Cognitive processes, trauma, and dissociation—Misconceptions and misrepresentations: Reply to Bremner (2010).

In a recent review (see record 2008-11487-001), we critically evaluated the research literature on cognitive processes in dissociation. In a comment, Bremner (see record 2009-24669-001) has voiced reservations about our contention that evidence for the causal role of trauma in dissociation is limited. In this reply, we argue that Bremner’s arguments are unconvincing and that a closer examination of the dissociation literature only strengthens the basis for our conclusions. Specifically, we show that dissociation exhibits a robust association with fantasy proneness and that Bremner’s criticisms regarding our operationalization of dissociation are unfounded. Moreover, we demonstrate that heightened levels of fantasy proneness, suggestibility, and cognitive failures are related to the propensity to develop pseudomemories, which in turn may account for why dissociation is related to self-reported, but not objective, trauma. We conclude that there is little evidence for the gross cognitive deficits (e.g., interidentity amnesia, memory fragmentation) that many scholars have claimed accompany dissociative symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

From perceptual rags to metaphoric riches—Bodily, social, and cultural constraints on sociocognitive metaphors: Comment on Landau, Meier, and Keefer (2010).

What leads people to describe some of their interpersonal relationships as “close” and “warm” and others as “distant” and “cold”? Landau, Meier, and Keefer (2010) proposed that conceptual metaphors facilitate social cognition by allowing people to use knowledge from a relatively concrete (source) domain (e.g., physical distance) in understanding a different, usually more abstract (target) concept (e.g., love). We concur that such a notion of metaphors can greatly enrich the field of social cognition. At the same time, we believe it is important to devote greater theoretical attention to the nature of metaphorical representations in social cognition. We believe that Landau et al. place too much emphasis on sociocognitive metaphors as top-down knowledge structures and pay too little attention to the constraints that shape metaphors from the bottom up. In the present contribution, we highlight important bottom-up constraints, imposed through bodily constraints and social scaffolds. Sociocognitive metaphors do not exist just for mental representation but for action as well. We discuss the relevance of grounding sociocognitive metaphors for broader motivational purposes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

From 2007 to 2010,China Will Manufacture More Than 10,000 Aluminum Alloy Railcars

The clear advantage of the aluminum alloy rail- cars is the weight reduction.The deadweight of the aluminum alloy railcars usually does not exceed 8.5t each.The 52 motor train units used in the sixth nationwide railway speedup are all made of aluminum alloys except for the train units used in the line between Guangzhou and Shenzhen.It is estimated that in 2010,there are more than 10,000 railcars made of aluminum alloys,which will consume about 105kt alumi- num.     

"Faith and unfaithfulness: Can praying for your partner reduce infidelity?": Correction to Fincham, Lambert, and Beach (2010).

Reports an error in "Faith and unfaithfulness: Can praying for your partner reduce infidelity" by Frank D. Fincham, Nathaniel M. Lambert and Steven R. H. Beach (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, , , np). The article contained an error in Table 2, in the third column table heading. The correct table heading is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2010-16989-001.) Because religion and/or spirituality is integral to the lives of a majority of the world population, we conducted 3 studies on the role of prayer in romantic relationships. Study 1 (N = 375) showed that prayer for the partner predicted lower levels of extradyadic romantic behavior over a 6-week period, over and beyond relationship satisfaction, and initial levels of extradyadic romantic behavior. In Study 2 (N = 83), we used an experimental design to show that participants assigned to pray for each day for 4 weeks engaged in lower levels of extradyadic romantic behavior during that time, compared with those who engaged in daily positive thoughts about the partner or a neutral activity. Perception of the relationship as sacred mediated the relation between experimentally manipulated prayer and later infidelity. Study 3 (N = 23) showed that objective observers rated participants who had been praying for their partner for 4 weeks as more committed to their romantic relationship than control participants. The implications of these results are then discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Effects of interest—major congruence, motivation, and academic performance on timely degree attainment": Correction to Allen and Robbins (2010).

Reports an error in "Effects of interest–major congruence, motivation, and academic performance on timely degree attainment" by Jeff Allen and Steve Robbins (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2010[Jan], Vol 57[1], 23-35). The link to the supplemental material was incorrect. The correct link is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2010-00483-007.) Using longitudinal student data from 15 four-year (n = 3,072) and 13 (n = 788) two-year postsecondary institutions, the authors tested the effects of interest–major congruence, motivation, and 1st-year academic performance on timely degree completion. Findings suggest that interest–major congruence has a direct effect on timely degree completion at both institutional settings and that motivation has indirect effects (via 1st-year academic performance). The total effects of both interest–major congruence and motivation on timely degree completion underscore the importance of both constructs in understanding student adjustment and postsecondary success. Implications for theory and counseling practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Dilution: A theoretical burden or just load? A reply to Tsal and Benoni (2010).

Load theory of attention proposes that distractor processing is reduced in tasks with high perceptual load that exhaust attentional capacity within task-relevant processing. In contrast, tasks of low perceptual load leave spare capacity that spills over, resulting in the perception of task-irrelevant, potentially distracting stimuli. Tsal and Benoni (2010) find that distractor response competition effects can be reduced under conditions with a high search set size but low perceptual load (due to a singleton color target). They claim that the usual effect of search set size on distractor processing is not due to attentional load but instead attribute this to lower level visual interference. Here, we propose an account for their findings within load theory. We argue that in tasks of low perceptual load but high set size, an irrelevant distractor competes with the search nontargets for remaining capacity. Thus, distractor processing is reduced under conditions in which the search nontargets receive the spillover of capacity instead of the irrelevant distractor. We report a new experiment testing this prediction. Our new results demonstrate that, when peripheral distractor processing is reduced, it is the search nontargets nearest to the target that are perceived instead. Our findings provide new evidence for the spare capacity spillover hypothesis made by load theory and rule out accounts in terms of lower level visual interference (or mere “dilution”) for cases of reduced distractor processing under low load in displays of high set size. We also discuss additional evidence that discounts the viability of Tsal and Benoni's dilution account as an alternative to perceptual load. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Jack Block (1924 –2010).

Born Jacob Block in Brooklyn, New York, on April 28, 1924, Jack received his bachelor’s degree from Brooklyn College. Block is one of the most influential personality and developmental psychologists of his generation and of the 20th century; at the same time, he established himself as a pioneer and authority on applications of multivariate statistics to psychological data. Block became involved with an existing longitudinal research project at Berkeley, found insightful ways to bring order out of previously unused anecdotal and informal data, and used it to publish the influential Lives through time (1971, Bancroft). Equally important were Block’s contributions to statistical methodology and personality assessment. The challenge of response sets (1965, Appleton-Century-Crofts) nearly single-handedly restored confidence in substantive interpretations of self-report measures of personality; and his demonstrations of the utility of observer evaluations and elaboration of the Q-sort method (The Q-sort method in personality assessment and psychiatric research, 1961, Thomas) helped establish the knowledgeable observer as a valuable source of psychological information. Block was ahead of his time on two other major analytic issues: latent variable modeling and empirical sampling distributions for statistical inference. Block also became well-known for his energetic participation in research controversies. As a key participant in the “person–situation debate,” he argued for the lifelong coherence of personality. After decades of health challenges, he insisted on being taken home, where he could be surrounded by his music, his art, and his family and where he died on January 13, 2010. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Frank Landy (1942–2010).

Frank Landy died peacefully with his family by his side on January 12, 2010. His legacy to the education, research, and practice of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology will live on in his students, his books and articles, and his ability to define and shape science and practice. Landy believed that good practice followed from good science and spent his career applying what he learned from his own research and the work of others to diverse problems related to selecting employees, managing performance, creating successful human–machine interfaces, and ensuring fair employment practices through his litigation-related work. He was the definition of a scientist–practitioner. Landy was born in Philadelphia on December 30, 1942. He began his study of psychology at Villanova University, where he received his bachelor’s degree in 1964. He earned a master’s degree (1966) and his doctorate (1969) from Bowling Green State University. Landy joined the faculty at Pennsylvania State University, and during his 26 years there he helped to build one of the most successful I/O psychology programs in the country. He was a member of many professional organizations and won many awards for his outstanding contributions to the field. He began his consulting career in 1965 and helped hundreds of organizations by applying psychological research to the solution of practical problems in human resource management, employee relations, and work motivation. Landy was an avid runner, completing more than 60 marathons, and he often participated in runs at the SIOP conferences. He played and collected guitars and was a great lover of music, often playing and singing publicly. He is survived by his wife Kylie Harper, his two daughters Erin and Elizabeth, his son-in-law George, and his four grandchildren. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Values, exchange relationships, group composition, and leader–member differences: A potpourri of reactions to Dose (1999).

This article is in response to J. J. Dose's (see record 1999-08068-003) article examining the role of values similarity in group composition. The themes of leader–member and team–member exchange, group composition, values similarity, and leader–member differences serve as the focus. Specifically, the authors suggest how themes from the organizational and group therapy literatures can serve to enrich theory and research in each domain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

2010年,九大科幻成现实

只需约4000美元买电视、800美元买眼镜,你就可以看亚与逊网上所有50种3D影碟.但这与其说是真正的技术突破,不如说是个小发明.更具突破性的是夏普Aquos电视,给红绿蓝三种基础色加上第四种颜色(黄色),大大提高了屏幕上显示的色域,使图像更为逼真和鲜明.     

Proceedings of the American Psychological Association for the legislative year 2010: Minutes of the annual meeting of the Council of Representatives, February 19–21, 2010, Washington, DC, and August 11 and 15, 2010, San Diego, California, and minutes of the February, June, August, September, and December 2010 meetings of the Board of Directors.

These minutes are the official record of the actions of the Association taken during the year by both the Board of Directors (the Board) and the Council of Representatives (Council). The roll of representatives was called at each Council meeting, and more than a quorum answered to their names. Reference is made in these minutes to various reports, some of which will be published elsewhere. Copies of these reports were distributed to Council and are on file in the Central Office. As long as the supply lasts, extra copies of many of the reports are available from the Central Office. These minutes are arranged in topical rather than chronological order, and subheadings are used when appropriate. The main topical headings are I. Minutes of Meetings; II. Elections, Awards, Membership, and Human Resources; III. Ethics; IV. Board of Directors; V. Divisions and State, Provincial, and Territorial Associations; VI. Organization of the APA; VII. Publications and Communications; VIII. Convention Affairs; IX. Educational Affairs; X. Professional Affairs; XI. Scientific Affairs; XII. Public Interest; XIII. Ethnic Minority Affairs; XIV. International Affairs; XV. Central Office; and XVI. Financial Affairs. Changes to the language of the American Psychological Association (APA) Bylaws, Association Rules, or motions of the items are noted as follows throughout these proceedings: Bracketed material is to be deleted; underlined material is to be added. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

When do self-discrepancies have specific relations to emotions? The second-generation question of Tangney, Niedenthal, Covert, and Barlow (1998).

Self-discrepancy theory (E. T. Higgins, 1987) hypothesized that actual–ideal discrepancies are uniquely related to dejection emotions, whereas actual–ought discrepancies are uniquely related to agitation emotions. A review of the literature testing this hypothesis supports an affirmative answer to the question "Is there an effect?" However, as the results of J. P. Tangney, P. M. Niedenthal, M. V. Covert, and D. H. Barlow's (see record 1998-04530-019) study indicate, the predicted unique relations are not always found. Their article contributes to the development of self-discrepancy theory by shifting attention to the second-generation question "When is there an effect?" Four variables that moderate the likelihood of finding unique discrepancy–emotion relations are discussed in the present article: the magnitude of a self-discrepancy, the accessibility of a self-discrepancy, the applicability and relevance of a self-discrepancy in a current context, and the importance of a self-discrepancy to the person. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

系统经济学进展(1988-2010)

系统经济学是在系统时代背景下应运而生的一种新探索.本文简要回顾了1988-2010年系统经济学的主要研究进展,内容包括系统时代的含义及其对经济学的影响,系统经济学的哲理框架、数理模型基础,和三个主要研究专题:制度边界理论、资源位理论和系统战略.最后,对系统经济学的未来发展进行了展望.     

每月情况通报(2010年11月份)

一、生产情况钢2010年11月份当月全国共生产钢5017.30万吨,平均日产钢167.24万吨,11月份钢产量与上年同期相比增加231.50万吨,增长4.84%,2010年1-11月全国粗钢产量57725.30万吨,与上年同期相比增加5307.10万吨,增长10.12%。     

Juvenile waiver to adult criminal courts: Prototypes for dangerousness, sophistication–maturity, and amenability to treatment.

Psychological assessment of juveniles for waiver to adult criminal courts requires systematic evaluation of dangerousness, sophistication–maturity, and amenability to treatment. Despite their importance to the evaluation of juveniles, little is known about the criteria that constitute these 3 constructs. This study clarifies the constructs of dangerousness, sophistication–maturity, and amenability to treatment that typically guide juvenile transfers. Psychologists (n?=?244) from the Clinical Child Psychology Division of the American Psychological Association rated the prototypicality of each construct. Factor analyses of the domains for each of the 3 constructs are reviewed. In addition, forensic diplomates from the American Board of Professional Psychology (n?=?75) provided prototypical ratings of juveniles whom they evaluated and who were subsequently transferred to adult court. Results indicate that these youth were judged as dangerous, criminally sophisticated, and difficult to treat. The interpretation of the results may facilitate evaluations by clinical child and forensic psychologists on juvenile waivers and help to shape policy on this issue. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

2010年中国钢材市场需求预测(摘要)

前言 为了准确把握未来几年我国钢材市场消费需求趋势,指导钢铁工业及企业科学制定发展战略和生产营销策略,同时也为了向国家提供宏观调控的决策依据,在2006年开展的"2010年中国钢材市场需求预测"基础上,我们组织冶金工业规划研究院、冶金工业经济发展研究中心和冶金工业信息标准研究院三家钢铁行业研究机构,对"十一五"后四年我国钢材需求预测进行了调整、修正并撰写本总报告.     

Does it pay to be smart, attractive, or confident (or all three)? Relationships among general mental ability, physical attractiveness, core self-evaluations, and income.

The authors investigated core self-evaluations and educational attainment as mediating mechanisms for the influence of appearance (physical attractiveness) and intelligence (general mental ability) on income and financial strain. The direct effects of core self-evaluations on financial strain, as well as the indirect effects through income, were also considered. Longitudinal data were obtained as part of a national study, the Harvard Study of Health and Life Quality, and proposed models were evaluated with structural equation modeling. Results supported a partially mediated model, such that general mental ability and physical attractiveness exhibited both direct and indirect effects on income, as mediated by educational attainment and core self-evaluations. Finally, income negatively predicted financial strain, whereas core self-evaluations had both a direct and an indirect (through income) negative effect on financial strain. Overall, the results suggest that looks (physical attractiveness), brains (intelligence), and personality (core self-evaluations) are all important to income and financial strain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

One measure does not a construct make: Directions toward reinvigorating psychopathy research—reply to Hare and Neumann (2010).

In our article by J. L. Skeem & D. J. Cooke, (2010), we outlined the dangers inherent in conflating the Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL–R; R. Hare, 1991) with psychopathy itself. In their response, R. Hare and C. Neumann (2010) seemed to agree with key points that the PCL–R should not be confused with psychopathy and that criminal behavior is not central to psychopathy; at the same time, they said we provided no clear directions for theory or research. In this rejoinder, we clarify our argument that progress in understanding the unobservable construct of psychopathy hinges upon setting aside procrustean dependence on a monofocal PCL–R lens to test (a) actual theories of psychopathy against articulated validation hierarchies and (b) the relation between psychopathy and crime. In specifying these conceptual and applied directions, we hope to promote constructive dialogue, further insights, and a new generation of research that better distinguishes between personality deviation and social deviance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Tensile, Fatigue, and Creep Properties of Aluminum Heat Exchanger Tube Alloys for Temperatures from 293 K to 573 K (20 °C to 300 °C)

Since automotive heat exchangers are operated at varying temperatures and under varying pressures, both static and dynamic mechanical properties should be known at different temperatures. Tubes are the most critical part of the most heat exchangers made from aluminum brazing sheet. We present tensile test, stress amplitude-fatigue life, and creep–rupture data of six AA3XXX series tube alloys after simulated brazing for temperatures ranging from 293 K to 573 K (20 °C to 300 °C). While correlations between several mechanical properties are strong, ranking of alloys according to one property cannot be safely deduced from the known ranking according to another property. The relative reduction in creep strength with increasing temperature is very similar for all six alloys, but the general trends are also strong with respect to tensile and fatigue properties; an exception is one alloy that exhibits strong Mg-Si precipitation activity during fatigue testing at elevated temperatures. Interrupted fatigue tests indicated that the crack growth time is negligible compared to the crack initiation time. Fatigue lifetimes are reduced by creep processes for temperatures above approximately 423 K (150 °C). When mechanical properties were measured at several temperatures, interpolation to other temperatures within the same temperature range was possible in most cases, using simple and well-established equations.