at a 10 cm/s face velocity, making it a viable method for producing low basis weight HEPA filters utilizing CNTs as the main filtration component.     

润湿剂促进燃油细颗粒捕集的实验研究

在反应室中研究了雾化液滴与燃油细颗粒的相互作用机制。提出了一种润湿剂对细颗粒捕集促进的新方法,用于研究颗粒与液滴作用前后颗粒数浓度和粒径分布变化特性及细颗粒的捕集特性。采用电称低压冲击器（ELPI）在线测试分析颗粒数浓度和粒径分布特性,用SEM和EDS分析了颗粒的形态和元素组分对捕集机理的影响。结果表明：颗粒的物化特性与液滴对颗粒的捕集作用密切相关;燃油排放颗粒主要为球形含炭疏水颗粒;雾化液滴对其的捕集效率较低;添加润湿剂有利于提高液滴对燃油细颗粒的捕集效率,添加Silanol w22比用纯水液滴对颗粒的捕集效率提高了15%;不同润湿剂对捕集效率的促进作用差别较大。研究结果可以用于对不同润湿剂除尘效果进行测试和筛选。     

新型无氯水泥助磨剂的试验研究

通过试验对A和B两类无氯助磨剂的助磨效果进行了系统的研究。利用红外光谱对助磨剂的结构及性质进行了分析，并利用SEM对掺加B类助磨剂的水泥颗粒进行了形貌观察。研究结果表明：含有聚合醇功能基团的助磨剂一般都具有良好的助磨效果，当掺入量为0．03％～0．10％，普通硅酸盐水泥的筛余值由4．5％降低到3．7％，比表面积由325m^2／kg增加到347m^2／kg；加入该类助磨剂还可以改善水泥的颗粒组成，特别是提高了3-30μm的细颗粒含量。     

流场形态对旋风分级器性能的影响

气流分级器性能的优劣很大程度上取决于流场分布,改变常规旋风分级器的切向进风口位置,在分级空间建立不同类型的离心流场,采用数值模拟和分级试验手段分析了分级流场形态对颗粒运动过程和分级性能的影响。结果表明,传统旋风分级器边壁下行流造成粗粉中细颗粒夹带较多,影响分级精度;新型旋风分级器内形成上下两个旋涡,上旋涡均为上行气流,其流量约占总风量的80%,下旋涡携带细颗粒较少,降低了细颗粒进入粗组分的概率;上旋涡可实现对边壁区的细颗粒的轴向淘洗、再分级,提高了分级精度。试验结果表明,入口气速从10m/s增加至22m/s。相较于传统旋风分级器,新型旋风分级器的分级性能明显改善,分级精度指标平均提高27%,压降损失为传统旋风分级器的53%~62%。     

Wastewater filtration performance of multilayer glassy microporous filters

The glassy composition (quartz, clinoptilolite and frit glass mixture) provides a filter having glassy pore wall microstructure and thus enables easily cleaning through the filter recovery by back flushing. The filter was obtained as multilayer compaction by one step slip cast-processing where a cylindrical filter, consisting of filtration layer on granular assemblies with specific interlayer was shaped by a fine particle migration phenomenon. The multilayer compaction has low resistance to liquid flow and thus the filter great potential to use for wastewater filtration. It is known that high capacity filtration also requires correct pore size/interval with respect to filtered particles. In this study, a wastewater overflow from marble factory (0.035 wt.% of solid with a size distribution of 0.58-1.46 μm) was filtered by different pore sizes of the glassy filters (pore size intervals: 0.4-10 μm, 0.2-4 μm, 0.1-1.5 μm and 0.04-2 μm) and significantly different filtering capacities was obtained; the irreversible fouling capacities were determined between 2.9 and 8.5 m³ of filtrate per m² of the filter area through the filtration produced 5 min intervals. The filtration pressure was 5 bar and backflushing was achieved at 1 bar. The high filterability (8.1 m³/m² in 5 min) with high filtrate clarity (∼0.5 nephelometric turbidity units) could be obtained using finer pore sized filters. The large size filter was seriously clogged during the filtration.     

Nanoparticle collection efficiency of capillary pore membrane filters

The surface and overall collection efficiencies of capillary pore membrane filters were measured for sub-micrometer particles. Collection efficiencies were derived from the surface loadings of particles on filters measured by scanning electron microscopy and from airborne particle concentrations measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer. Tests used filters with nominal pore diameters of 0.4 and 0.8 μm and face velocities of 3.7 and 18.4 cm/s. Surface collection efficiencies were below 100% for particles smaller than 316 nm and below 55% for particles smaller than 100 nm. Overall collection efficiencies reached as low as 45% for 70 nm particles. For nanoparticles, collection efficiencies overall were substantially higher than those to the filter surface, indicating that deposition occurs to a large extent inside the filter pores. These results underscore the need to account for surface collection efficiency when deriving airborne concentrations from microscopic analysis of nanoparticles on capillary pore membrane filters.     

Influence of catalytic particle size on the performance of fluidized-bed chemical vapor deposition synthesis of carbon nanotubes

In this paper, the impacts of catalytic particle size on the overall reactor performance for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) production using a fluidized-bed chemical vapor deposition (FBCVD) process have been studied. Six different particle size fractions (10-20 μm, 20-53 μm, 53-75 μm, 75-100 μm, 100-200 μm, and 200-300 μm) were selected. It was observed that the smaller the catalytic particle diameter, the greater the carbon deposition efficiency and the greater CNT synthesis selectivity. The 10-20 μm catalytic particles exhibited 30% higher carbon deposition efficiency than the 200-300 μm catalytic particles. The selectivity toward CNTs formation was also approximately 100%. These observations could be explained by the fact that when the diameter of the catalytic particle gets smaller, the breakthrough capacities during frontal diffusion will be bigger due to a shorter diffusion path length within the particle. Moreover, the fine particles ensured high interstitial velocity which subsequently enhances the heat and mass transfer, and consequently improves the CVD reaction.     

Characterization of filter media prepared from aligned nanofibers for fine dust screen

Nanofibers for fine dust filters of four structures (random, aligned, orthogonal, and nanofiber net) were prepared by electrospinning method using polymers such as PAN and PA6. While conventional electret filters experienced deterioration problems in fine dust(PM_1.0) capture as its surface charge decayed, the electrospun nanofibers prepared contributed to the removal capacity. The filters from aligned fibers showed high quality factors ( q _F : filter performance indicator) and filtration efficiency from 22 to 50% depending on particle size than simple electret media at a face velocity of 15.92 cm/s. The fiber structure of nanofiber net (NFN) presented almost absolute collection efficiency, particularly on dust particles smaller than 300 nm. Furthermore, the composite filters which are composed both of a commercial electret mask filters and nanofiber nets effectively enhanced the overall filtration efficiency by 59.46%, resulting in more than 99% for PM_1.0. Consequently, electrospun polymer nanofibers offer a promising plausible mask filter material with air permeability. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 48166.