Fundamental Issues in Networked Control Systems

This paper provides a survey on modeling and theories of networked control systems (NCS). In the first part, modeling of the different types of imperfections that affect NCS is discussed. These imperfections are quantization errors, packet dropouts, variable sampling/transmission intervals, variable transmission delays, and communication constraints. Then follows in the second part a presentation of several theories that have been applied for controlling networked systems. These theories include: input delay system approach, Markovian system approach, switched system approach, stochastic system approach, impulsive system approach, and predictive control approach. In the last part, some advanced issues in NCS including decentralized and distributed NCS, cloud control system, and co-design of NCS are reviewed.      

Active Disturbance Rejection Control for Uncertain Nonlinear Systems With Sporadic Measurements

This paper deals with the problem of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) design for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with sporadic measurements. A novel extended state observer (ESO) is designed in a cascade form consisting of a continuous time estimator, a continuous observation error predictor, and a reset compensator. The proposed ESO estimates not only the system state but also the total uncertainty, which may include the effects of the external perturbation, the parametric uncertainty, and the unknown nonlinear dynamics. Such a reset compensator, whose state is reset to zero whenever a new measurement arrives, is used to calibrate the predictor. Due to the cascade structure, the resulting error dynamics system is presented in a non-hybrid form, and accordingly, analyzed in a general sampled-data system framework. Based on the output of the ESO, a continuous ADRC law is then developed. The convergence of the resulting closed-loop system is proved under given conditions. Two numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control method.      

一类诱导时滞网络控制系统自抗扰控制器设计

针对一类具有网络时滞小于采样周期的网络控制系统提出网络控制的主要问题是网络通信系统模型的不确定性导致控制性能不佳;针对这一问题,采用基于无模型的自抗扰算法,将网络环节和被控对象一同视为控制对象,将网络时滞作为被控对象的不确定性因素,利用扩张状态观测器对不确定性因素进行实时观测估计;Matlab/TrueTime网络控制实验表明:自抗扰控制方法能够有效地减小网络诱导时滞对控制系统的影响。     

网络控制系统中的时延分析

介绍了网络控制系统的概念,论述了网络控制系统中的基本问题并分析了网络控制系统中的网络诱导时延。     

短时延多包传输网络控制系统的稳定性分析

提出一种短时延多包传输网络控制系统的建模方法.把多包传输网络控制系统建模为具有一定切换规则的线性切换系统模型.利用切换系统理论和鲁棒稳定性理论，得到多包传输网络控制系统的渐近稳定性判据,并首次提出周期动态输出反馈镇定控制器的设计方法.最后通过数值算例证明文中结论的可行性和有效性.     

Position Measurement Based Slave Torque Feedback Control for Teleoperation Systems With Time-Varying Communication Delays

Bilateral teleoperation system is referred to as a promising technology to extend human actions and intelligence to manipulating objects remotely. For the tracking control of teleoperation systems, velocity measurements are necessary to provide feedback information. However, due to hardware technology and cost constraints, the velocity measurements are not always available. In addition, the time-varying communication delay makes it challenging to achieve tracking task. This paper provides a solution to the issue of real-time tracking for teleoperation systems, subjected to unavailable velocity signals and time-varying communication delays. In order to estimate the velocity information, immersion and invariance (I&I) technique is employed to develop an exponential stability velocity observer. For the proposed velocity observer, a linear relationship between position and observation state is constructed, through which the need of solving partial differential and certain integral equations can be avoided. Meanwhile, the mean value theorem is exploited to separate the observation error terms, and hence, all functions in our observer can be analytically expressed. With the estimated velocity information, a slave-torque feedback control law is presented. A novel Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional is constructed to establish asymptotic tracking conditions. In particular, the relationship between the controller design parameters and the allowable maximum delay values is provided. Finally, simulation and experimental results reveal that the proposed velocity observer and controller can guarantee that the observation errors and tracking error converge to zero.      

基于Internet的网络控制系统端到端时延分析

端到端时延是影响基于Internet网络控制系统(NCS)稳定性的一个重要因素。该文通过OPNET建模仿真,分析了系统的端到端时延特征、时延组成及时延瓶颈。讨论了不同的数据包大小对端到端时延的影响及其原因,把该时延用于一个NCS仿真实例,分析了其对系统稳定性的影响。在NCS的设计过程中,明确端到端时延特征有助于提高系统的稳定性。     

网络控制系统故障诊断滤波器

针对一类具有不确定网络诱导时延和范数有界未知输入影响的网络控制系统(Networked Control Systems,简称NCS),研究了故障诊断滤波器的设计问题.通过构造基于观测器的滤波残差系统,将故障诊断滤波器的设计问题归结为H∞滤波问题.通过引入2个附加的松弛矩阵使Lyapunov矩阵和系统矩阵分离,得到了一个新的鲁棒H∞性能判据,并基于该判据设计了系统的鲁棒H∞滤波器.设计的滤波器不但保证闭环系统的二次稳定性,同时使残差系统的H∞范数小于一个给定的衰减水平γ,并且设计了一个迭代算法来得到问题的优化解.最后通过一个仿真算例验证了所提出算法的可行性和有效性.     

一类网络化控制系统的时延分析及时钟同步方法

针对如何保证精确的分布式时钟同步以实现预期的实时调度和控制问题,通过对一类基于全双工交换式以太网并采用总线型拓扑的网络化控制系统时延特征的分析,结合网络精确时钟同步协议,在分析了其可行性的基础上,给出了网络化控制系统时钟同步的设计及实现方法.     

具有短时延的网络控制系统的一种鲁棒控制方法

针对具有短时延的网络控制系统, 本文提出了一种基于鲁棒控制的方法来解决该类系统的稳定化控制问题. 考虑状态反馈控制律, 将闭环网络控制系统描述为一个离散时间线性不确定系统模型, 其中的不确定部分反映了时延的时变特性对系统动态的影响. 得到了该闭环网络控制系统的渐近稳定性条件, 且该条件建立了闭环网络控制系统稳定性与两个时延参数, 即允许时延上界和允许时延变换范围, 之间的定量关系. 进一步的, 还给出了稳定化反馈控制器的设计步骤. 最后通过一个示例验证了本文所提出方法的有效性.     

液压位置伺服系统滑模自抗扰控制器设计

主要研究了驱动连铸结晶器的液压伺服系统的精确位置跟踪控制问题。由于液压伺服系统的某些内部参数是时变且不可测的,同时外部负载力也随时间变化使得系统动态模型不精确,从而影响了系统的控制效果。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于滑模控制的自抗干扰控制器的设计方法,利用扩张状态观测器把系统内部参数和外部负载力的不确定性观测出来,从而有效地抵消了系统的不确定性。根据工程实际中的参数进行仿真研究,其结果表明这种控制方法具有很好的全局鲁棒性,并且提高了位置跟踪的精度。     

网络时延在线估计技术与控制器的协同设计

通过在数据包中附加路由信息, 利用路由跟踪的策略, 确定数据包到达目标节点所经过的路由器的数量, 以此给出网络诱导时延的在线估计方法, 从而较好地克服了利用时间戳方法测量网络传输时延时所产生的远程节点与本地节点之间的时间同步问题. 通过对引入的数据包路由信息的设置和网络路由瓶颈的分析, 给出数据包传输周期的下确界和一种简单的数据丢包的判别方法. 最后给出控制器的协同设计步骤, 实验研究验证了本文方法的有效性.     

Generalized Extended State Observer Based Control for Networked Interconnected Systems with Delays

This paper is concerned with the generalized extended state observer based control for a class of networked interconnected systems with short time‐varying delays. First, the uncertainties induced by the delays are modeled as an additive bounded disturbance. Then, a novel state feedback stabilizing controller is designed based on generalized extended state observers (GESOs). The GESO is used to estimate the system state and the disturbance simultaneously, and the effect of the uncertainty induced by the delay is eliminated by the GESO based controller. Finally, an illustrative example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

一类基于观测器状态反馈镇定的网络化控制系统

本文研究仅仅在传感器与控制器之间存在网络的网络化控制系统的观测器以及控制器的设计问题．考虑系统同时存在随机时滞和数据包丢失的情况，通过求解线性矩阵不等式，设计出了保证网络化控制系统渐近稳定的观测器以及控制器．最后给出一个实例说明了此设计方法是有效的．     

Stabilization of Networked Control Systems Using a Mixed-Mode Based Switched Delay System Method

The phenomenon of mixed-mode is one of the most important characteristics of switched delay systems. If a networked control system (NCS) with network induced delays and packet dropouts (NIDs & PDs) is recast as a switched delay system, it is imperative to consider the effects of mixed-modes in the stability analysis for an NCS. In this paper, with the help of the interpolatory quadrature formula and the average dwell time method, stabilization of NCSs using a mixed-mode based switched delay system method is investigated based on a novel constructed Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional. With the Finsler's lemma, new exponential stabilizability conditions with less conservativeness are given for the NCS. Finally, an illustrative example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the developed results.      

带有通讯约束的网络化控制系统容错控制技术研究

文中研究了针对具有通讯约束的网络化控制系统存在执行器增益故障的容错控制问题. 提出一种静态调度策略, 利用周期通讯序列的方法调度网络资源及网络可用通道. 该研究的创新处在于首先将具有周期通讯序列及执行器故障的网络化控制系统建模为一个周期的切换系统, 并提出了基于调度依赖的利亚普诺夫函数方法对系统容错控制器进行设计. 由于调度策略使得在每个采样时刻存在数据丢失, 文中分别利用0值和上一时刻采样值替代所丢失的数据. 更进一步的, 当考虑控制对象存在外界能量有界干扰时, 分别就上述两种情况讨论了其鲁棒容错控制器的设计问题. 最后, 通过仿真实例证明了所提方法的有效性.     

基于动态调度的网络控制系统设计方法

针对网络控制系统中存在多回路共享网络资源的问题,本文提出一种基于反馈和预测机理的动态调度策略,根据当前的网络状态在线调整控制系统的采样周期,以适应当前网络中信息流的变化,达到改善网络运行性能的目的．采用动态调度策略的网络控制系统为不确定变采样周期系统,经过等效变换,将系统等效为一类具有参数不确定性的离散系统．基于建立的模型,给出系统的鲁棒控制器参数化设计方法,并通过仿真实例验证了所提方法的有效性．     

Designing Discrete Predictor-Based Controllers for Networked Control Systems with Time-varying Delays: Application to A Visual Servo Inverted Pendulum System

A discrete predictor-based control method is developed for a class of linear time-invariant networked control systems with a sensor-to-controller time-varying delay and a controller-to-actuator uncertain constant delay, which can be potentially applied to vision-based control systems. The control scheme is composed of a state prediction and a discrete predictor-based controller. The state prediction is used to compensate for the effect of the sensor-to-controller delay, and the system can be stabilized by the discrete predictor-based controller. Moreover, it is shown that the control scheme is also robust with respect to slight message rejections. Finally, the main theoretical results are illustrated by simulation results and experimental results based on a networked visual servo inverted pendulum system.      

一类随机时延网络化控制系统的容错控制研究

将一类具有随机时延的网络化控制系统建模为具有马尔可夫延迟特性的离散跳变线性系统．借助跳变线性系统理论和容错控制的思想，研究了随机时延网络化控制系统的执行器失效问题．仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性．     

带时变时延的网络化控制系统控制器设计方法

为带时变时延的网络化控制系统提出了一种新的状态反馈控制器的设计方法.根据控制系统的时滞相关稳定性条件来设计确保网络化控制系统稳定性的控制器,并以线性矩阵不等式的形式描述.该方法可进一步扩展到解决鲁棒控制问题.最后的仿真实例表明了该方法的有效性.