Favoriser la motivation optimale et la santé mentale dans les divers milieux de vie.

Self-determination theory (SDT) differentiates motivation, with autonomous and controlled motivations constituting the key, broad distinction. Research has shown that autonomous motivation predicts persistence and adherence and is advantageous for effective performance, especially on complex or heuristic tasks that involve deep information processing or creativity. Autonomous motivation is also reliably related to psychological health. Considerable research has found interpersonal contexts that facilitate satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness to enhance autonomous motivation, which comprises intrinsic motivation and well-internalized extrinsic motivation. SDT has been applied in varied cultures and in many life domains, and research is reviewed that has related autonomous and controlled motivation to education, parenting, work, health care, sport, and close relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Engagement et persuasion par la peur: Vers une communication engageante dans le domaine de la santé.

Evidence from psychological research has shown the importance of fear on attitude and/or behavior change. The experiment hereby quoted tests the influence of commitment (high vs. low) on an attempt of persuasive message for a forthcoming effect, that is, after reading an antialcohol message to subjects. The idea consists in inducing alcohol consumers toward modifying their attitude and behavioral intentions toward alcohol. As expected, the high committed drinkers (i.e., regular drinkers) resist persuasion (on the level of both attitude and intention). The low committed drinkers (i.e., occasional drinkers) do not resist persuasion but adopt further on a more favorable attitude toward alcohol. The drinkers who had read a strongly threatening, yet at the same time strongly reassuring, message express the strongest intention to reduce their alcohol consumption. Results are described with reference to Witte's (1998) extended parallel process model. A new perspective is presented at the end of our paper, that is, toward a "committing communication." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Le style parental des beaux-péres dans les familles recomposées.

Several studies have shown the importance of the stepfather-stepchild relationship in the successful adaptation of young people to stepfamilies. Indeed, when there is a good affective relationship between a stepfather and stepchild, there is a lower risk of stepchild having problems. Though it is known that the quality of this relationship has an impact, there is still a great deal of uncertainty about the best way for stepfathers to fulfill their role. This article examines how the stepfather's parenting style influences the externalised and internalised behaviour problems of young people in stepfamilies. The data were obtained from interviews with 104 adolescents (63.5 % girls; 36.5 % boys) who answered the Youth Self-Report (Achenbach, 1991), the Parental Authority Questionnaire (Buri, 1991), and the Child Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (Rohner, 1984). The results show that the majority of young people saw their stepfather as being involved in their upbringing. More than a third of the sample considered that their stepfather was authoritarian, and another third saw him as authoritative. The young people's level of adaptation was associated with the stepfather's parenting style. Young people who saw their stepfather as being authoritative or warm particularly benefited from the relationship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sensibilité et spécificité de l'Indice de stress parental face à des situations de mauvais traitements d'enfants.

Tested the discriminant validity of the Parenting Stress Index (PSI; R. R. Abidin, 1995) with a sample composed of maltreating and nonmaltreating mothers with a low SES. Results support the sensitivity and specificity of the PSI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

La conception de la santé chez des gar?ons de 14 à 16 ans de milieu défavorisé.

In order to describe conceptions of health of male adolescents, structured interviews were individually conducted with 700 14–16 yr old boys from a disadvantaged urban environment. A classical content analysis of respondents' verbalizations was conducted and interrater reliability coefficients were calculated. Results indicate that being functional, lifestyle health behaviours, and to a lesser extent psychological well-being are the most important components of their conception of health. Adolescents emphasized vegetation, natural elements, and the absence of pollution in their neighbourhood, as well as encouragements to engage in physical activity. Mothers and television are the main sources of health information. Respondents rarely mentioned issues related to leading health problems for adolescents: unintentional injuries, suicide, teenage pregnancy, and sexually transmitted disease. It is concluded that adolescents' conception of health may just mirror what the adults try to transmit to them in terms of health promotion or prevention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

“L’influence de la taille typique des objets dans une tache de catégorisation”: Correction.

Reports an error in L'influence de la taille typique des objets dans une tache de catégorisation/The influence of typical object size in a categorization task by Laurent Ferrier, Arnaud Staudt, Gilles Reilhac, Manuel Jiménez and Denis Brouillet (Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale, 2007[Dec], Vol 61[4], 316-321). Figure 1 was printed incorrectly. The correct version of the experimental priming procedure of Figure 1 is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2008-00268-004.) This study explores the influence of typical size during a categorization task. The specificity of this experimental work is based on the homogeneity of the graphic stimuli size. We have created a typical size standard of our stimuli, that concerns the real size of the objects represented by the drawings of homogeneous sizes. Then, a priming experiment was performed in which the prime and target drawings had two types of relations: a typical size, and a categorial. The participants are na?ve as to the typical size relation between prime and target. The results show a positive priming effect of the typical size but not of the category. The results are discussed in term of theoretical approach developed by Barsalou and his colleagues (1999, 2003). In this theoretical framework, the typical size can be considered as a perceptual knowledge. In that way, we propose that participants could automatically simulate the typical size as soon as they perceived the drawings of objects with homegenous sizes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Vers une compréhension de la dépression dans la perspective des femmes: Exploration de la contribution des approches de la recherche qualitative.

Provides an introduction to the special issue of Canadian Psychology on depression in women. "Depression" is recognized as one of the more common mental health problems and also one that is particularly prevalent among women. One major limitation of mainstream theorizing is the taken-for-granted view of depression as a form of internal "psychopathology," a phenomenon which can be understood without regard to sociocultural context. An approach that avoids this limitation is one in which contextual aspects of women's lives are included from the outset by following a research process that begins with the lived experiences of women. A focus on women's experiences also leads to consideration of the contributions of qualitative approaches to research on depression which are compatible with both a feminist standpoint perspective and social constructionist epistemologies. The articles in this special issue are intended to contribute to the development of new knowledge about depression in women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Observation in situ dans un met du cisaillement d'un joint de macle coherent Σ3 par une micromacle de deformation

Cu-5.5 at.% Si alloy with low stacking fault energy (γ ≈ mJ/m²) has been strained in situ in a JEOL 200CX transmission electron microscope (TEM) at room temperature. Under these conditions, plastic deformation by perfect dislocations and mechanical microtwinning are two competitive deformation mechanisms. Interactions between partial dislocations of a microtwin and an annealing twin boundary (Σ3 coherent boundary) have been specially investigated. Dynamic observations have shown that deformation propagates through the Σ3 boundary leading to shearings in both Σ3 boundary plane and the mirror plane of the incident microtwin with respect to the Σ3 boundary. Burgers vectors of the dislocations acting on both sids of the Σ3 boundary have been identified, allowing us to suggest a reaction describing the interaction. The reaction is discussed and compared to other published models.     

Violence conjugale et qualité de la relation mère-enfant: Effet médiateur ou modérateur de la santé des mères ?

Mothers' health and quality of mother–child relationship are often held as factors that predict the adaptation of children exposed to domestic violence, but the connection between these factors has not been analysed yet. This study verifies if mothers' health has a mediator or a moderator effect on the connection between domestic violence and mother–child relationship. The study was conducted with 111 abused women and their children aged 6 to 12 years. An indicator of physical health and a score of psychological distress were used to measure mothers' health. The mother–child relationship was evaluated from both the mother's and the child's perspective. The results show that the 2 indicators of mother's health have no mediator effect, but have a moderator effect when the mother–child relationship was evaluated by children themselves. The discussion underlines the importance of mother's health as a protective factor for mother–child relationship and the incidence of this result for intervention. The interest of having multiple informants is also underlined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Les nuages sont un troupeau de moutons: à quel age les enfants comprennent-ils qu'il n'y pas de moutons dans le ciel?

This study examined the evolution of metaphor understanding in 4- to 7-year-old children. In Experiment 1, children listened to metaphoric and literal statements that were preceded by a context, and then had to choose among three proposed interpretations (literal, contextual, and correct for metaphors; one correct and two erroneous for literal statements), which one corresponded to the statement. Results showed that, between 4 and 7, children improved at choosing the correct interpretation only for metaphors, and that they frequently chose contextual interpretations. The metaphor-specific improvement might be explained in terms of a gain in cognitive flexibility, since for these statements, three acceptable interpretations were proposed compared to only one for literal statements. In Experiment 2, for all statements, children had to choose between three proposed interpretations, one correct and two erroneous. The difference between metaphors and literal statements was replicated. Metaphor understanding thus evolves between 4 and 7; depending on their age, children use the context or perform a semantic analysis of the words composing the statements. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Caractéristiques associées à la coocurrence du trouble des conduites et de problèmes de consommation de psychotropes chez les gar?ons et les filles.

Although intervention for adolescents with concomitant conduct disorders and substance abuse must be adapted to the individual, familial and social characteristics of the adolescent, few studies have examined the characteristics specific to the concomitance of these problems. The objective of this study was to examine the differences between adolescents who present with one or both of these problems. The study sampled 486 teenagers (146 girls and 340 boys) divided into one of 4 groups on the basis of the presence or absence of conduct disorder and substance abuse. Results showed that girls with conduct disorder alone present problems as severe as those with concomitant conduct disorder and substance abuse but less severe than those with only substance abuse. For boys, those with the concomitant disorders appeared to have problems more servere than those with conduct disorders alone and less severe than those with substance abuse alone. These findings are discussed in terms of the need to tailor intervention to gender and presenting problem(s). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

La déontologie et l'éthique dans le contexte de l'exercice de la profession de psychologue au Québec.

The professional structure in Quebec is unique in Canada because of the Office of Professions, which regulates all professional bodies in the province. Protection of the public is the fundamental role the regulatory system assigns to each professional body within its respective specialty. This professional structure ensures a balanced regulation of each profession's activities and a clear understanding of their missions. Examining the duties and obligations of the members of the profession is the role of deontology. Considering the consequences of their practice on clients, the profession and society is a matter of ethics. This article describes the professional structure within which psychologists in Quebec practice their profession, with full consideration of the role of deontology and ethics as mutually inseparable concepts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

étude exploratoire des attitudes envers l'activité physique chez les sujets souffrant d'un trouble panique.

The aim of this study was to assess the attitude of panic disorder patients with and without agoraphobia (PD/A) concerning physical activities. Self-report instruments were used to compare 141 PD/A subjects (68 being in remission of their symptoms) to 172 control subjects. Results indicated that PD/A subjects are more prone to apprehend physical sensations related to the practise of physical activities, more specifically tachycardia, vertigo and hot flushes. They also tend to fear that those symptoms could generate negative consequences. In comparison with control subjects, PD/A subjects find the practise of aerobic physical activities harder and less pleasurable. PD/A subjects considered in remission could present a cognitive style likely to maintain a vulnerability to recurrence of symptoms. Clinical implications are discussed and future directions are delineated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Construction d’une échelle de prise de risques et validation auprès d’adolescents pratiquant un sport alpin de glisse.

This study aimed at assessing the psychometric properties of an self-report inventory designed to tackle risk-taking behaviors in snowboarding and alpine skiing in adolescents. Data from a sample of 684 teenage snowboarders and alpine skiers were collected in 2 high schools located close to ski stations in the Province of Quebec, Canada. A maximum likelihood exploratory factor analysis yielded a 3-factor solution: (1) Recklessness, (2) Safety behaviours, and (3) Substance use while snowboarding or skiing. Internal consistency of the scales is generally satisfactory. The weak-to-moderate correlations among the scales suggest that these dimensions are distinct latent constructs. Multiple regression analyses showed that the 3 dimensions are statistically associated to sensation seeking (AISS; Arnett) and impulsiveness (BIS-10, Barratt). Gender (male) and type of sport (snowboarding, emerging sports) are related to Recklessness and Substance use. Number of years of experience is positively associated with both Recklessness and Safety behaviours, while self-esteem is uniquely related to Safety behaviours. The discussion highlights the value of distinguishing between intentional risk-taking behaviour (Recklessness) and precautionary behaviour (Safety behaviour) in studies investigating risk taking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

étude de quelques déterminants de l’anxiété face au passage à la retraite.

This article presents 2 studies aimed at exploring some retirement anxiety predictors including the Big-five personality traits, anxiety, depression, sense of coherence, social support, subjective health, dyadic adjustment, specification and construction of personal goals, subjective age, masculinity, femininity, time of retirement. Participants (N = 175 and N = 134) were older workers and nearing retirement. Regression and discriminant analyses revealed that the main predictors were: age, sense of coherence, anxiety, neuroticism, conscientiousness, specification and construction of personal goals, masculinity, time of retirement, dyadic satisfaction, and dyadic consensus. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Définition d’un trouble grave du comportement chez les personnes ayant une déficience intellectuelle.

In this study, the Delphi method was used to reach a consensus, among Quebec experts (n = 57) in the field of intellectual disability (ID) and serious behavioural disorders (SBD), on a definition of “behavioural problem” and of “serious behavioural disorder,” as well as on the determination of the gravity factors of a behavioural problem. These professionals in the field work at rehabilitation centres for persons with ID or SBD, or in a university setting. Two rounds of consultation produced at least an 85% level of agreement on the two definitions and on 14 of the 15 factors to establish the gravity of a behavioural problem. Results of the study are presented along with their impact on specialized services for persons with ID or SBD and on research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Développement langagier et cognitif de l'enfant durant les trois premières années en relation avec la durée des vocalisations maternelles et les jouets présents dans l'environment: étude longitudinale auprès de populations á risque.

This study compares language and cognitive development of children from different socio-economic backgrounds, during the first three years of their life, in relation to the duration of maternal vocalizations and to the number of toys available to the child in his/her environment. A total of 209 mother–child dyads participated in the study. The sample was divided in three groups of mothers: 65 teenage mothers (aged 14–19 yrs), 91 mothers of low socioeconomic status (LSES; aged 20–37 yrs), and 53 mothers of higher socioeconomic status (HSES; aged 22–37 yrs). Results showed that children of teenage mothers and children of LSES mothers had a language development and a cognitive development inferior to those of children of HSES mothers. The duration of maternal vocalization at 6 and at 18 mo of age was related to measures of child development, particularly to child language development at 18 and 24 mo. Furthermore, the number of linguistic and social toys in the child's environment was correlated with some measures of language and cognitive development. Variability in children's language and cognitive development is related to environmental factors which seem more significant at certain times than others in the child's development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

L'évaluation de soi, les buts d'apprentissage et leur impact sur le rendement scolaire d'èléves en sixièxe anneé du primaire.

The relations between perceptions of competence, self-efficacy and types of goals, and their influence on school achievement have been examined among a sample of 224 girls and 193 boys of grade six. Results showed that as was expected even though perceptions of competence and self-efficacy were related, the latter better predicts school achievement. Contrary to what was expected, no negative influence was observed for the combination of low self-efficacy and performance goals on school achievement. Finally, according to a last hypothesis, the pattern of relations between motivational variables and school achievement differs for girls and boys. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)